2020 Edition

Background

Armenia prides itself on being the first state to formally adopt Christianity (early 4th century). Armenia has existed as a political entity for centuries, but for much of its history it was under the sway of various empires, including the Roman, Byzantine, Arab, Persian, Ottoman, and Russian. During World War I, the Ottoman Empire instituted a policy of forced resettlement that, coupled with other harsh practices targeting its Armenian subjects, resulted in at least 1 million deaths; these actions have been widely recognized as constituting genocide. During the early 19th century, significant Armenian populations fell under Russian rule. Armenia declared its independence in 1918 in the wake of the Bolshevik Revolution in Russia, but it was conquered by the Soviet Red Army in 1920. Armenia, along with Azerbaijan and Georgia, was initially incorporated into the USSR as part of the Transcaucasian Federated Soviet Socialist Republic; in 1936, the republic was separated into its three constituent entities, which were maintained until the dissolution of the Soviet Union in 1991. For over three decades, Armenia had a longstanding conflict with neighboring Azerbaijan about the status of the Nagorno-Karabakh region, which historically had a mixed Armenian and Azerbaijani population, although ethnic Armenians have constituted the majority since the late 19th century. In 1921, Moscow placed Nagorno-Karabakh within Soviet Azerbaijan as an autonomous oblast. In the late Soviet period, a separatist movement developed that sought to end Azerbaijani control over the region. Fighting over Nagorno-Karabakh began in 1988 and escalated after Armenia and Azerbaijan declared independence from the Soviet Union in 1991. By the time a cease-fire took effect in 1994, separatists with Armenian support controlled Nagorno‑Karabakh and seven surrounding Azerbaijani territories. Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in a second military conflict over Nagorno-Karabakh in 2020; Armenia lost control over much of the territory it had previously captured, returning the southern part of Nagorno-Karabakh and the territories around it to Azerbaijan. In September 2023, Azerbaijan took military action to regain control over Nagorno-Karabakh; after an armed conflict that lasted only one day, nearly the entire ethnic Armenian population of Nagorno-Karabakh fled to Armenia. Turkey closed its border with Armenia in 1993 in support of Azerbaijan during the first period of conflict with Armenia and has since maintained a closed border, leaving Armenia with closed borders both in the west (with Turkey) and east (with Azerbaijan). Armenia and Turkey engaged in intensive diplomacy to normalize relations and open the border in 2009, but the signed agreement was not ratified in either country. In 2015, Armenia joined the Eurasian Economic Union alongside Russia, Belarus, Kazakhstan, and Kyrgyzstan. In 2017, Armenia signed a Comprehensive and Enhanced Partnership Agreement (CEPA) with the EU. In 2018, former President of Armenia (2008-18) Serzh SARGSIAN of the Republican Party of Armenia (RPA) tried to extend his time in power, prompting protests that became known as the “Velvet Revolution.” After SARGSIAN resigned, the National Assembly elected the leader of the protests, Civil Contract party chief Nikol PASHINYAN, as the new prime minister. PASHINYAN’s party has prevailed in subsequent legislative elections, most recently in 2021. 

Area

land

28,203 sq km

total

29,743 sq km

water

1,540 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Maryland

Climate

highland continental, hot summers, cold winters

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Aragats Lerrnagagat' 4,090 m

lowest point

Debed River 400 m

mean elevation

1,792 m

Geographic coordinates

40 00 N, 45 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked in the Lesser Caucasus Mountains; Sevana Lich (Lake Sevan) is the largest lake in this mountain range

Irrigated land

1,559 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Azerbaijan 996 km; Georgia 219 km; Iran 44 km; Turkey 311 km

total

1,570 km

Land use

agricultural land

58.6% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 15.7% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 2.2% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 41.5% (2023 est.)

forest

11.8% (2023 est.)

other

13.5% (2023 est.)

Location

Southwestern Asia, between Turkey (to the west) and Azerbaijan; note - Armenia views itself as part of Europe; geopolitically, it can be classified as falling within Europe, the Middle East, or both

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Sevan - 1,360 sq km

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

occasionally severe earthquakes; droughts

Natural resources

small deposits of gold, copper, molybdenum, zinc, bauxite

Population distribution

most of the population is located in the northern half of the country; the capital of Yerevan is home to more than five times as many people as Gyumri, the second-largest city in the country

Terrain

Armenian Highland with mountains; little forest land; fast flowing rivers; good soil in Aras River valley

Age structure

0-14 years

17.7% (male 275,589/female 250,630)

15-64 years

67% (male 991,490/female 1,004,101)

65 years and over

15.3% (2024 est.) (male 189,336/female 265,619)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

0.52 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

2.78 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

3.77 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

10.24 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

men married by age 18

0.4% (2016)

women married by age 15

0% (2016)

women married by age 18

5.3% (2016)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.6% (2016 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

61.5% (2022 est.)

Death rate

9.6 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

24.3 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

4.1 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

50.4 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

26.1 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

2.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

8.7% national budget (2025 est.)

Ethnic groups

Armenian 98.1%, Yezidi 1.1%; less than 1%: Russian, other, Assyrian, Kurd, Ukrainian, Greek (2022 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.8 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

12.3% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

6.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.6 beds/1,000 population (2020 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

10 deaths/1,000 live births

male

13.1 deaths/1,000 live births

total

11.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Armenian 97.2%, Russian 1.4%, Ezidian 1.0%; less than 1%: other, unknown (2022)

major-language sample(s)

Աշխարհի Փաստագիրք, Անփոխարինելի Աղբյւր Հիմնական Տեղեկատվւթյան. (Armenian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

80.1 years

male

73.4 years

total population

76.7 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

99.9% (2023 est.)

male

99.8% (2023 est.)

total population

99.8% (2023 est.)

Major urban areas - population

1.095 million YEREVAN (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

19 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

40.3 years

male

37.6 years

total

39.5 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

25.2 years (2019 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Armenian

noun

Armenian(s)

Net migration rate

-5.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.2% (2016)

Physician density

3.36 physicians/1,000 population (2022)

Population

female

1,511,995

male

1,451,842

total

2,963,837 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.45% (2025 est.)

Religions

Armenian Apostolic 95.2%, not stated 1.7%; less than 1%: Catholic, no religion, Evangelical, Shar-fadinian, other, Armenian Orthodox, Jehovah's Witness, Pagan, Molokan (2022 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 84.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 94.4% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 15.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 5.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

14 years (2023 est.)

male

14 years (2023 est.)

total

14 years (2023 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.1 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.71 male(s)/female

at birth

1.07 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

1.6% (2025 est.)

male

47.6% (2025 est.)

total

21.5% (2025 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.66 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.23% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

63.7% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

11 provinces (marzer, singular - marz); Aragatsotn, Ararat, Armavir, Geghark'unik', Kotayk', Lorri, Shirak, Syunik', Tavush, Vayots' Dzor, Yerevan

Capital

etymology

name origin is unclear; it may derive from the name of a local ethnic group, or from the ancient fortress of Erebuni that was built on the current site of Yerevan in 782 B.C.

geographic coordinates

40 10 N, 44 30 E

name

Yerevan

time difference

UTC+4 (9 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Armenia

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

3 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the president of the republic or by the National Assembly; passage requires approval by the president, the National Assembly, and a referendum with at least 25% registered-voter participation and more than 50% of votes; constitutional articles on the form of government and democratic procedures are not amendable

history

previous 1915, 1978; latest adopted 5 July 1995

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Armenia

conventional short form

Armenia

etymology

the etymology of the country's name remains obscure; according to tradition, the local name for the country, Hayastan, comes from Hayk, the legendary patriarch of the Armenians and the great-great-grandson of Noah; the name Armenia was first recorded in a rock inscription from A.D. 521 in modern-day Iran

former

Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic, Armenian Republic

local long form

Hayastani Hanrapetut'yun

local short form

Hayastan

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Kristina A. KVIEN (since 21 February 2023)

email address and website

acsyerevan@state.gov https://am.usembassy.gov/

embassy

1 American Ave., Yerevan 0082

FAX

[374] (10) 464-742

mailing address

7020 Yerevan Place, Washington, DC 20521-7020

telephone

[374] (10) 464-700

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2225 R Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Narek MKRTCHYAN (since 19 September 2025)

consulate(s) general

Glendale (CA)

email address and website

armembassyusa@mfa.am https://usa.mfa.am/en/

FAX

[1] (202) 319-2982

telephone

[1] (202) 319-1976

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

chief of state

President Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (since 13 March 2022)

election results

2022: Vahagn KHACHATURYAN elected president in second round; note - Vahagn KHACHATURYAN (independent) ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 71-0 2018: Armen SARKISSIAN elected president in first round; note - Armen SARKISSIAN (indpendent) ran unopposed and won the Assembly vote 90-10

election/appointment process

president indirectly elected by the National Assembly in 3 rounds, if needed, for a single 7-year term; prime minister indirectly elected by majority vote in two rounds, if needed, by the National Assembly

expected date of next election

2029

head of government

Prime Minister Nikol PASHINYAN (since 10 September 2021)

most recent election date

3 March 2022

Flag

description: three equal horizontal bands of red (top), blue, and orange meaning: red stands for the blood shed for liberty, blue for the Armenian skies and hope, and orange for the land and the courage of the workers who farm it

Government type

parliamentary democracy; note - constitutional changes adopted in December 2015 transformed the government to a parliamentary system

Independence

21 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union); notable earlier dates: 321 B.C. (Kingdom of Armenia established under the Orontid Dynasty), A.D. 884 (Armenian Kingdom reestablished under the Bagratid Dynasty); 1198 (Cilician Kingdom established); 28 May 1918 (Democratic Republic of Armenia declared)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, BSEC, CD, CE, CIS, CSTO, EAEC (observer), EAEU, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Court of Cassation or Appeals Court (consists of the Criminal Chamber with a chairman and 5 judges and the Civil and Administrative Chamber with a chairman and 10 judges – with both civil and administrative specializations); Constitutional Court (consists of 9 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Court of Cassation judges nominated by the Supreme Judicial Council, a 10-member body of selected judges and legal scholars; judges appointed by the president; judges can serve until age 65; Constitutional Court judges - 4 appointed by the president, and 5 elected by the National Assembly; judges can serve until age 70

subordinate courts

criminal and civil appellate courts; administrative appellate court; first instance courts; specialized administrative and bankruptcy courts

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

June 2026

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

National Assembly (Azgayin Zhoghov)

most recent election date

6/20/2021

number of seats

107 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Civil Contract Party (71); Armenia Alliance (29); I Have the Honour Alliance (7)

percentage of women in chamber

38.3%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1991; based on the anthem of the Democratic Republic of Armenia (1918-1922), but with different lyrics

lyrics/music

Mikael NALBANDIAN/Barsegh KANACHYAN

title

"Mer Hayrenik" (Our Fatherland)

National color(s)

red, blue, orange

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Monasteries of Haghpat and Sanahin; Monastery of Geghard and the Upper Azat Valley; Cathedral and Churches of Echmiatsin

total World Heritage Sites

3 (3 cultural)

National holiday

Independence Day, 21 September (1991)

National symbol(s)

Mount Ararat, eagle, lion

Political parties

Armenia Alliance or HD Armenian National Congress or ANC Bright Armenia or BA Civil Contract or KP Hanrapetutyun Party or HP Heritage I Have Honor Alliance (formerly known as the Republican Party of Armenia) PUD Orinats Yerkir or OY Prosperous Armenia or PAP

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, wheat, tomatoes, watermelons, apricots, apples, barley (2023)

Budget

expenditures

$6.27 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$5.812 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

$64.725 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

-$556.329 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

-$997.086 million (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$6.002 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

upper-middle income, fast-growing Caucasus economy; stable fiscal and monetary regime but vulnerable to geopolitical shocks; economic and energy ties to Russia but seeking more EU and US trade; key copper and gold exporter; business-friendly and anti-corruption reforms; persistent unemployment; influx of migrants from Ukraine war easing

Exchange rates

Currency

drams (AMD) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

489.009 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

503.77 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

435.666 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

392.476 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

392.73 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$10.118 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$14.338 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$18.618 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

gold, diamonds, copper ore, broadcasting equipment, jewelry (2023)

Exports - partners

Russia 37%, UAE 25%, Hong Kong 7%, China 5%, Georgia 4% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

76.3% (2024 est.)

government consumption

10.7% (2024 est.)

household consumption

66.5% (2024 est.)

imports of goods and services

-75.8% (2024 est.)

investment in fixed capital

21.7% (2024 est.)

investment in inventories

0.5% (2024 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

7.9% (2024 est.)

industry

23.2% (2024 est.)

services

61.5% (2024 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$25.787 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2023

27.2 (2023 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

22.9% (2023 est.)

lowest 10%

4% (2023 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$10.265 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$14.532 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$19.087 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

cars, gold, diamonds, broadcasting equipment, natural gas (2023)

Imports - partners

Russia 29%, China 12%, Vietnam 6%, Georgia 5%, Iran 4% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

6.2% (2024 est.)

Industries

brandy, mining, diamond processing, metal-cutting machine tools, forging and pressing machines, electric motors, knitted wear, hosiery, shoes, silk fabric, chemicals, trucks, instruments, microelectronics, jewelry, software, food processing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

8.6% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

2% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

0.3% (2024 est.)

Labor force

1.51 million (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

24.8% (2022 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2023

48.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$53.108 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$57.516 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$60.909 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

12.6% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

8.3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

5.9% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$17,900 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$19,400 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$20,100 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

10.4% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

6% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

4.6% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$4.112 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$3.607 billion (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2024

$3.685 billion (2024 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

22.5% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

13.4% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

13.3% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

13.4% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

27.9% (2024 est.)

male

24.8% (2024 est.)

total

26.2% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

19,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

24 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

23,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

production

300 metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

317 million metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

7.012 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

1.3 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

194.045 million kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

4.265 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

530.327 million kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels

43% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

19% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

nuclear

29% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

solar

8.9% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

54.689 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

2.631 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

2.631 billion cubic meters (2023 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

0.42GW (2025 est.)

Number of nuclear reactors permanently shut down

1 (2025)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

1 (2025)

Percent of total electricity production

31.1% (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

15,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

19 (2023 est.)

total

546,000 (2023 est.)

Broadcast media

government-run Public Television network operates alongside 100 privately owned TV stations that provide local to near-nationwide coverage; three Russian TV companies are broadcast under interstate agreements; subscription cable TV services are available in most regions; several major international broadcasters are available, including CNN; Armenian TV completed conversion from analog to digital broadcasting in 2016; Public Radio of Armenia is a national, state-run broadcast network that operates alongside 18 privately owned radio stations (2024)

Internet country code

.am

Internet users

percent of population

80% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

10 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

297,000 (2024 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

135 (2024 est.)

total subscriptions

4.01 million (2024 est.)

Airports

11 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

EK

Heliports

1 (2025)

Railways

total

686 km (2017)

Military - note

the Armenian Armed Forces were officially established in 1992, although their origins go back to 1918; the modern military’s missions include deterrence, territorial defense, crisis management, humanitarian assistance, and disaster response, as well as socio-economic development projects; territorial defense is its primary focus, particularly in regards to tensions with neighboring Azerbaijan; Armenia and Azerbaijan engaged in open conflicts over the disputed Nagorno-Karabakh enclave in 1991-94 and 2020; Azerbaijan seized the entire enclave in 2023  Armenia has traditionally had close military ties with Russia; it has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and committed troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force until suspending its engagement in 2024; Armenia has relations with NATO going back to 1992 when Armenia joined the North Atlantic Cooperation Council; in 1994, it joined NATO’s Partnership for Peace program and has contributed to the NATO force in Kosovo, as well as the former NATO deployment in Afghanistan (2025)

Military and security forces

Armenian Republic Armed Forces: Armenian Army (includes land, air, air defense forces) (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 40-50,000 active Armenian Armed Forces (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory includes mostly Russian and Soviet-era equipment; in recent years however, Armenia has looked to other countries besides Russia to provide military hardware, including France and India (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2020

5% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

4.4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

4.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

5.5% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

5.5% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 for voluntary (men and women), contract (men and women) or compulsory (men) military service; contract military service is 3-12 months or up to 5 years; conscripts serve 24 months; all citizens aged 27-50 are registered in the military reserve and may be called to serve if mobilization is declared (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

4 (2024 est.)

refugees

145,354 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

373 (2024 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

48,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

5.162 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

1.934 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

7.144 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

soil pollution from toxic chemicals; deforestation; river pollution; threats to drinking water supplies from use of hydropower; nuclear power plant located in earthquake zone

International environmental agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants

Particulate matter emissions

28.4 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

7.769 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

2.38 billion cubic meters (2022)

industrial

150 million cubic meters (2022)

municipal

542 million cubic meters (2022)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

492,800 tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

13.5% (2022 est.)