2011 Edition

Background

Once the center of power for the large Austro-Hungarian Empire, Austria was reduced to a small republic after its defeat in World War I. Following annexation by Nazi Germany in 1938 and subsequent occupation by the victorious Allies in 1945, Austria's status remained unclear for a decade. A State Treaty signed in 1955 ended the occupation, recognized Austria's independence, and forbade unification with Germany. A constitutional law that same year declared the country's "perpetual neutrality" as a condition for Soviet military withdrawal. The Soviet Union's collapse in 1991 and Austria's entry into the European Union in 1995 have altered the meaning of this neutrality. A prosperous, democratic country, Austria entered the EU Economic and Monetary Union in 1999.

Area

83,871 sq km 82,445 sq km 1,426 sq km

total

83,871 sq km

water

1,426 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maine

Climate

temperate; continental, cloudy; cold winters with frequent rain and some snow in lowlands and snow in mountains; moderate summers with occasional showers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

Neusiedler See 115 m Grossglockner 3,798 m

highest point

Grossglockner 3,798 m

lowest point

Neusiedler See 115 m

Environment - current issues

some forest degradation caused by air and soil pollution; soil pollution results from the use of agricultural chemicals; air pollution results from emissions by coal- and oil-fired power stations and industrial plants and from trucks transiting Austria between northern and southern Europe

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

3.67 cu km/yr (35%/64%/1%) 448 cu m/yr (1999)

per capita

448 cu m/yr (1999)

total

3.67 cu km/yr (35%/64%/1%)

Geographic coordinates

47 20 N, 13 20 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location at the crossroads of central Europe with many easily traversable Alpine passes and valleys; major river is the Danube; population is concentrated on eastern lowlands because of steep slopes, poor soils, and low temperatures elsewhere

Irrigated land

1,170 sq km (2008)

Land boundaries

2,562 km Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330 km, Switzerland 164 km

border countries

Czech Republic 362 km, Germany 784 km, Hungary 366 km, Italy 430 km, Liechtenstein 35 km, Slovakia 91 km, Slovenia 330 km, Switzerland 164 km

total

2,562 km

Land use

16.59% 0.85% 82.56% (2005)

arable land

16.59%

other

82.56% (2005)

permanent crops

0.85%

Location

Central Europe, north of Italy and Slovenia

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

landslides; avalanches; earthquakes

Natural resources

oil, coal, lignite, timber, iron ore, copper, zinc, antimony, magnesite, tungsten, graphite, salt, hydropower

Terrain

in the west and south mostly mountains (Alps); along the eastern and northern margins mostly flat or gently sloping

Total renewable water resources

84 cu km (2005)

Age structure

14% (male 590,855/female 563,300) 67.7% (male 2,793,725/female 2,769,840) 18.2% (male 627,456/female 872,104) (2011 est.)

0-14 years

14% (male 590,855/female 563,300)

15-64 years

67.7% (male 2,793,725/female 2,769,840)

65 years and over

18.2% (male 627,456/female 872,104) (2011 est.)

Birth rate

8.67 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Death rate

10.14 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008)

rural

100% of population

total

100% of population (2008)

urban

100% of population

Education expenditures

5.4% of GDP (2007)

Ethnic groups

Austrians 91.1%, former Yugoslavs 4% (includes Croatians, Slovenes, Serbs, and Bosniaks), Turks 1.6%, German 0.9%, other or unspecified 2.4% (2001 census)

Health expenditures

11% of GDP (2009)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.3% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 100 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

15,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

7.71 beds/1,000 population (2008)

Infant mortality rate

4.32 deaths/1,000 live births 5.23 deaths/1,000 live births 3.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

female

3.35 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

total

4.32 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

German (official nationwide) 88.6%, Turkish 2.3%, Serbian 2.2%, Croatian (official in Burgenland) 1.6%, other (includes Slovene, official in Carinthia, and Hungarian, official in Burgenland) 5.3% (2001 census)

Life expectancy at birth

79.78 years 76.87 years 82.84 years (2011 est.)

female

82.84 years (2011 est.)

total population

79.78 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 98% NA NA

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

NA

male

NA

total population

98%

Major cities - population

VIENNA (capital) 1.693 million (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

Median age

43 years 41.9 years 44 years (2011 est.)

female

44 years (2011 est.)

male

41.9 years

total

43 years

Nationality

Austrian(s) Austrian

adjective

Austrian

noun

Austrian(s)

Net migration rate

1.81 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

11% (2008)

Physicians density

4.749 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

Population

8,217,280 (July 2011 est.)

Population growth rate

0.034% (2011 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 73.6%, Protestant 4.7%, Muslim 4.2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 2%, none 12% (2001 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008)

rural

100% of population

total

100% of population (2008)

urban

100% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

15 years 15 years 15 years (2008)

female

15 years (2008)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

1.051 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.71 male(s)/female 0.95 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.71 male(s)/female

at birth

1.051 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

under 15 years

1.05 male(s)/female

Total fertility rate

1.4 children born/woman (2011 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

10% 10.5% 9.4% (2009)

female

9.4% (2009)

total

10%

Urbanization

68% of total population (2010) 0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

0.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

68% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

9 states (Bundeslaender, singular - Bundesland); Burgenland, Kaernten (Carinthia), Niederoesterreich (Lower Austria), Oberoesterreich (Upper Austria), Salzburg, Steiermark (Styria), Tirol (Tyrol), Vorarlberg, Wien (Vienna)

Capital

Vienna 48 12 N, 16 22 E UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

48 12 N, 16 22 E

name

Vienna

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

1 October 1920; revised 1929; reinstated 1 May 1945; revised many times; note - during the period 1 May 1934-1 May 1945 there was a fascist (corporative) constitution in place

Country name

Republic of Austria Austria Republik Oesterreich Oesterreich

conventional long form

Republic of Austria

conventional short form

Austria

local long form

Republik Oesterreich

local short form

Oesterreich

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador William C. EACHO III Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna use embassy street address [43] (1) 31339-0 [43] (1) 3100682

chief of mission

Ambassador William C. EACHO III

embassy

Boltzmanngasse 16, A-1090, Vienna

FAX

[43] (1) 3100682

mailing address

use embassy street address

telephone

[43] (1) 31339-0

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Christian PROSL 3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035 [1] (202) 895-6700 [1] (202) 895-6750 Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

chancery

3524 International Court NW, Washington, DC 20008-3035

chief of mission

Ambassador Christian PROSL

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 895-6750

telephone

[1] (202) 895-6700

Executive branch

President Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) (since 8 July 2004) Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2 December 2008); Vice Chancellor Michael SPINDELEGGER (OeVP) (since 21 April 2011) Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor president elected for a six-year term (eligible for a second term) by direct popular vote and formally sworn into office before the Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung; presidential election last held on 25 April 2010 (next to be held on 25 April 2016); chancellor formally chosen by the president but determined by the coalition parties forming a parliamentary majority; vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor Heinz FISCHER reelected president; percent of vote - Heinz FISCHER 79.33%, Barbara ROSENKRANZ 15.24%, Rudolf GEHRING 5.43% government coalition - SPOe and OeVP

cabinet

Council of Ministers chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor

chief of state

President Heinz FISCHER (SPOe) (since 8 July 2004)

election results

Heinz FISCHER reelected president; percent of vote - Heinz FISCHER 79.33%, Barbara ROSENKRANZ 15.24%, Rudolf GEHRING 5.43%

elections

president elected for a six-year term (eligible for a second term) by direct popular vote and formally sworn into office before the Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung; presidential election last held on 25 April 2010 (next to be held on 25 April 2016); chancellor formally chosen by the president but determined by the coalition parties forming a parliamentary majority; vice chancellor chosen by the president on the advice of the chancellor

head of government

Chancellor Werner FAYMANN (SPOe) (since 2 December 2008); Vice Chancellor Michael SPINDELEGGER (OeVP) (since 21 April 2011)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and red; the flag design is certainly one of the oldest - if not the oldest - national banners in the world; according to tradition, in 1191, following a fierce battle in the Third Crusade, Duke Leopold V of Austria's white tunic became completely blood-spattered; upon removal of his wide belt or sash, a white band was revealed; the red-white-red color combination was subsequently adopted as his banner

Government type

federal republic

Independence

12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 976 (Margravate of Austria established); 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed)

12 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates

976 (Margravate of Austria established); 17 September 1156 (Duchy of Austria founded); 11 August 1804 (Austrian Empire proclaimed)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA, EU, FAO, FATF, G-9, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, PFP, Schengen Convention, SECI (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNDOF, UNESCO, UNFICYP, UNHCR, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

Supreme Judicial Court or Oberster Gerichtshof; Administrative Court or Verwaltungsgerichtshof; Constitutional Court or Verfassungsgerichtshof

Legal system

civil law system; judicial review of legislative acts by the Constitutional Court

Legislative branch

bicameral Federal Assembly or Bundesversammlung consists of Federal Council or Bundesrat (62 seats; delegates appointed by state parliaments with each state receiving 3 to 12 seats in proportion to its population; members serve five- or six-year terms) and the National Council or Nationalrat (183 seats; members elected by popular vote for a five-year term under a system of proportional representation with partially-open party lists) National Council - last held on 28 September 2008 (next to be held by September 2013) National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 29.3%, OeVP 26%, FPOe 17.5%, BZOe 10.7%, Greens 10.4%, other 6.1%; seats by party - SPOe 57, OeVP 51, FPOe 34, BZOe 21, Greens 20; note - seats by party since 2010 - SPOe 57, OeVP 51, FPOe 39, BZOe 16, Greens 20

election results

National Council - percent of vote by party - SPOe 29.3%, OeVP 26%, FPOe 17.5%, BZOe 10.7%, Greens 10.4%, other 6.1%; seats by party - SPOe 57, OeVP 51, FPOe 34, BZOe 21, Greens 20; note - seats by party since 2010 - SPOe 57, OeVP 51, FPOe 39, BZOe 16, Greens 20

elections

National Council - last held on 28 September 2008 (next to be held by September 2013)

National anthem

"Bundeshymne" (Federal Hymn) Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed) adopted 1947; the anthem is also known as "Land der Berge, Land am Strome" (Land of the Mountains, Land on the River); Austria adopted a new national anthem after World War II to replace the former imperial anthem composed by Franz Josef HAYDN, which had been appropriated by Germany in 1922 and was now associated with the Nazi regime

lyrics/music

Paula von PRERADOVIC/Wolfgang Amadeus MOZART or Johann HOLZER (disputed)

name

"Bundeshymne" (Federal Hymn)

National holiday

National Day, 26 October (1955); note - commemorates the passage of the law on permanent neutrality

National symbol(s)

black eagle

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for the Future of Austria or BZOe [Josef BUCHER]; Austrian People's Party or OeVP [Josef PROELL]; Freedom Party of Austria or FPOe [Heinz Christian STRACHE]; Social Democratic Party of Austria or SPOe [Werner FAYMANN]; The Greens [Eva GLAWISCHNIG]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Austrian Trade Union Federation or OeGB (nominally independent but primarily Social Democratic); Federal Economic Chamber; Labor Chamber or AK (Social Democratic-leaning think tank); OeVP-oriented Association of Austrian Industrialists or IV; Roman Catholic Church, including its chief lay organization, Catholic Action three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights

other

three composite leagues of the Austrian People's Party or OeVP representing business, labor, farmers, and other nongovernment organizations in the areas of environment and human rights

Suffrage

16 years of age; universal; note - reduced from 18 years of age in 2007

Agriculture - products

grains, potatoes, wine, fruit; dairy products, cattle, pigs, poultry; lumber

Budget

$183 billion $200.6 billion (2010 est.)

expenditures

$200.6 billion (2010 est.)

revenues

$183 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4.7% of GDP (2010 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

2.564% (31 December 2010 est.) 3.101% (31 December 2009 est.)

Current account balance

$9.7 billion (2010 est.) $11 billion (2009 est.)

Debt - external

$883.5 billion (30 June 2011) $755 billion (30 June 2010)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

26 (2007) 31 (1995)

Economy - overview

Austria, with its well-developed market economy and high standard of living, is closely tied to other EU economies, especially Germany's. Its economy features a large service sector, a sound industrial sector, and a small, but highly developed agricultural sector. Following several years of solid foreign demand for Austrian exports and record employment growth, the international financial crisis and global economic downturn in 2008 led to a sharp but brief recession. Austrian GDP contracted 3.9% in 2009 but saw positive growth of about 2% in 2010. Unemployment has not risen as steeply in Austria as elsewhere in Europe, partly because its government has subsidized reduced working hour schemes to allow companies to retain employees. Stabilization measures, stimulus spending, and an income tax reform pushed the budget deficit to 3.5% of GDP in 2009 and 4.7% in 2010, from only about 1.3% in 2008. The international financial crisis caused difficulties for Austria's largest banks whose extensive operations in central, eastern, and southeastern Europe faced large losses. The government provided bank support - including in some instances, nationalization - to prevent insolvency and possible contagion. In the medium-term all large Austrian banks will need additional capital. Even after the global economic outlook improves, Austria will need to continue restructuring, emphasize knowledge-based sectors of the economy, and encourage greater labor flexibility and labor participation to offset growing unemployment and Austria's aging population and low fertility rate.

Electricity - consumption

65.67 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - exports

18.76 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - imports

776 million kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - production

62.98 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Exchange rates

euros (EUR) per US dollar - 0.755 (2010) 0.7198 (2009) 0.6827 (2008) 0.7345 (2007) 0.7964 (2006)

Exports

$147.5 billion (2010 est.) $135.3 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment, motor vehicles and parts, paper and paperboard, metal goods, chemicals, iron and steel, textiles, foodstuffs

Exports - partners

Germany 32.1%, Italy 7.9%, Switzerland 4.8%, France 4.2%, Czech Republic 4.1% (2010)

GDP - composition by sector

1.5% 29.3% 69.2% (2010 est.)

agriculture

1.5%

industry

29.3%

services

69.2% (2010 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$40,400 (2010 est.) $39,700 (2009 est.) $41,300 (2008 est.) data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2% (2010 est.) -3.9% (2009 est.) 2.2% (2008 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$376.8 billion (2010 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$332 billion (2010 est.) $325.6 billion (2009 est.) $338.8 billion (2008 est.) data are in 2010 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

4% 22% (2007)

highest 10%

22% (2007)

lowest 10%

4%

Imports

$151.8 billion (2010 est.) $138.6 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, motor vehicles, chemicals, metal goods, oil and oil products; foodstuffs

Imports - partners

Germany 44%, Italy 6.8%, Switzerland 5.9%, Netherlands 4.1% (2010)

Industrial production growth rate

6.7% (2010 est.)

Industries

construction, machinery, vehicles and parts, food, metals, chemicals, lumber and wood processing, paper and paperboard, communications equipment, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.7% (2010 est.) 0.4% (2009 est.)

Investment (gross fixed)

20.8% of GDP (2010 est.)

Labor force

3.611 million (2010 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

5.5% 27.5% 67% (2009 est.)

agriculture

5.5%

industry

27.5%

services

67% (2009 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$118 billion (31 December 2010) $107.2 billion (31 December 2009) $72.3 billion (31 December 2008)

Natural gas - consumption

9.116 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

5.439 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - imports

12.13 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - production

1.716 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

16.14 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

Oil - consumption

277,900 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil - exports

46,020 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Oil - imports

282,200 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Oil - production

29,590 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

50 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

Population below poverty line

6% (2008)

Public debt

72.3% of GDP (2010 est.) 69.8% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$22.28 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $18.05 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$401.7 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $427.4 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$269.5 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $290.9 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$259.4 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $286 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$659.2 billion (31 December 2009 est.) $606.2 billion (31 December 2008 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$172.1 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $181.5 billion (31 December 2009 est.) see entry for the European Union for money supply for the entire euro area; the European Central Bank (ECB) controls monetary policy for the 17 members of the Economic and Monetary Union (EMU); individual members of the EMU do not control the quantity of money circulating within their own borders

Taxes and other revenues

48.6% of GDP (2010 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.9% (2010 est.) 7.2% (2009 est.)

Broadcast media

Austria's public broadcaster, ORF, was the main broadcast source until commercial radio and television service was introduced in the 1990s; cable and satellite TV are available, including German TV stations (2008)

Internet country code

.at

Internet hosts

3.266 million (2010)

Internet users

6.143 million (2009)

Telephone system

highly developed and efficient fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s; the fiber-optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available country code - 43; satellite earth stations - 15; in addition, there are about 600 VSATs (very small aperture terminals) (2007)

domestic

fixed-line subscribership has been in decline since the mid-1990s with mobile-cellular subscribership eclipsing it by the late 1990s; the fiber-optic net is very extensive; all telephone applications and Internet services are available

general assessment

highly developed and efficient

international

country code - 43; satellite earth stations - 15; in addition, there are about 600 VSATs (very small aperture terminals) (2007)

Telephones - main lines in use

3.245 million (2010)

Telephones - mobile cellular

12.241 million (2010)

Airports

55 (2010)

Airports - with paved runways

14 (2010)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

2,438 to 3,047 m

5

914 to 1,523 m

4

over 3,047 m

1

total

25

under 914 m

14 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways

26 (2010)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

3

total

30

under 914 m

26 (2010)

Heliports

1 (2010)

Merchant marine

cargo 2 4 (Cyprus 1, Malta 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2010)

registered in other countries

4 (Cyprus 1, Malta 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 2) (2010)

total

2

Pipelines

gas 3,028 km; oil 663 km; refined products 157 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Enns, Krems, Linz, Vienna

Railways

6,399 km 5,927 km 1.435-m gauge (3,853 km electrified) 384 km 1.000-m gauge (15 km electrified); 88 km 0.760-m gauge (10 km electrified) (2010)

narrow gauge

384 km 1.000-m gauge (15 km electrified); 88 km 0.760-m gauge (10 km electrified) (2010)

total

6,399 km

Roadways

110,778 km 110,778 km (includes 1,696 km of expressways) (2008)

total

110,778 km

Waterways

358 km (2011)

Manpower available for military service

1,941,110 1,910,434 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

1,910,434 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,941,110

Manpower fit for military service

1,579,862 1,554,130 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

1,554,130 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,579,862

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

48,108 45,752 (2010 est.)

female

45,752 (2010 est.)

male

48,108

Military branches

Land Forces (KdoLdSK), Air Forces (KdoLuSK)

Military expenditures

0.8% of GDP (2009)

Military service age and obligation

registration requirement at age 17; males under the age of 35 must complete basic military training (6 month duration); males 17 to 50 years old in the militia or inactive reserve are subject to compulsory military service (2011)

Disputes - international

none

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and South American cocaine destined for Western Europe; increasing consumption of European-produced synthetic drugs