1990 Edition
CIA World Factbook 1990 (Project Gutenberg)
Geography
Climate
arid to semiarid; mild, wet winters with hot, dry summers along coast; drier with cold winters and hot summers on high plateau; sirocco is a hot, dust/sand-laden wind especially common in summer
Coastline
998 km
Comparative area
slightly less than 3.5 times the size of Texas
Disputes
Libya claims about 19,400 km2 in southeastern Algeria
Environment
mountainous areas subject to severe earthquakes; desertification
Land boundaries
6,343 km total; Libya 982 km, Mali 1,376 km, Mauritania 463 km, Morocco 1,559 km, Niger 956 km, Tunisia 965 km, Western Sahara 42 km
Land use
3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 13% meadows and pastures; 2% forest and woodland; 82% other; includes NEGL% irrigated
Natural resources
crude oil, natural gas, iron ore, phosphates, uranium, lead, zinc
Note
second largest country in Africa (after Sudan)
Terrain
mostly high plateau and desert; some mountains; narrow, discontinuous coastal plain
Territorial sea
12 nm
Total area
2,381,740 km2; land area: 2,381,740 km2
People and Society
Birth rate
37 births/1,000 population (1990)
Death rate
9 deaths/1,000 population (1990)
Ethnic divisions
99% Arab-Berber, less than 1% European
Infant mortality rate
87 deaths/1,000 live births (1990)
Labor force
3,700,000; 40% industry and commerce, 24% agriculture, 17% government, 10% services (1984)
Language
Arabic (official), French, Berber dialects
Life expectancy at birth
61 years male, 64 years female (1990)
Literacy
52%
Nationality
noun--Algerian(s); adjective--Algerian
Net migration rate
0 migrants/1,000 population (1990)
Organized labor
16-19% of labor force claimed; General Union of Algerian Workers (UGTA) is the only labor organization and is subordinate to the National Liberation Front
Population
25,566,507 (July 1990), growth rate 2.8% (1990)
Religion
99% Sunni Muslim (state religion); 1% Christian and Jewish
Total fertility rate
5.4 children born/woman (1990)
Government
Administrative divisions
31 provinces (wilayat, singular--wilaya); Adrar, Alger, Annaba, Batna, Bechar, Bejaia, Biskra, Blida, Bouira, Constantine, Djelfa, El Asnam, Guelma, Jijel, Laghouat, Mascara, Medea, Mostaganem, M'sila, Oran, Ouargla, Oum el Bouaghi, Saida, Setif, Sidi Bel Abbes, Skikda, Tamanrasset, Tebessa, Tiaret, Tizi Ouzou, Tlemcen; note--there may now be 48 provinces with El Asnam abolished, and the addition of 18 new provinces named Ain Delfa, Ain Temouchent, Bordjbou, Boumerdes, Chlef, El Bayadh, El Oued, El Tarf, Illizi, Jijel, Khenchela, Mila, Naama, Relizane, Souk Ahras, Tindouf, Tipaza, Tissemsilt
Capital
Algiers
Communists
400 (est.); Communist party banned 1962
Constitution
19 November 1976, effective 22 November 1976
Diplomatic representation
Ambassador Abderrahmane BENSID; Chancery at 2118 Kalorama Road NW, Washington DC 20008; telephone (202) 328-5300; US--Ambassador Christopher W. S. ROSS; Embassy at 4 Chemin Cheich Bachir Brahimi, Algiers (mailing address is B. P. Box 549, Alger-Gare, 16000 Algiers); telephone [213] (2) 601-425 or 255, 186; there is a US Consulate in Oran
Elections
President--last held on 22 December 1988 (next to be held December 1993); results--President Bendjedid was reelected without opposition; People's National Assembly--last held on 26 February 1987 (next to be held by February 1992); results--FLN was the only party; seats--(281 total) FLN 281; note--the government has promised to hold multiparty elections (municipal and wilaya) in June 1990, the first in Algerian history
Executive branch
president, prime minister, Council of Ministers
Flag
two equal vertical bands of green (hoist side) and white with a red five-pointed star within a red crescent; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam (the state religion)
Independence
5 July 1962 (from France)
Judicial branch
Supreme Court (Cour Supreme)
Leaders
Chief of State--President Chadli BENDJEDID (since 7 February 1979); Head of Government--Prime Minister Mouloud HAMROUCHE (since 9 September 1989)
Legal system
socialist, based on French and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts in ad hoc Constitutional Council composed of various public officials, including several Supreme Court justices; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction
Legislative branch
unicameral National People's Assembly (Assemblee Nationale Populaire)
Long-form name
Democratic and Popular Republic of Algeria
Member of
AfDB, AIOEC, Arab League, ASSIMER, CCC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB--Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, ILZSG, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO
National holiday
Anniversary of the Revolution, 1 November (1954)
Political parties and leaders
National Liberation Front (FLN), Col. Chadli Bendjedid, chairman; Abdelhamid Mehri, secretary general; the government established a multiparty system in September 1989 and as of 1 February 1990 19 legal parties existed
Suffrage
universal at age 18
Type
republic
Economy
Agriculture
accounts for 8% of GDP and employs 24% of labor force; net importer of food--grain, vegetable oil, and sugar; farm production includes wheat, barley, oats, grapes, olives, citrus, fruits, sheep, and cattle
Aid
US commitments, including Ex-Im (FY70-85), $1.4 billion; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF bilateral commitments (1970-87), $8.2 billion; OPEC bilateral aid (1979-89), $1.8 billion; Communist countries (1970-88), $2.7 billion
Budget
revenues $17.4 billion; expenditures $22.0 billion, including capital expenditures of $8.0 billion (1988)
Currency
Algerian dinar (plural--dinars); 1 Algerian dinar (DA) = 100 centimes
Electricity
4,333,000 kW capacity; 14,370 million kWh produced, 580 kWh per capita (1989)
Exchange rates
Algerian dinars (DA) per US$1--8.0086 (January 1990), 7.6086 (1989), 5.9148 (1988), 4.8497 (1987), 4.7023 (1986), 5.0278 (1985)
Exports
$9.1 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--petroleum and natural gas 98%; partners--Netherlands, Czechoslovakia, Romania, Italy, France, US
External debt
$26.2 billion (December 1989)
Fiscal year
calendar year
GDP
$54.1 billion, per capita $2,235; real growth rate - 1.8%
Imports
$7.8 billion (f.o.b., 1989 est.); commodities--capital goods 35%, consumer goods 36%, food 20%; partners--France 25%, Italy 8%, FRG 8%, US 6-7%
Industrial production
growth rate 5.4% (1986)
Industries
petroleum, light industries, natural gas, mining, electrical, petrochemical, food processing
Inflation rate (consumer prices)
5.9% (1988)
Overview
The exploitation of oil and natural gas products forms the backbone of the economy. Algeria depends on hydrocarbons for nearly all of its export receipts, about 30% of government revenues, and nearly 25% of GDP. In 1973-74 the sharp increase in oil prices led to a booming economy that helped to finance an ambitious program of industrialization. Plunging oil and gas prices, combined with the mismanagement of Algeria's highly centralized economy, have brought the nation to its most serious social and economic crisis since independence. The government has promised far-reaching reforms, including giving public sector companies more autonomy, encouraging private-sector activity, boosting gas and nonhydrocarbon exports, and a major overhaul of the banking and financial systems. In 1988 the government started to implement a new economic policy to dismantle large state farms into privately operated units.
Unemployment rate
19% (1988)
Communications
Airports
147 total, 136 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,660 m; 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 68 with runways 1,220-2,439 m
Civil air
42 major transport aircraft
Highways
80,000 km total; 60,000 km concrete or bituminous, 20,000 km gravel, crushed stone, unimproved earth
Merchant marine
75 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 900,957 GRT/1,063,994 DWT; includes 5 passenger, 27 cargo, 2 vehicle carrier, 10 roll-on/roll-off cargo, 5 petroleum, oils, and lubricants (POL) tanker, 9 liquefied gas, 7 chemical tanker, 9 bulk, 1 specialized liquid cargo
Pipelines
crude oil, 6,612 km; refined products, 298 km; natural gas, 2,948 km
Ports
Algiers, Annaba, Arzew, Bejaia, Jijel, Mers el Kebir, Mostaganem, Oran, Skikda
Railroads
4,146 km total; 2,632 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,258 km 1.055-meter gauge, 256 km 1.000-meter gauge; 300 km electrified; 215 km double track
Telecommunications
excellent domestic and international service in the north, sparse in the south; 693,000 telephones; stations--26 AM, no FM, 113 TV; 1,550,000 TV sets; 3,500,000 receiver sets; 6 submarine cables; coaxial cable or radio relay to Italy, France, Spain, Morocco, and Tunisia; satellite earth stations--1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, 1 ARABSAT, and 15 domestic
Military and Security
Branches
Army, Navy, Air Force, National Gendarmerie
Defense expenditures
1.8% of GDP, or $974 million (1989 est.)
Military manpower
males 15-49, 5,886,334; 3,638,458 fit for military service; 293,476 reach military age (19) annually