1981 Edition

Area

569,800 km'; about 6% arable, less than 1% under cultivation, mostly desert

8,521,100 km2; 4% cultivated, 13% pasture, 23% built-on area, waste, and other, 60% forested

Coastline

7,491 km

Land boundaries

3,774 km

13,076 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

200 nm

Ethnic divisions

94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% European

60% white, 30% mixed, 8% Negro, and 2% Indian (1960 est.)

Labor force

78,000 formal sector employees; most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture; 40,000 or over one-half of formal sector employees spend at least six to nine months per year as wage earners in South Africa (1978)

about 40 million in 1976 — 36.3% agriculture, livestock, forestry, and fishing; 23.2% industry; 18.9% services, transportation, and communication; 9.2% commerce; 6.1% social activities; 3.5% public administration; 2.8% other

Language

Tswana vernacular

Portuguese

Literacy

about 22% in English; about 32% in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school graduates

83% of the population 15 years or older (1978)

Nationality

noun — Motswana (sing.), Batswana (pi.); adjective— Botswana

noun — Brazilian(s); adjective — Brazilian

Organized labor

eight trade unions organized with a total membership of approximately 9,000 (1972 est.)

about 50% of labor force; only about 1.5 million pay dues

Population

975,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.6%

127,734,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.3%

Religion

85% animist, 15% Christian

93% Roman Catholic (nominal)

Branches

executive — President appoints and presides over the Cabinet, which is responsible to Legislative Assembly; legislative — Legislative Assembly with 32 popularly elected members and four members elected by the 32 representatives, House of Chiefs with deliberative powers only; judicial — local courts administer customary law, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction

strong executive with very broad powers; bicameral legislature (powers of the two bodies have been sharply reduced); 11-man Supreme Court

Capital

Gaborone

Brasilia

Communists

no known Communist organization; Koma of BNF has long history of Communist contacts

6,000, less than 1,000 militants

Elections

general elections held 20 October 1979 Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP); Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho

Figueiredo, who took office on 15 March 1979, was elected by an electoral college, composed of the members of Congress and delegates selected from the state legislatures on 15 October 1978; next presidential election

Government leader

President Gen. (Ret.) JoSo Baptista de Oliveira FIGUEIREDO

Government leaders

President Dr. Quell K. J. MASIRE; Vice President Lenyeletse M. SERETSE

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland (two and one-half years) and University of Edinburgh (two years); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Latin codes; dual system of courts, state and federal; constitution adopted 1967 and extensively amended in 1969; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

AFDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, ITU, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAFTA, OAS, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

30 September

Independence Day, 7 September BRAZIL (Continued)

Official name

Republic of Botswana

Federative Republic of Brazil

Other political or pressure groups

the Catholic Church, over the years, has been a consistent critic of the regime; labor unions, at least as far as wage demands, have become highly active

Political subdivisions

12 administrative districts

23 states, 3 territories, federal district (Brasilia)

Suffrage

universal, age 21 and over

compulsory over age 18, except illiterates; approximately 50 million eligible to register in mid1982

Type

parliamentary republic; independent member of Commonwealth since 1966

federal republic; military-backed presidential regime since April 1964

Voting strength

(October 1979 election) BDP (29 seats); BPP (1 seat); BNF (2 seats); BIP (no seats)

(November 1974 congressional elections) 33.6% ARENA, 31.9% MDB, 35.5% blank and void Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (PDS), progovernment, Jose Sarney, president; Brazilian Democratic Movement Party (PMDB), Ulysses Guimara'es, president; plus several smaller parties

Agriculture

principal crops are corn and sorghum; livestock raised and exported

main products — coffee, rice, beans, corn, sugarcane, soybeans, cotton, manioc, oranges; nearly selfsufficient; caloric intake, 2,400 calories per day per capita (1975)

Budget

(1981) revenues $252.4 million, current expenditures $247.4 million, development expenditures $150.0 million

(1981 est.) revenues $21.0 billion, expenditures $20.4 billion (Treasury budget only)

Crude steel

12.5 million metric tons capacity (1978); 12.5 million metric tons produced (1981 est.)

Electric power

75,000 kW capacity (1977); 85 million kWh produced (1977), 120 kWh per capita

32,271,000 kW capacity (1981); 126.0 billion kWh produced (1981), 1,033 kWh per capita

Exports

$478.4 million (f.o.b., 1980); diamonds, cattle, animal products, copper, nickel

$23 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); coffee, manufactures, iron ore, cotton, soybeans, sugar, wood, cocoa, beef, shoes

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March

calendar year

Fishing

catch 857,971 metric tons (1978); exports, $140 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); imports, $90 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.)

GDP

$856.3 million; growth in constant prices, 11.0% in FY79/80, 5% in 1977

GNP

$250 billion (1981 est), $2,000 per capita; 20% gross investment, 84% consumption, —4% net foreign balance (1981 est.); real growth rate 1% (1981 est.)

Imports

$643.9 million (c.i.f., 1980); foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products

$22 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); machinery, chemicals, Pharmaceuticals, petroleum, wheat, copper, aluminum

Major industries

livestock processing, mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, and coal

textiles and other consumer goods, chemicals, cement, lumber, steel, motor vehicles, other metalworking industries, capital goods

Major trade partners

South Africa and UK

exports — 17% US, 5% West Germany, 6% Netherlands, 5% Japan, 4% Italy, 4% Argentina, 4% France (1981 est.); imports— 40% oil exporters, 17% US, 5% West Germany, 5% Japan, 3% Argentina (1981 est.)

Monetary conversion rate

1 pula=about US$1.23 (1981)

125 cruzeiros=US$l (December 1981, changes frequently)

Airfields

78 total, 67 usable; 3 with permanent-surface runways; 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

4,464 total, 3,633 usable; 220 with permanentsurface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 17 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 412 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

5 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in

169 major transport aircraft, including 9 leased in

Highways

10,784 km total; 1,105 km paved; 1,465 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved earth

1,385,600 km total; 83,700 km paved, 1,301,900 km gravel or earth

Inland waterways

native craft only; of local importance

50,000 km navigable

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $28.7 million; 4.6% of central government budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $1,757.5 million; 7.8% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 177,000; 94,000 fit for military service; 9,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 31,263,000; 21,155,000 fit for military service; 1,393,000 reach military age (18) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 2,000 km; refined products, 465 km; natural gas, 257 km

Ports

8 major, 23 significant minor

Railroads

726 km 1.067-meter gauge

24,600 km total; 22,450 km meter gauge (1.000 m), 1,750 km 1.60-meter gauge, 200 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 200 km 0.76-meter gauge; 1,050 km electrified

Telecommunications

the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and a few radiocommunication stations; 11,700 telephones (1.5 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; INTELSAT satellite ground station DEFENSE FORCES

fair telecom system; good radio relay facilities; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station with 2 antennas; 10 domestic satellite stations; 6.49 million telephones (5.1 per 100 popl.); 1,100 AM, 150 FM, and 170 TV stations; 2 coaxial submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES