Botswana

In the early 1800s, multiple political entities in what is now Botswana were destabilized or destroyed by a series of conflicts and population movements in southern Africa. By the end of this period, the Tswana ethnic group, who also live across the border in South Africa, had become the most prominent group in the area. In 1852, Tswana forces halted the expansion of white Afrikaner settlers who were seeking to expand their territory northwards into what is now Botswana. In 1885, Great Britain claimed territory that roughly corresponds with modern day Botswana as a protectorate called Bechuanaland. Upon independence in 1966, the British protectorate of Bechuanaland adopted the new name of Botswana, which means "land of the Tswana." <br><br>More than five decades of uninterrupted civilian leadership, progressive social policies, and significant capital investment have created an enduring democracy and upper-middle-income economy. The ruling Botswana Democratic Party has won every national election since independence; President Mokgweetsi Eric Keabetswe MASISI assumed the presidency in 2018 after the retirement of former President Ian KHAMA due to constitutional term limits. MASISI won his first election as president in 2019, and he is Botswana’s fifth president since independence. Mineral extraction, principally diamond mining, dominates economic activity, though tourism is a growing sector due to the country's conservation practices and extensive nature preserves. Botswana has one of the world's highest rates of HIV/AIDS infection but also one of Africa's most progressive and comprehensive programs for dealing with the disease.

Land

566,730 sq km

Total

581,730 sq km

Water

15,000 sq km

slightly smaller than Texas; almost four times the size of Illinois

semiarid; warm winters and hot summers

0 km (landlocked)

Africa

Highest point

Manyelanong Hill 1,495 m

Lowest point

junction of the Limpopo and Shashe Rivers 513 m

Mean elevation

1,013 m

22 00 S, 24 00 E

landlocked; sparsely populated with most settlement concentrated in the southern and eastern parts of the country; geography dominated by the Kalahari Desert, which covers about 70% of the country, although the Okavango Delta brings considerable biodiversity as one of the largest inland deltas in the World&nbsp;

25 sq km (2014)

Border countries

Namibia 1,544 km; South Africa 1,969 km; Zambia 0.15 km; Zimbabwe 834 km

number of neighbors

4

Total

4,347.15 km

Agricultural land

45.6% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.5% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0% (2023 est.)

Agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 45.2% (2023 est.)

arable land

0.46%

Forest

27.8% (2023 est.)

Other

26.6% (2023 est.)

permanent crops

0%

Yes

Southern Africa, north of South Africa

Lower Kalahari-Stampriet Basin, Upper Kalahari-Cuvelai-Upper Zambezi Basin

<p>Zambezi (shared with Zambia [s]), Angola, Namibia, Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 2,740 km; Limpopo (shared with South Africa [s], Zimbabwe, and Mozambique [m]) - 1,800 km; Okavango river mouth (shared with Angola [s], and Namibia) - 1,600 km<br><br><strong>note:</strong> [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth</p>

Atlantic Ocean drainage

Orange (941,351 sq km)

Indian Ocean drainage

Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage

Okavango Basin (863,866 sq km)

Google Maps

https://goo.gl/maps/E364KeLy6N4JwxwQ8

OpenStreetMap

https://www.openstreetmap.org/relation/1889339

Africa

none (landlocked)

periodic droughts; seasonal August winds blow from the west, carrying sand and dust across the country, which can obscure visibility

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver

the population is primarily concentrated in the east, with a focus in and around the capital of Gaborone and the eastern city of Francistown; population density remains low in other areas in the country, especially in the Kalahari Desert to the west.

Southern Africa

predominantly flat to gently rolling tableland; Kalahari Desert in southwest

UTC+02:00

number of time zones

1

0-14 years

28.7% (male 355,583/female 348,863)

15-64 years

65.2% (male 759,210/female 837,752)

65 years and over

6.1% (2024 est.) (male 59,513/female 89,747)

Beer

2.93 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Other alcohols

1.64 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Spirits

0.96 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Total

5.98 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Wine

0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

21.16 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

41.5% (2017 est.)

6.8 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

adult female

152 per 1,000

adult male

225 per 1,000

Elderly dependency ratio

8.8 (2025 est.)

Potential support ratio

11.4 (2025 est.)

Total dependency ratio

60.9 (2025 est.)

Youth dependency ratio

52.1 (2025 est.)

improved total

63.29%

Improved: rural

rural: 79.6% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 92.6% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 97.5% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 20.4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 7.4% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 2.5% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% GDP)

8.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

21.5% national budget (2020 est.)

Tswana (or Setswana) 79%, Kalanga 11%, Basarwa 3%, other, including Kgalagadi and people of European ancestry 7%

1.34 (2025 est.)

6 % of GDP

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

6.3% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

14.6% of national budget (2022 est.)

3.1%

2.2 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Female

21.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

25.9 deaths/1,000 live births

neonatal

21 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

27.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Setswana 77.3%, Sekalanga 7.4%, Shekgalagadi 3.4%, English (official) 2.8%, Zezuru/Shona 2%, Sesarwa 1.7%, Sembukushu 1.6%, Ndebele 1%, other 2.8% (2011 est.)

languages

English, Tswana

number of languages

2

Female

68.6 years

Male

64.4 years

Total population

66.4 years (2024 est.)

269,000 GABORONE (capital) (2018)

155 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Female

28.3 years

Male

26 years

Total

25.8 years (2025 est.)

54 births/1,000 women 15-19

Adjective

Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

Noun

Motswana (singular), Batswana (plural)

-1.14 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

18.9% (2016)

0.38 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Female

1,286,636

Male

1,234,898

Total

2,521,534 (2025 est.)

1.32% (2025 est.)

Christian 79.1%, Badimo 4.1%, other 1.4% (includes Baha'i, Hindu, Muslim, Rastafarian), none 15.2%, unspecified 0.3% (2011 est.)

Improved: rural

rural: 63% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: total

total: 86% of population (2022 est.)

Improved: urban

urban: 94.9% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: rural

rural: 37% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: total

total: 14% of population (2022 est.)

Unimproved: urban

urban: 5.1% of population (2022 est.)

Female

13 years (2021 est.)

Male

12 years (2021 est.)

Total

12 years (2021 est.)

0-14 years

1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.91 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.66 male(s)/female

At birth

1.03 male(s)/female

Total population

0.92 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Female

5.5% (2025 est.)

Male

29.2% (2025 est.)

Total

17.1% (2025 est.)

2.73 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Rate of urbanization

2.47% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

Urban population

72.9% of total population (2023)

measles

97%

10 districts and 6 town councils*; Central, Chobe, Francistown*, Gaborone*, Ghanzi, Jwaneng*, Kgalagadi, Kgatleng, Kweneng, Lobatse*, North East, North West, Selebi-Phikwe*, South East, Southern, Sowa Town*

Etymology

named after GABORONE (ca. 1825-1931), a chief of the Tlokwa tribe, whose name means "it is not unbecoming"

Geographic coordinates

24 38 S, 25 54 E

Name

Gaborone

Time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship by birth

no

Citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Botswana

Dual citizenship recognized

no

Residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

svg

https://mainfacts.com/media/images/coats_of_arms/bw.svg

Amendment process

proposed by the National Assembly; passage requires approval in two successive Assembly votes with at least two-thirds majority in the final vote; proposals to amend constitutional provisions on fundamental rights and freedoms, the structure and branches of government, and public services also requires approval by majority vote in a referendum and assent by the president of the republic

History

previous 1960 (pre-independence); latest adopted March 1965, effective 30 September 1966

alternative spellings

BW, Republic of Botswana, Lefatshe la Botswana

Conventional long form

Republic of Botswana

Conventional short form

Botswana

Etymology

the name Botswana means "Land of the Tswana," referring to the country's largest ethnic group

FIFA code

BOT

Former

Bechuanaland

Local long form

Republic of Botswana

local long form (eng)

Republic of Botswana

Local short form

Botswana

Chief of mission

Ambassador Howard A. VAN VRANKEN (since 24 May 2023)

Email address and website

<br>ConsularGaborone@state.gov<br><br>https://bw.usembassy.gov/

Embassy

Embassy Drive, Government Enclave (off Khama Crescent), Gaborone

FAX

[267] 318-0232

Mailing address

2170 Gaborone Place, Washington DC&nbsp; 20521-2170

Telephone

[267] 395-3982

Chancery

1531-1533 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

Chief of mission

Ambassador Mpho Churchill MOPHUTING (since 18 September 2024)

Email address and website

<br>info@botswanaembassy.org<br><br>http://www.botswanaembassy.org/

FAX

[1] (202) 244-4164

Telephone

[1] (202) 244-4990

Cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president

Chief of state

President Duma BOKO (since 1 November 2024)

Election results

BOKO's UDC won 35 seats in the National Assembly, which then selected BOKO as president

Election/appointment process

president indirectly elected by the National Assembly for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); vice president appointed by the president

Expected date of next election

October 2029

Head of government

President Duma BOKO (since 1 November 2024)

Most recent election date

31 October 2024

<strong>description:</strong> light blue with a horizontal white-edged black stripe across the middle<br><br><strong>meaning:</strong> the blue symbolizes rainwater, and the black and white bands represent racial harmony

The flag of Botswana has a light blue field with a white-edged black horizontal band across its center.

svg

https://flagcdn.com/bw.svg

parliamentary republic

30 September 1966 (from the UK)

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SACU, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Highest court(s)

Court of Appeal, High Court (each consists of a chief justice and a number of other judges as prescribed by the Parliament)

Judge selection and term of office

Court of Appeal and High Court chief justices appointed by the president and other judges appointed by the president upon the advice of the Judicial Service Commission; all judges appointed to serve until age 70

Subordinate courts

Industrial Court (with circuits scheduled monthly in the capital city and in 3 districts); Magistrates Courts (1 in each district); Customary Court of Appeal; Paramount Chief's Court/Urban Customary Court; Senior Chief's Representative Court; Chief's Representative’s Court; Headman's Court

mixed legal system of civil law influenced by the Roman-Dutch model, including customary and common law

Chamber name

National Assembly

Electoral system

plurality/majority

Expected date of next election

October 2029

Legislative structure

unicameral

Legislature name

Parliament

Most recent election date

10/30/2024

Note

<strong>note:</strong> the House of Chiefs (Ntlo ya Dikgosi), an advisory body to the National Assembly, consists of 35 members -- 8 hereditary chiefs from Botswana's principal tribes, 22 indirectly elected by the chiefs, and 5 appointed by the president; the House of Chiefs consults on issues including powers of chiefs, customary courts, customary law, tribal property, and constitutional amendments

Number of seats

69 (61 directly elected; 6 indirectly elected)

Parties elected and seats per party

Umbrella for Democratic Change (UDC) (36); Botswana Congress Party (BCP) (15); Botswana Patriotic Front (BPF) (5); Botswana Democratic Party (BDP) (4); Other (1)

Percentage of women in chamber

9%

Scope of elections

full renewal

Term in office

5 years

the two zebras, the country’s national symbol, support an elephant tusk that represents the country's fauna and a head of sorghum that signifies agriculture; the three wavy blue bands stand for the country’s reliance on water, the cog wheels for industry, and the bull’s head for the cattle industry; the coat of arms also features the national colors of light blue, white, and black; the motto reflects the scarcity of rain in the country: <em>pula </em>means “let there be rain” in Setswana, the national language

light blue, white, black

Selected World Heritage Site locales

Tsodilo Hills (c); Okavango Delta (n)

Total World Heritage Sites

2 (1 cultural, 1 natural)

Independence Day (Botswana Day), 30 September (1966)

zebra

Alliance of Progressives or AP <br>Botswana Congress Party or BCP <br>Botswana Democratic Party or BDP <br>Botswana National Front or BNF [Duma BOKO]Botswana Patriotic Front or BPF <br>Botswana Peoples Party or BPP <br>Botswana Republic Party or BRP <br>Umbrella for Democratic Change or UDC (various times the coalition has included the BPP, BCP, BNF and other parties)

Monday

18 years of age; universal

Yes

root vegetables, beef, vegetables, sorghum, maize, game meat, milk, watermelons, goat milk, sunflower seeds (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Expenditures

$6.296 billion (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> central government revenues and expenses (excluding grants/extrabudgetary units/social security funds) converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

Revenues

$5.474 billion (2024 est.)

code

BWP

name

Botswana pula (BWP) [P]

$-821,137,482

Current account balance 2021

-$314.583 million (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

-$232.122 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$116.727 million (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

$2.32 billion

Debt - external 2023

$1.761 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> present value of external debt in current US dollars

good economic governance and financial management; diamond-driven growth model declining; rapid poverty reductions; high unemployment, particularly among youth; COVID-19 sharply contracted the economy and recovery is slow; public sector wages have posed fiscal challenges

Currency

pulas (BWP) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

11.456 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

11.087 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

12.369 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

13.596 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

13.563 (2024 est.)

$5.32 billion

Exports 2021

$7.861 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$8.914 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$6.398 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

diamonds, copper ore, insulated wire, carbonates, cattle (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export commodities based on value in dollars

UAE 27%, India 17%, Belgium 16%, South Africa 8%, USA 7% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

net inflows

$467.27 million

Exports of goods and services

26% (2024 est.)

Government consumption

32.1% (2024 est.)

Household consumption

45.3% (2024 est.)

Imports of goods and services

-40.9% (2024 est.)

Investment in fixed capital

28.5% (2024 est.)

Investment in inventories

7.7% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

Agriculture

1.7% (2024 est.)

Industry

29.4% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

Services

63.5% (2024 est.)

$19.401 billion (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> data in current dollars at official exchange rate

$7,696

53.3 (2015)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015

54.9 (2015 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

$19.43 billion

$7,750

36 % of GDP

Highest 10%

42.9% (2015 est.)

Lowest 10%

1.4% (2015 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

$8.48 billion

Imports 2021

$9.25 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$8.826 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$7.228 billion (2023 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

refined petroleum, diamonds, cars, flavored water, electricity (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import commodities based on value in dollars

South Africa 65%, Namibia 8%, Canada 5%, China 3%, India 3% (2023)

note

<b>note:</b> top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

-13.5% (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

diamonds, copper, nickel, salt, soda ash, potash, coal, iron ore, silver; beef processing; textiles

2.82%

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

11.7% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

5.1% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

2.8% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> annual % change based on consumer prices

1.173 million (2024 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

total

1.2 million persons

agriculture

18.03%

industry

15.77%

services

66.2%

16.1% (2015 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> % of population with income below national poverty line

Note

<b>note:</b> central government debt as a % of GDP

Public debt 2020

19.6% of GDP (2020 est.)

$51.78 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$45.498 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$46.957 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$45.553 billion (2024 est.)

-2.99%

Note

<b>note:</b> annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2022

5.5% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

3.2% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

-3% (2024 est.)

$20,538

Note

<b>note:</b> data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2022

$18,600 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$18,900 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$18,100 (2024 est.)

$128.3 million

Note

<b>note:</b> personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

0.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

0.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

$3.46 billion

Note

<b>note:</b> holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$4.279 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$4.756 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$3.456 billion (2024 est.)

28 % of GDP

22 % of GDP

19.6% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

<b>note:</b> central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

24.48%

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2022

23.7% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

23.4% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

23.2% (2024 est.)

Female

48.6% (2024 est.)

Male

39.8% (2024 est.)

Note

<b>note:</b> % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

Total

43.9% (2024 est.)

Consumption

1.351 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Exports

891,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

Imports

300 metric tons (2023 est.)

Production

2.242 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Proven reserves

1.66 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Consumption

3.879 billion kWh (2023 est.)

consumption per capita

1,522 kWh

Exports

2 million kWh (2023 est.)

Imports

1.923 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Installed generating capacity

758,000 kW (2023 est.)

Transmission/distribution losses

625.694 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electrification - rural areas

25%

Electrification - total population

75.9% (2022 est.)

Electrification - urban areas

95.5%

Fossil fuels

99.8% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectric

0%

nuclear

0%

renewable

0.25%

Solar

0.2% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

1,165 kg of oil equivalent

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

32.443 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Refined petroleum consumption

22,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

27.4%

per 100 inhabitants

3 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

3 (2023 est.)

Total

85,000 (2023 est.)

2 TV stations, 1 state-owned and 1 privately owned; privately owned satellite TV subscription service is available; 2 state-owned national radio stations; 4 privately owned radio stations broadcast locally (2019)

.bw

Percent of population

81% (2023 est.)

+267

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

3 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

83,200 (2024 est.)

subscriptions per 100

179 per 100

Subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

164 (2024 est.)

Total subscriptions

4.13 million (2024 est.)

passengers carried

172,720 passengers

registered carrier departures

4,264 departures

122 (2025)

A2

Left

Narrow gauge

888 km (2014) 1.067-m gauge

Total

888 km (2014)

BW

armored vehicles

tanks

the key responsibilities of the Botswana Defense Force (BDF) are defending the country's sovereignty and territorial integrity on land and in the air, ensuring national security and stability, and aiding civil authorities in support of domestic missions such as disaster relief and anti-poaching; the BDF also participates in regional and international security operations<br><br>Bechuanaland/Botswana did not have a permanent military during colonial times, with the British colonial administrators relying instead on small, lightly armed constabularies such as the Bechuanaland Mounted Police, the Bechuanaland Border Police, and by the early 1960s, the Police Mobile Unit (PMU); after independence in 1966, Botswana militarized the PMU and gave it responsibility for the country’s defense rather than create a conventional military force; however, turmoil in neighboring countries and numerous cross-border incursions by Rhodesian and South African security forces in the 1960s and 1970s demonstrated that the PMU was inadequate for defending the country and led to the establishment of the BDF in 1977 (2025)

Botswana Defense Force (BDF): Ground Forces Command, Air Arm Command, Defense Logistics Command (2025)

active duty personnel

9,000

note

<strong>note 1:</strong> both the BDF and the Botswana Police Service (BPS) report to the Ministry of Defense, Justice and Security; the BPS has primary responsibility for internal security<br><br><strong>note 2: </strong>the Ground Force Command includes a marine unit with boats and river craft for patrolling Botswana's internal waterways and supporting anti-poaching operations

percent of total labor force

0.92 %

estimated 10,000 active Botswana Defense Force (2025)

the BDF has a mix of mostly older weapons and equipment, largely of Western/European origin; in recent years, it has received limited amounts of newer armaments from several European countries and the US (2025)

3 % of GDP

current USD

$567,822,651

Military Expenditures 2020

3% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

3% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

2.8% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

2.6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

3% of GDP (2024 est.)

percent of central government expenditure

8.02 %

percent of GDP

2.83 % of GDP

18-24 years of age (men and women) for general recruits and officer candidates; 18-40 for special entrant officers; no conscription (2025)

PowerIndex score

2.9993

IDPs

99 (2023 est.)

Refugees

823 (2024 est.)

From coal and metallurgical coke

2.818 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

From petroleum and other liquids

3.079 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Total emissions

5.897 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

overgrazing; desertification; limited freshwater resources; air pollution

Party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

Signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Agriculture

144 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Energy

26 kt (2022-2024 est.)

Other

1.7 kt (2019-2021 est.)

Waste

841.4 kt (2019-2021 est.)

12.5 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

29 % of total land area

0 % of total

12.24 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

9 % of internal resources

Agricultural

59.661 million cubic meters (2022)

Industrial

24.295 million cubic meters (2022)

Municipal

129.327 million cubic meters (2022)

Municipal solid waste generated annually

210,900 tons (2024 est.)

Percent of municipal solid waste recycled

21% (2022 est.)