2019 Edition

CIA World Factbook 2019 Archive (Wayback Machine)

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Countries

267

Data Records

66,981

Botswana

2019 Edition · 301 data fields

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Introduction

Background

Formerly the British protectorate of Bechuanaland, Botswana adopted its new name at independence in 1966. More than five decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created one of the most stable economies in Africa. The ruling Botswana Democratic Party has won every election since independence; President Mokgweetsi Eric MASISI assumed the presidency in April 2018 following the retirement of former President Ian KHAMA due to constitutional term limits. MASISI is Botswana’s fifth president since independence. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest rates of HIV/AIDS infection, but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

Geography

Area

Land: 566,730 sq km
Total: 581,730 sq km
Water: 15,000 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly smaller than Texas; almost four times the size of Illinois

Climate

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

Highest Point: Tsodilo Hills 1,489 m
Lowest Point: junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m
Mean Elevation: 1,013 m

Environment Current Issues

overgrazing; desertification; limited freshwater resources; air pollution

Environment International Agreements

Party To: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands
Signed But Not Ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

22 00 S, 24 00 E

Geography Note

landlocked; population concentrated in eastern part of the country

Irrigated Land

20 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries: Namibia 1544 km, South Africa 1969 km, Zambia 0.15 km, Zimbabwe 834 km
Total: 4,347.15 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land: 45.8% (2011 est.)
Agricultural Land Arable Land: 0.6% (2011 est.)
Agricultural Land Permanent Crops: 0% (2011 est.)
Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture: 45.2% (2011 est.)
Forest: 19.8% (2011 est.)
Other: 34.4% (2011 est.)

Location

Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Map References

Africa

Maritime Claims

none (landlocked)

Natural Hazards

periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

Natural Resources

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

Population Distribution

the population is primarily concentrated in the east with a focus in and around the captial of Gaborone, and the far central-eastern city of Francistown; population density remains low in other areas in the country, especially in the Kalahari to the west

Terrain

predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest

People and Society

Age Structure

0 14 Years: 31.48% (male 357,175 /female 350,775)
15 24 Years: 18.7% (male 207,611 /female 212,874)
25 54 Years: 38.88% (male 412,475 /female 462,013)
55 64 Years: 5.61% (male 53,653 /female 72,617)
65 Years And Over: 5.33% (male 51,304 /female 68,607) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

21.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

5.5% (2016)

Death Rate

9.5 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Demographic Profile

Botswana has experienced one of the most rapid declines in fertility in sub-Saharan Africa. The total fertility rate has fallen from more than 5 children per woman in the mid 1980s to approximately 2.4 in 2013. The fertility reduction has been attributed to a host of factors, including higher educational attainment among women, greater participation of women in the workforce, increased contraceptive use, later first births, and a strong national family planning program. Botswana was making significant progress in several health indicators, including life expectancy and infant and child mortality rates, until being devastated by the HIV/AIDs epidemic in the 1990s.Today Botswana has the third highest HIV/AIDS prevalence rate in the world at approximately 22%, however comprehensive and effective treatment programs have reduced HIV/AIDS-related deaths. The combination of declining fertility and increasing mortality rates because of HIV/AIDS is slowing the population aging process, with a narrowing of the youngest age groups and little expansion of the oldest age groups. Nevertheless, having the bulk of its population (about 60%) of working age will only yield economic benefits if the labor force is healthy, educated, and productively employed.Batswana have been working as contract miners in South Africa since the 19th century. Although Botswana’s economy improved shortly after independence in 1966 with the discovery of diamonds and other minerals, its lingering high poverty rate and lack of job opportunities continued to push workers to seek mining work in southern African countries. In the early 1970s, about a third of Botswana’s male labor force worked in South Africa (lesser numbers went to Namibia and Zimbabwe). Not until the 1980s and 1990s, when South African mining companies had reduced their recruitment of foreign workers and Botswana’s economic prospects had improved, were Batswana increasingly able to find job opportunities at home.Most Batswana prefer life in their home country and choose cross-border migration on a temporary basis only for work, shopping, visiting family, or tourism. Since the 1970s, Botswana has pursued an open migration policy enabling it to recruit thousands of foreign workers to fill skilled labor shortages. In the late 1990s, Botswana’s prosperity and political stability attracted not only skilled workers but small numbers of refugees from neighboring Angola, Namibia, and Zimbabwe.

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio: 5.8 (2015 est.)
Potential Support Ratio: 17.3 (2015 est.)
Total Dependency Ratio: 55.1 (2015 est.)
Youth Dependency Ratio: 49.3 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural: 92.3% of population
Improved Total: 96.2% of population
Improved Urban: 99.2% of population
Unimproved Rural: 7.7% of population
Unimproved Total: 3.8% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Urban: 0.8% of population

Education Expenditures

9.6% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic Groups

Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and white 7%

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

20.3% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS Deaths

4,800 (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

370,000 (2018 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

1.8 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female: 26 deaths/1,000 live births
Male: 31.2 deaths/1,000 live births
Total: 28.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Setswana 77.3%, Sekalanga 7.4%, Shekgalagadi 3.4%, English (official) 2.8%, Zezuru/Shona 2%, Sesarwa 1.7%, Sembukushu 1.6%, Ndebele 1%, other 2.8% (2011 est.)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female: 66 years
Male: 61.8 years
Total Population: 63.8 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

Definition: age 15 and over can read and write
Female: 88.9% (2015)
Male: 88%
Total Population: 88.5%

Major Infectious Diseases

Degree Of Risk: high (2019)
Food Or Waterborne Diseases: bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2019)
Vectorborne Diseases: malaria (2019)

Major Urban Areas Population

269,000 GABORONE (capital) (2018)

Maternal Mortality Rate

144 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female: 26 years
Male: 23.8 years
Total: 24.9 years (2018 est.)

Nationality

Adjective: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)
Noun: Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Net Migration Rate

3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

18.9% (2016)

Physicians Density

0.37 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Population

2,249,104 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

1.52% (2018 est.)

Religions

Christian 79.1%, Badimo 4.1%, other 1.4% (includes Baha'i, Hindu, Muslim, Rastafarian), none 15.2%, unspecified 0.3% (2011 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural: 43.1% of population (2015 est.)
Improved Total: 63.4% of population (2015 est.)
Improved Urban: 78.5% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Rural: 56.9% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Total: 36.6% of population (2015 est.)
Unimproved Urban: 21.5% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female: 13 years (2013)
Male: 13 years
Total: 13 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years: 1.02 male(s)/female
15 24 Years: 0.98 male(s)/female
25 54 Years: 0.89 male(s)/female
55 64 Years: 0.74 male(s)/female
65 Years And Over: 0.75 male(s)/female
At Birth: 1.03 male(s)/female
Total Population: 0.93 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

2.53 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female: 43.5% (2010 est.)
Male: 29.6%
Total: 36%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization: 2.87% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)
Urban Population: 70.2% of total population (2019)

Government

Administrative Divisions

10 districts and 6 town councils*; Central, Chobe, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, North East, North West, Selebi-Phikwe*, South East, Southern, Sowa Town*

Capital

Geographic Coordinates: 24 38 S, 25 54 E
Name: Gaborone
Time Difference: UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth: no
Citizenship By Descent Only: at least one parent must be a citizen of Botswana
Dual Citizenship Recognized: no
Residency Requirement For Naturalization: 10 years

Constitution

Amendments: proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires approval in two successive Assembly votes with at least two-thirds majority in the final vote; proposals to amend constitutional provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and branches of government, and public services also requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and assent by the president of the republic; amended several times, last in 2006 (2017)
History: previous 1960 (preindependence); latest adopted March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

Country Name

Conventional Long Form: Republic of Botswana
Conventional Short Form: Botswana
Etymology: the name Botswana means "Land of the Tswana" - referring to the country's major ethnic group
Former: Bechuanaland
Local Long Form: Republic of Botswana
Local Short Form: Botswana

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission: Ambassador Craig Lewis CLOUD (since 2 April 2019)
Embassy: Embassy Drive, Government Enclave (off Khama Crescent), Gaborone
Fax: [267] 318-0232
Mailing Address: Embassy Enclave, P. O. Box 90, Gaborone
Telephone: [267] 395-3982

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery: 1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036
Chief Of Mission: Ambassador David John NEWMAN (since 3 August 2015)
Consulate's General: Atlanta
Fax: [1] (202) 244-4164
Telephone: [1] (202) 244-4990

Executive Branch

Cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president
Chief Of State: President Mokgweetse Eric MASISI (since 1 April 2018); Vice President Slumber TSOGWANE (since 4 April 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government
Election Results: President Seretse Khama Ian KHAMA (since 1 April 2008) stepped down on 1 April 2018 having completed the constitutionally mandated 10-year term limit; upon his retirement, then Vice President MASISI became president
Elections Appointments: president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 24 October 2014 (next to be held on 31 October 2019); vice president appointed by the president
Head Of Government: President Mokgweetse Eric MASISI (since 1 April 2018); Vice President Slumber TSOGWANE (since 4 April 2018); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

Flag Description

light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe in the center; the blue symbolizes water in the form of rain, while the black and white bands represent racial harmony

Government Type

parliamentary republic

Independence

30 September 1966 (from the UK)

International Law Organization Participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts: Court of Appeal, High Court (each consists of a chief justice and a number of other judges as prescribed by the Parliament)
Judge Selection And Term Of Office: Court of Appeal and High Court chief justices appointed by the president and other judges appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; all judges appointed to serve until age 70
Subordinate Courts: Industrial Court (with circuits scheduled monthly in the capital city and in 3 districts); Magistrates Courts (1 in each district); Customary Court of Appeal; Paramount Chief's Court/Urban Customary Court; Senior Chief's Representative Court; Chief's Representative’s Court; Headman's Court

Legal System

mixed legal system of civil law influenced by the Roman-Dutch model and also customary and common law

Legislative Branch

Description: unicameral Parliament consists of the National Assembly (63 seats; 57 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 4 nominated by the president and indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the rest of the National Assembly, and 2 ex-officio members - the president and attorney general; elected members serve 5-year terms); note - the House of Chiefs (Ntlo ya Dikgosi), an advisory body to the National Assembly, consists of 35 members - 8 hereditary chiefs from Botswana's principal tribes, 22 indirectly elected by the chiefs, and 5 appointed by the president; the House of Chiefs consults on issues including powers of chiefs, customary courts, customary law, tribal property, and constitutional amendments
Election Results: percent of vote by party - BDP 66.7%, UDC 26.3%, BCP 5.3%, AP 1.7%; seats by party - BDP 38, UDC 15, BPF 3, AP 1; composition - NA
Elections: last held on 23 October 2019 (next to be held on 31 October 2024)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music: Kgalemang Tumedisco MOTSETE
Name: "Fatshe leno la rona" (Our Land)

National Holiday

Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)

National Symbol S

zebra; national colors: blue, white, black

Political Parties And Leaders

Alliance of Progressives or AP [Ndaba GAOLATHE] Botswana Congress Party or BCP [Dumelang SALESHANDO] Botswana Democratic Party or BDP [Mokgweetsi MASISI] Botswana Movement for Democracy or BMD [Sidney PILANE] Botswana National Front or BNF [Duma BOKO] Botswana Peoples Party or BPP [Motlatsi MOLAPISI] Real Alternative Party or RAP [Gaontebale MOKGOSI] Umbrella for Democratic Change or UDC [Duma BOKO] (various times the collation has included the BMD, BPP, BCP and BNF) (2019)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Economy

Agriculture Products

livestock, sorghum, maize, millet, beans, sunflowers, groundnuts

Budget

Expenditures: 5.478 billion (2017 est.)
Revenues: 5.305 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

31 December 2015: 6%
31 December 2016: 5.5%

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016: 7.3%
31 December 2017: 6.88%

Current Account Balance

2016: $2.147 billion
2017: $2.146 billion

Debt External

31 December 2016: $2.421 billion
31 December 2017: $2.187 billion

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

1993: 63
2009: 60.5

Economy Overview

Until the beginning of the global recession in 2008, Botswana maintained one of the world's highest economic growth rates since its independence in 1966. Botswana recovered from the global recession in 2010, but only grew modestly until 2017, primarily due to a downturn in the global diamond market, though water and power shortages also played a role. Through fiscal discipline and sound management, Botswana has transformed itself from one of the poorest countries in the world five decades ago into a middle-income country with a per capita GDP of approximately $18,100 in 2017. Botswana also ranks as one of the least corrupt and best places to do business in sub-Saharan Africa.Because of its heavy reliance on diamond exports, Botswana’s economy closely follows global price trends for that one commodity. Diamond mining fueled much of Botswana’s past economic expansion and currently accounts for one-quarter of GDP, approximately 85% of export earnings, and about one-third of the government's revenues. In 2017, Diamond exports increased to the highest levels since 2013 at about 22 million carats of output, driving Botswana’s economic growth to about 4.5% and increasing foreign exchange reserves to about 45% of GDP. De Beers, a major international diamond company, signed a 10-year deal with Botswana in 2012 and moved its rough stone sorting and trading division from London to Gaborone in 2013. The move was geared to support the development of Botswana's nascent downstream diamond industry.Tourism is a secondary earner of foreign exchange and many Batswana engage in tourism-related services, subsistence farming, and cattle rearing. According to official government statistics, unemployment is around 20%, but unofficial estimates run much higher. The prevalence of HIV/AIDS is second highest in the world and threatens the country's impressive economic gains.

Exchange Rates

2013: 8.9761
2014: 10.1263
2015: 10.9022
2016: 10.9022
2017: 10.19
Currency: pulas (BWP) per US dollar -

Exports

2016: $7.226 billion
2017: $5.934 billion

Exports Commodities

diamonds, copper, nickel, soda ash, beef, textiles

Exports Partners

Belgium 20.3%, India 12.6%, UAE 12.4%, South Africa 11.9%, Singapore 8.7%, Israel 7%, Hong Kong 4.1%, Namibia 4.1% (2017)

Fiscal Year

1 April - 31 March

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services: 39.8% (2017 est.)
Government Consumption: 18.4% (2017 est.)
Household Consumption: 48.5% (2017 est.)
Imports Of Goods And Services: -33.9% (2017 est.)
Investment In Fixed Capital: 29% (2017 est.)
Investment In Inventories: -1.8% (2017 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture: 1.8% (2017 est.)
Industry: 27.5% (2017 est.)
Services: 70.6% (2017 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$17.38 billion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015: $16,500
2016: $16,900
2017: $17,000

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015: $36.54 billion
2016: $38.11 billion
2017: $39.01 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015: -1.7%
2016: 4.3%
2017: 2.4%

Gross National Saving

2015: 41.2% of GDP
2016: 38.8% of GDP
2017: 40.3% of GDP

Imports

2016: $5.871 billion
2017: $5.005 billion

Imports Commodities

foodstuffs, machinery, electrical goods, transport equipment, textiles, fuel and petroleum products, wood and paper products, metal and metal products

Imports Partners

South Africa 66.1%, Canada 8.3%, Israel 5.3% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

-4.2% (2017 est.)

Industries

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver; beef processing; textiles

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016: 2.8%
2017: 3.3%

Labor Force

1.177 million (2017 est.)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

31 December 2010: $4.076 billion
31 December 2011: $4.107 billion
31 December 2012: $4.588 billion

Population Below Poverty Line

19.3% (2009 est.)

Public Debt

2016: 15.6% of GDP
2017: 14% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016: $7.189 billion
31 December 2017: $7.491 billion

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2016: $1.494 billion
31 December 2017: $1.645 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

31 December 2016: $1.312 billion
31 December 2017: $1.973 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2016: $5.699 billion
31 December 2017: $5.319 billion

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016: $2.579 billion
31 December 2017: $3.002 billion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2016: $1.494 billion
31 December 2017: $1.645 billion

Taxes And Other Revenues

30.5% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2009: 17.8%
2013: 20%

Energy

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants: 2 (2017 est.)
Total: 48,901

Broadcast Media

2 TV stations - 1 state-owned and 1 privately owned; privately owned satellite TV subscription service is available; 2 state-owned national radio stations; 3 privately owned radio stations broadcast locally (2019)

Internet Country Code

.bw

Internet Users

Percent Of Population: 39.4% (July 2016 est.)
Total: 869,610

Telephone System

Domestic: fixed-line teledensity has declined in recent years and now stands at roughly 6 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity has advanced to 150 telephones per 100 persons (2018)
General Assessment: effective regulatory reform has turned the Botswana's telecom market into one of the most liberalized in the region; Botswana has one of the highest mobile penetration rates in Africa; 3 MNOs have entered the underdeveloped broadband sector with the adoption of 3G, LTE and WiMAX technologies; mobile Internet remains the preferred choice (2018)
International: country code - 267; international calls are made via satellite, using international direct dialing; 2 international exchanges; digital microwave radio relay links to Namibia, Zambia, Zimbabwe, and South Africa; satellite earth station - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants: 6 (2017 est.)
Total Subscriptions: 141,207

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants: 146 (2017 est.)
Total Subscriptions: 3,240,589

Transportation

Airports

74 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M: 6 (2017)
2 438 To 3 047 M: 1 (2017)
914 To 1 523 M: 1 (2017)
Over 3 047 M: 2 (2017)
Total: 10 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M: 5 (2013)
914 To 1 523 M: 46 (2013)
Total: 64 (2013)
Under 914 M: 13 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

A2 (2016)

National Air Transport System

Annual Freight Traffic On Registered Air Carriers: 94,729 mt-km (2015)
Annual Passenger Traffic On Registered Air Carriers: 194,005 (2015)
Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers: 6 (2015)
Number Of Registered Air Carriers: 1 (2015)

Railways

Narrow Gauge: 888 km 1.067-m gauge (2014)
Total: 888 km (2014)

Roadways

Paved: 9,810 km (2017)
Total: 31,747 km (2017)
Unpaved: 21,937 km (2017)

Military and Security

Military And Security Forces

Botswana Defence Force (BDF): Ground Forces Command, Air Arm Command, Defense Logistics Command (2019)

Military Expenditures

2014: 2.13% of GDP
2015: 2.66% of GDP
2016: 3.37% of GDP
2017: 3.02% of GDP
2018: 2.78% of GDP

Military Service Age And Obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Transnational Issues

Disputes International

none

Trafficking In Persons

Current Situation: Botswana is a source, transit, and destination country for women and children subjected to sex trafficking and forced labor; young Batswana serving as domestic workers, sometimes sent by their parents, may be denied education and basic necessities or experience confinement and abuse indicative of forced labor; Batswana girls and women also are forced into prostitution domestically; adults and children of San ethnicity were reported to be in forced labor on farms and at cattle posts in the country’s rural west
Tier Rating: Tier 2 Watch List – Botswana does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; an anti-trafficking act was passed at the beginning of 2014, but authorities did not investigate, prosecute, or convict any offenders or government officials complicit in trafficking or operationalize victim identification and referral procedures based on the new law; the government sponsored a radio campaign to familiarize the public with the issue of human trafficking (2015)