Bulgaria

The Bulgars, a Central Asian Turkic tribe, merged with the local Slavic inhabitants in the late 7th century to form the first Bulgarian state. In succeeding centuries, Bulgaria struggled with the Byzantine Empire to assert its place in the Balkans, but by the end of the 14th century, the Ottoman Turks overran the country. Northern Bulgaria attained autonomy in 1878, and all of Bulgaria became independent from the Ottoman Empire in 1908. Having fought on the losing side in both World Wars, Bulgaria fell within the Soviet sphere of influence and became a People's Republic in 1946. Communist domination ended in 1990, when Bulgaria held its first multiparty election since World War II and began the contentious process of moving toward political democracy and a market economy while combating inflation, unemployment, corruption, and crime. The country joined NATO in 2004, the EU in 2007, and the Schengen Area for air and sea travel in 2024.

Land

108,489 sq km

Total

110,879 sq km

Water

2,390 sq km

almost identical in size to Virginia; slightly larger than Tennessee

temperate; cold, damp winters; hot, dry summers

354 km

Europe

Highest point

Musala 2,925 m

Lowest point

Black Sea 0 m

Mean elevation

472 m

43 00 N, 25 00 E

strategic location near Turkish Straits; controls key land routes from Europe to Middle East and Asia

929 sq km (2016)

Border countries

Greece 472 km; Macedonia 162 km; Romania 605 km; Serbia 344 km; Turkey 223 km

number of neighbors

5

Total

1,806 km

Agricultural land

46.1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 32.1% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.3% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 12.7% (2023 est.)

arable land

32.12%

Forest

36.2% (2023 est.)

Other

17.7% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

1.25%

No

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Romania and Turkey

Dunav (Danube) (shared with Germany [s], Austria, Slovakia, Hungary, Croatia, Serbia, Ukraine, Moldova, and Romania [m]) - 2,888 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Atlantic Ocean drainage

<em>(Black Sea)</em> Danube (795,656 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/F5uAhDGWzc3BrHfm9

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/186382

Europe

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Exclusive economic zone

200 nm

Territorial sea

12 nm

earthquakes; landslides

bauxite, copper, lead, zinc, coal, timber, arable land

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger populations

Southeast Europe

mostly mountains with lowlands in north and southeast

UTC+02:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

13.8% (male 479,586/female 453,423)

15-64 years

65.2% (male 2,250,962/female 2,171,279)

65 years and over

21% (2024 est.) (male 572,943/female 854,466)

Beer

4.44 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

0.06 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

4.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

11.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

1.72 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

7.88 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

1.6% (2014)

56.6% (2023 est.)

14.18 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

118 per 1,000

adult male

234 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

32.7 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

3.1 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

53.3 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

20.7 (2025 est.)

improved total

96.21%

Improved: rural

rural: 97.3% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 99.1% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 2.7% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

4.5% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

12% national budget (2022 est.)

5 % of GDP

Bulgarian 78.5%, Turkish 7.8%, Roma 4.1%, other 1.2%, unspecified 9.4% (2021 est.)

note

<strong>note:</strong> Romani populations are usually underestimated in official statistics and may represent 9–11% of Bulgaria's population

0.74 (2025 est.)

8 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

8.6% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

11.6% of national budget (2022 est.)

0.1%

7.8 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Female

6.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

8.7 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

3 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

7.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Bulgarian (official) 77.3%, Turkish 7.9%, Romani 3.5%, other 1%, unspecified 10.4% (2021 est.)

Major-language sample(s)

<br>Светoвен Алманах, незаменимият източник за основна информация. (Bulgarian)<br><br>The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

number of languages

1

Female

79.4 years

Male

72.9 years

Total population

76.1 years (2024 est.)

1.288 million SOFIA (capital) (2023)

6 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

47 years

Male

43.3 years

Total

45.5 years (2025 est.)

26.4 years (2020 est.)

Adjective

Bulgarian

Noun

Bulgarian(s)

-0.3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

25% (2016)

4.33 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Female

3,456,782

Male

3,281,215

Total

6,737,997 (2025 est.)

-0.66% (2025 est.)

Christian 64.7%, Muslim 9.8%, other 0.1%, none 4.7%, unspecified 20.7% (2021 est.)

improved total

75.72%

Improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Female

16 years (2023 est.)

Male

15 years (2023 est.)

Total

15 years (2023 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.04 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.67 male(s)/female

At birth

1.06 male(s)/female

Total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

30.3% (2025 est.)

Male

36.2% (2025 est.)

Total

33.1% (2025 est.)

1.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

-0.28% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

76.7% of total population (2023)

measles

94%

28 provinces (<em>oblasti</em>, singular - <em>oblast</em>); Blagoevgrad, Burgas, Dobrich, Gabrovo, Haskovo, Kardzhali, Kyustendil, Lovech, Montana, Pazardzhik, Pernik, Pleven, Plovdiv, Razgrad, Ruse, Shumen, Silistra, Sliven, Smolyan, Sofia, Sofia-Grad (Sofia City), Stara Zagora, Targovishte, Varna, Veliko Tarnovo, Vidin, Vratsa, Yambol

Daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Etymology

named after the Church of Saint Sofia in the city, parts of which may date to the 4th century

Geographic coordinates

42 41 N, 23 19 E

Name

Sofia

Time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Bulgaria

Dual citizenship recognized

yes

Residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/bg.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the National Assembly or by the president of the republic; passage requires three-fourths majority vote of National Assembly members in three ballots; signed by the National Assembly chairperson; note - under special circumstances, a "Grand National Assembly" is elected with the authority to write a new constitution and amend certain articles of the constitution, including those affecting basic civil rights and national sovereignty; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote in each of several readings

History

several previous; latest drafted between late 1990 and early 1991, adopted 13 July 1991

alternative spellings

BG, Republic of Bulgaria, Република България

Conventional long form

Republic of Bulgaria

Conventional short form

Bulgaria

Etymology

named after the Bulgar tribes who settled the lower Balkan region in the 7th century A.D.; the tribal name may come from the Turkic word <em>bulga</em>, or "mixed," referring to the blend of Turkic and Slavic ethnicities in the tribes

FIFA code

BUL

Former

Kingdom of Bulgaria, People's Republic of Bulgaria

Local long form

Republika Bulgaria

local long form (bul)

Република България

Local short form

Bulgaria

Chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d'Affaires H. Martin McDOWELL (since May 2025)

Email address and website

<br>acs_sofia@state.gov<br><br>https://bg.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

16, Kozyak Street, Sofia 1408

FAX

[359] (2) 937-5209

Mailing address

5740 Sofia Place, Washington, DC&nbsp; 20521-5740

Telephone

[359] (2) 937-5100

Chancery

1621 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charg&eacute; d&rsquo;Affaires Stefka YOVCHEVA (since 7 May 2025)

Consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Email address and website

<br>office@bulgaria-embassy.org<br><br>https://www.bulgaria-embassy.org/en/homepage/

FAX

[1] (202) 234-7973

Telephone

[1] (202) 387 5770

Cabinet

Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly

Chief of state

President Rumen RADEV (since 22 January 2017)

Election results

<em><br>2021</em>: Rumen RADEV reelected president in second round; percent of vote in the first round - Rumen RADEV (independent) 49.4%, Anastas GERDZHIKOV (independent) 22.8%, Mustafa KARADAYI (DPS) 11.6%, Kostadin KOSTADINOV (Revival) 3.9%, Lozan PANOV (independent) 3.7%, other 8.6%; percent of vote in the second round - Rumen RADEV 66.7%, Anastas GERDZHIKOV 31.8%, neither 1.5%<br><br><em>2016: </em>Rumen RADEV elected president in second round; percent of vote - Rumen RADEV (independent, supported by Bulgarian Socialist Party) 59.4%, Tsetska TSACHEVA (GERB) 36.2%, neither 4.5%

Election/appointment process

president and vice president elected on the same ballot by absolute-majority popular vote in 2 rounds, if needed, for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); chairman of the Council of Ministers (prime minister) elected by the National Assembly; deputy prime ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly

Expected date of next election

fall 2026

Head of government

Prime Minister Rosen ZHELYAZKOV (since 16 January 2025)

Most recent election date

14 and 21 November 2021

<strong>description:</strong> three equal horizontal bands of white (top), green, and red<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> white stands for peace, love, and freedom; green for the country's agricultural wealth; red for the independence struggle and military courage<br><br><strong>history:</strong> originally adopted in 1879 as a modified version of the Russian tricolor flag, using green instead of blue; the communist coat of arms was added to the flag in various forms between 1948 and 1990, when it was removed after the communist government collapsed

The flag of Bulgaria is composed of three equal horizontal bands of white, green and red.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/bg.svg

parliamentary republic

3 March 1878 (as an autonomous principality within the Ottoman Empire); 22 September 1908 (complete independence from the Ottoman Empire)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EU, FAO, G- 9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO (pending member), ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNHRC, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOOSA,&nbsp; UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Cassation consists of a chairman and approximately 72 judges organized into penal, civil, and commercial colleges; Supreme Administrative Court is organized into 2 colleges with various panels of 5 judges each; Constitutional Court consists of 12 justices) and resides outside the judiciary

Judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court of Cassation and Supreme Administrative judges elected by the Supreme Judicial Council or SJC (consists of 25 members with extensive legal experience) and appointed by the president; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65; Constitutional Court justices elected by the National Assembly and appointed by the president and the SJC; justices appointed for 9-year terms with renewal of 4 justices every 3 years

Subordinate courts

appeals courts; regional and district courts; administrative courts; courts martial

civil law

Electoral system

proportional representation

Expected date of next election

October 2028

Legislative structure

unicameral

Legislature name

National Assembly (Narodno sabranie)

Most recent election date

10/27/2024

Number of seats

240 (all directly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Citizens for European Development of Bulgaria Party (GERB) - Union of Democratic Forces (UDF) (66); We Continue the Change - Democratic Bulgaria (36); Revival (Vuzrazhdane) (33); Movement for Rights and Freedoms (DPS) - New Beginning (29); Bulgarian Socialist Party (BSP) - United Left (19); Alliance for Rights and Freedoms (APS) (19); There is Such a People (PP-ITN) (17); Other (21)

Percentage of women in chamber

25%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

4 years

Bulgaria&rsquo;s coat of arms in the national colors of white, green, and red was adopted in 1997; the three lions are a national symbol for strength, courage, and leadership that was used during the country&rsquo;s liberation movement in the 1870s and the kingdom period in the early 20th century; above the shield is the crown of Bulgaria (originally the crown of the medieval Bulgarian tsars) with a gold cross on top; a white scroll over the oak branches bears the Bulgarian national motto, &ldquo;United we stand strong&rdquo;

white, green, red

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Boyana Church (c); Madara Rider (c); Thracian Tomb of Kazanlak (c); Rock-Hewn Churches of Ivanovo (c); Rila Monastery (c); Ancient City of Nessebar (c); Thracian Tomb of Sveshtari (c); Srebarna Nature Reserve (n); Pirin National Park (n); Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians (n)

Total World Heritage Sites

10 (7 cultural, 3 natural)

Liberation Day, 3 March (1878)

lion

BSP for Bulgaria (electoral alliance of BSP, PKT, Ecoglasnost)<br>Bulgarian Rise or BV<br>Bulgarian Socialist Party or BSP<br>Citizens for the European Development of Bulgaria or GERB (alliance with SDS) <br>Democratic Bulgaria or DB (electoral alliance of Yes! Bulgaria, DSB, and The Greens) <br>Democrats for a Strong Bulgaria or DSB<br>Ecoglasnost<br>Green Movement or The Greens <br>Movement for Rights and Freedoms or DPS<br>Political Club Thrace or PKT<br>Revival<br>Stand Up.BG or IS.BG<br>There is Such a People or ITN<br>Union of Democratic Forces or SDS (alliance with GERB) <br>Yes! Bulgaria <br>We Continue the Change or PP <br>We Continue the Change and Democratic Bulgaria or PP-DB (electoral alliance of PP, DB, Yes! Bulgaria)

Monday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

wheat, maize, sunflower seeds, barley, milk, rapeseed, grapes, potatoes, triticale, tomatoes (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

On alcohol and tobacco

4.8% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

On food

20.7% of household expenditures (2023 est.)

Expenditures

$37.546 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenditures converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$35.615 billion (2023 est.)

code

BGN

name

Bulgarian lev (BGN) [лв]

$-1,741,000,000

Current account balance 2022

-$2.43 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$894.86 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$2.014 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$47.21 billion

Debt - external 2022

$14.277 billion (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars

<p>upper-middle-income EU economy; currency pegged to the euro, with eurozone accession pending; declining energy prices helping lower inflation rate; EU structural funds contributing to investment recovery; skilled labor shortage driven by emigration and aging population</p>

Currency

leva (BGN) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

1.716 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

1.654 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

1.86 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

1.809 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

1.808 (2024 est.)

$63.89 billion

Exports 2022

$63.246 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$63.415 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$62.661 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, garments, refined copper, wheat, natural gas (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 14%, Romania 11%, Italy 8%, Greece 6%, Turkey 5% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$3.55 billion

Exports of goods and services

55.8% (2024 est.)

Government consumption

19.7% (2024 est.)

Household consumption

57.6% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-53.5% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

17.9% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories

2.5% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

2.1% (2024 est.)

Industry

22.5% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

62.6% (2024 est.)

$112.212 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$17,596

41.3 (2018)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2022

38.2 (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$107.61 billion

$15,370

20 % of GDP

Highest 10%

30.1% (2022 est.)

Lowest 10%

2.1% (2022 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$61.04 billion

Imports 2022

$62.261 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$59.158 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$60.029 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

crude petroleum, copper ore, cars, packaged medicine, electricity (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Germany 12%, Turkey 8%, Romania 8%, Russia 7%, Italy 6% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

1.9% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

electricity, gas, water; food, beverages, tobacco; machinery and equipment, automotive parts, base metals, chemical products, coke, refined petroleum, nuclear fuel; outsourcing centers

2.45%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

15.3% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

9.4% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.4% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

3.124 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

3.07 million persons

agriculture

4.69%

industry

27.88%

services

67.43%

20.6% (2022 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2023

30.1% of GDP (2023 est.)

$270.34 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$209.683 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$213.64 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$219.645 billion (2024 est.)

3.39%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

4% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

1.9% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

2.8% (2024 est.)

$41,969

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$32,400 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$33,100 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$34,100 (2024 est.)

$2.64 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2022

2.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

2.2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

2.4% of GDP (2024 est.)

$43.7 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$40.989 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$46.334 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$43.698 billion (2024 est.)

35 % of GDP

21 % of GDP

20.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

3.54%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

4.3% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

4.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

4.2% (2024 est.)

Female

11.8% (2024 est.)

Male

12.4% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

12.1% (2024 est.)

Consumption

20.557 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

1.091 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

753,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

20.97 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

2.174 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

34.221 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

5,361 kWh

Exports

7.748 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

4.415 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

12.939 million kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

1.972 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - rural areas

99.6%

Electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electrification - urban areas

100%

Biomass and waste

4.1% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Fossil fuels

35.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

7.78%

Hydroelectricity

7.5% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Nuclear

40.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

renewable

22.19%

Solar

8.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Wind

4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

2,604 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

102.171 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Consumption

2.607 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Exports

2.75 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Imports

2.544 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Production

10.444 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

2.01GW (2025 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

4 (2025)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

2 (2025)

Percent of total electricity production

40.3% (2023 est.)

Crude oil estimated reserves

15 million barrels (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

101,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Total petroleum production

4,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

20.4%

per 100 inhabitants

37 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

36 (2023 est.)

Total

2.45 million (2023 est.)

4 national terrestrial TV stations with 1 state-owned and 3 privately owned; a vast array of TV stations are available from cable and satellite TV providers; state-owned national radio broadcasts over 3 networks; large number of private radio stations, especially in urban areas

.bg

Percent of population

80% (2023 est.)

####

+359

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

8 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

552,000 (2024 est.)

subscriptions per 100

118 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

118 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

7.98 million (2024 est.)

passengers carried

723,825 passengers

registered carrier departures

7,027 departures

107 (2025)

LZ

Right

8 (2025)

By type

bulk carrier 2, general cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 55

Total

78 (2023)

Key ports

Burgas, Varna

Large

1

Medium

0

Ports with oil terminals

2

Small

1

Total ports

2 (2024)

Very small

0

Total

4,029 km (2020) 2,871 km electrified

BG

armored vehicles

tanks

the Bulgarian military is responsible for guaranteeing Bulgaria’s independence, sovereignty, and territorial integrity, providing support to international peace and security missions, and contributing to national security in peacetime, including such missions as responding to disasters or assisting with border security; the military trains regularly including in multinational exercises with regional partners and with NATO since Bulgaria joined the organization in 2004; it also participates in overseas peacekeeping and other security missions under the EU, NATO, and the UN; in 2022, Bulgaria established and began leading a NATO multinational battlegroup as part of an effort to boost NATO defenses in Eastern Europe following Russia’s invasion of Ukraine; in 2021, Bulgaria approved a 10-year defense development program, which included calls for equipment upgrades and procurements, boosts in manpower, organizational reforms, and greater focus on such areas as cyber defense, communications, logistics support, and research and development<br><br>the Bulgarian military has participated in several significant conflicts since its establishment in 1878, including the Serbo-Bulgarian War (1885), the First Balkan War (1912-13), the Second Balkan War (1913), World War I (1915-1918), and World War II (1941-45); during the Cold War it was one of the Warsaw Pact’s largest militaries with over 150,000 personnel and more than 200 Soviet-made combat aircraft (2025)

Bulgarian Armed Forces (aka Bulgarian Army): Land Forces, Air Force, Navy<br><br>Ministry of Interior: General Directorate National Police (GDNP), General Directorate Border Police (GDBP), Special Unit for Combating Terrorism (SOBT) (2025)

active duty personnel

37,000

note

<strong>note:</strong> the GDNP includes the Gendarmerie, a special police force with military status deployed to secure important facilities, buildings and infrastructure, respond to riots, and counter militant threats

percent of total labor force

1.18 %

approximately 28,000 active duty Armed Forces  (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> in 2021, Bulgaria released a 10-year defense plan which called for an active military strength of 43,000

160 Kosovo (NATO/KFOR) (2025)

the military's inventory consists largely of Soviet-era armaments, although in recent years Bulgaria has procured some more modern Western weapons systems in an effort to modernize and achieve NATO interoperability (2025)

2 % of GDP

current USD

$2,329,834,254

Military Expenditures 2021

1.6% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.9% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

2% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military Expenditures 2025

2.1% of GDP (2025 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

5.49 %

percent of GDP

2.15 % of GDP

18 years of age for voluntary service for men and women (2025)

note

<strong>note:</strong> in 2020, Bulgaria announced a program to allow every citizen up to the age of 40 to join the armed forces for 6 months of military service in the voluntary reserve

PowerIndex score

1.2522

Refugees

114,728 (2024 est.)

Stateless persons

862 (2024 est.)

1960s-1990s - participated in the Soviet Interkosmos program, which included the first Bulgarian in space (1979), first domestically produced scientific satellite launched on a Soviet rocket (1981), and participation in the Soviet VEGA project (1985)<br><br>2017 - first communications satellite (BulgariaSat-1) built and launched by US <br><br>2019 - first domestically built data/educational cube satellite (EnduroSat-1) launched by US<br><br>2023 - signed the US-led Artemis Accords outlining principles for cooperation in space exploration<br><br>2025 - domestically produced, multispectral remote sensing satellite (Balkan-1) launched by US as part of EU's Copernicus Earth observation program

Space Research and Technology Institute - Bulgarian Academy of Sciences (SRTI-BAS; formed in 1987 but originated from the Central Laboratory for Space Research and the Bulgarian Aerospace Agency, which was established in 1969) (2025)

has a long history of space-related activities going back to the 1960s; develops, produces, and operates satellites; researches, develops, and produces other space technologies, including those related to astrophysics, remote sensing, data exploitation, optics, and electronics; has specialized in producing scientific instruments for space research; has more than 20 research institutes; Cooperating State of the ESA since 2015; works with a variety of foreign space agencies and commercial entities, including those of the ESA, EU, individual ESA and EU member states, India, Japan, Russia, and the US (2025)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); Islamic Revolutionary Guard Corps/Qods Force

note

<strong>note:</strong> details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

From coal and metallurgical coke

14.486 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From consumed natural gas

5.021 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

13.958 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

33.465 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

air pollution from industrial emissions; rivers polluted from raw sewage, heavy metals, detergents; deforestation; forest damage from air pollution and acid rain; soil contamination from heavy metals from metallurgical plants and industrial wastes

Party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

18.6 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

36 % of total land area

12 % of total

21.3 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

26 % of internal resources

Agricultural

726.434 million cubic meters (2022)

Industrial

3.879 billion cubic meters (2022)

Municipal

838 million cubic meters (2022)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

2.859 million tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

29.8% (2022 est.)