1998 Edition

Area

total: 390,580 sq km land: 386,670 sq km water: 3,910 sq km

Area-comparative

slightly larger than Montana

Climate

tropical; moderated by altitude; rainy season (November to March)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

lowest point: junction of the Lundi and Savi rivers 162 m highest point: Inyangani 2,592 m

Environment-current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; land degradation; air and water pollution; the black rhinoceros herd-once the largest concentration of the species in the world-has been significantly reduced by poaching

Environment-international agreements

party to: Biodiversity, Climate Change, Desertification, Endangered Species, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection signed, but not ratified: none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

20 00 S, 30 00 E

Geography-note

landlocked

Irrigated land

1,930 sq km (1993 est.)

Land boundaries

total: 3,066 km border countries: Botswana 813 km, Mozambique 1,231 km, South Africa 225 km, Zambia 797 km

Land use

arable land: 7% permanent crops: 0% permanent pastures: 13% forests and woodland: 23% other: 57% (1993 est.)

Location

Southern Africa, northeast of Botswana

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

recurring droughts; floods and severe storms are rare

Natural resources

coal, chromium ore, asbestos, gold, nickel, copper, iron ore, vanadium, lithium, tin, platinum group metals

Terrain

mostly high plateau with higher central plateau (high veld); mountains in east

Age structure

0-14 years: 44% (male 2,439,907; female 2,397,761) 15-64 years: 54% (male 2,914,336; female 3,000,442) 65 years and over: 2% (male 133,232; female 158,469) (July 1998 est.)

Birth rate

31.32 births/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Death rate

20.09 deaths/1,000 population (1998 est.)

Ethnic groups

African 98% (Shona 71%, Ndebele 16%, other 11%), white 1%, mixed and Asian 1%

Infant mortality rate

61.75 deaths/1,000 live births (1998 est.)

Languages

English (official), Shona, Sindebele (the language of the Ndebele, sometimes called Ndebele), numerous but minor tribal dialects

Life expectancy at birth

total population: 39.16 years male: 39.12 years female: 39.19 years (1998 est.)

Literacy

definition: age 15 and over can read and write in English total population: 85% male: 90% female: 80% (1995 est.)

Nationality

noun: Zimbabwean(s) adjective: Zimbabwean

Net migration rate

NA migrant(s)/1,000 population note: there is a small but steady flow of Zimbabweans into South Africa in search of better paid employment

Population

11,044,147 (July 1998 est.)

Population growth rate

1.12% (1998 est.)

Religions

syncretic (part Christian, part indigenous beliefs) 50%, Christian 25%, indigenous beliefs 24%, Muslim and other 1%

Sex ratio

at birth: 1.03 male(s)/female under 15 years: 1.01 male(s)/female 15-64 years: 0.97 male(s)/female 65 years and over: 0.84 male(s)/female (1998 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.86 children born/woman (1998 est.)

Administrative divisions

8 provinces and 2 cities* with provincial status; Bulawayo*, Harare*, Manicaland, Mashonaland Central, Mashonaland East, Mashonaland West, Masvingo, Matabeleland North, Matabeleland South, Midlands

Constitution

21 December 1979

Country name

conventional long form: Republic of Zimbabwe conventional short form: Zimbabwe former: Southern Rhodesia

Data code

ZI

Executive branch

chief of state: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987) and Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government head of government: Executive President Robert Gabriel MUGABE (since 31 December 1987); Co-Vice Presidents Simon Vengai MUZENDA (since 31 December 1987) and Joshua M. NKOMO (since 6 August 1990); note-the president is both the chief of state and head of government cabinet: Cabinet appointed by the president; responsible to the House of Assembly elections: president nominated by the House of Assembly for a six-year term (if more than one nomination, an electoral college consisting of members of the House of Assembly elects the president); election last held 26-27 March 1996 (next to be held NA March 2002); co-vice presidents appointed by the president election results: Robert Gabriel MUGABE elected president; percent of electoral college vote-Robert Gabriel MUGABE 92.7%, Abel MUZOREWA 4.8%; Ndabaningi SITHOLE 2.4%

FAX

[1] (202) 483-9326 Diplomatic representation from the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Tom McDONALD embassy: 172 Herbert Chitepo Avenue, Harare mailing address: P. O. Box 3340, Harare telephone: [263] (4) 794521

[263] (4) 796488

Flag description

seven equal horizontal bands of green, yellow, red, black, red, yellow, and green with a white equilateral triangle edged in black based on the hoist side; a yellow Zimbabwe bird is superimposed on a red five-pointed star in the center of the triangle

Government type

parliamentary democracy

Independence

18 April 1980 (from UK)

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, C, CCC, ECA, FAO, G-15, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICFTU, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Intelsat, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), ISO, ITU, MONUA, NAM, OAU, PCA, SADC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UPU, WCL, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WToO, WTrO Diplomatic representation in the US: chief of mission: Ambassador Amos Bernard Muvengwa MIDZI chancery: 1608 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009 telephone: [1] (202) 332-7100

Judicial branch

Supreme Court Political parties and leaders: Zimbabwe African National Union-Patriotic Front or ZANU-PF [Robert MUGABE]; Zimbabwe African National Union-NDONGA or ZANU-NDONGA [Ndabaningi SITHOLE]; Zimbabwe Unity Movement or ZUM [Edgar TEKERE]; Democratic Party or DP [Emmanuel MAGOCHE]; Forum Party of Zimbabwe [Enock DUMBUTSHENA]; United Parties [Abel MUZOREWA]

Legal system

mixture of Roman-Dutch and English common law

Legislative branch

unicameral parliament, called House of Assembly (150 seats, 120 of which are directly elected by popular vote for six-year terms; of the other 30 seats, 12 are nominated by the president, 10 are occupied by traditional chiefs chosen by their peers, and 8 by provincial governors) elections: last held 8-9 April 1995 (next to be held NA April 2001) election results: percent of vote by party-NA; seats by party-ZANU-PF 117, ZANU-Ndonga 2, independent 1

National capital

Harare

National holiday

Independence Day, 18 April (1980)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture-products

corn, cotton, tobacco, wheat, coffee, sugarcane, peanuts; cattle, sheep, goats, pigs

Budget

revenues: $2.5 billion expenditures: $2.9 billion, including capital expenditures of $279 million (FY96/97 est.)

Currency

1 Zimbabwean dollar (Z$) = 100 cents

Debt-external

$4.8 billion (1996)

Economic aid

recipient: ODA, $362 million (1993)

Economy-overview

Agriculture employs 27% of the labor force of this landlocked nation and supplies almost 25% of exports. Mining accounts for only 5% of both GDP and employment, but minerals and metals account for about 20% of exports. The government is working to consolidate earlier progress in developing a market-oriented economy. Although the IMF suspended support for Zimbabwe's economic structural adjustment program (ESAP) in 1995, due to government failure to meet key targets, recent talks between the government and the Fund have held hope for renewed support if Zimbabwe remains committed to budgetary targets. A key element of the budget is the Zimbabwe Program for Socio-Economic Transformation (ZIMPREST), the second phase of ESAP, whose goals include increased commercialization and privatization of government-owned enterprises and more "outward-looking" trade and investment policies. The World Bank resumed balance of payments support to Zimbabwe in early 1998. Government officials face the difficult task of restraining expenditures in their effort to keep inflation within bounds.

Electricity-capacity

2.148 million kW (1995)

Electricity-consumption per capita

792 kWh (1995)

Electricity-production

7.1 billion kWh (1995)

Exchange rates

Zimbabwean dollars (Z$) per US$1-18.7970 (January 1998), 11.8906 (1997), 9.9206 (1996), 8.6580 (1995), 8.1500 (1994), 6.4725 (1993)

Exports

total value: $2.5 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.) commodities: agricultural 38% (tobacco 28%), manufactures 34%, gold 12%, textiles 4%, ferrochrome 7% (1996 est.) partners: South Africa 12%, UK 12%, Germany 6%, Japan 6% (1996 est.)

Fiscal year

1 July-30 June Communications

GDP

purchasing power parity-$24.9 billion (1996 est.)

GDP-composition by sector

agriculture: 18.3% industry: 35.3% services: 46.4% (1993 est.)

GDP-per capita

purchasing power parity-$2,200 (1996 est.)

GDP-real growth rate

8.1% (1996 est.)

Imports

total value: $2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1996 est.) commodities: machinery and transportation equipment 41%, other manufactures 24%, chemicals 13%, fuels 10% (1996 est.) partners: South Africa 38%, UK 9%, US 5%, Japan 5% (1996 est.)

Industrial production growth rate

10% (1994)

Industries

mining (coal, clay, numerous metallic and nonmetallic ores), copper, steel, nickel, tin, wood products, cement, chemicals, fertilizer, clothing and footwear, foodstuffs, beverages

Inflation rate-consumer price index

21.4% (1996)

Labor force

total: 4.228 million (1993 est.) by occupation: agriculture 27%, transport and services 46%, industry 27%

Radio broadcast stations

AM 8, FM 18, shortwave 0

Radios

890,000 (1992 est.)

Telephone system

system was once one of the best in Africa, but now suffers from poor maintenance domestic: consists of microwave radio relay links, open-wire lines, and radiotelephone communication stations international: satellite earth station-1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean)

Telephones

301,000 (1990 est.)

Television broadcast stations

8 (1986 est.)

Televisions

280,000 (1992 est.)

Unemployment rate

at least 45% (1994 est.)

Airports

468 (1997 est.) Airports-with paved runways: total: 20 over 3,047 m: 3 2,438 to 3,047 m: 2 1,524 to 2,437 m: 5 914 to 1,523 m: 10 (1997 est.) Airports-with unpaved runways: total: 448 1,524 to 2,437 m: 3 914 to 1,523 m: 221 under 914 m: 224 (1997 est.)

Highways

total: 18,338 km paved: 8,692 km unpaved: 9,646 km (1996 est.)

Pipelines

petroleum products 212 km Ports and harbors: Binga, Kariba

Railways

total: 2,759 km (1995) narrow gauge: 2,759 km 1.067-m gauge (313 km electrified; 42 km double track) (1995 est.)

Waterways

the Mazoe and Zambezi rivers are used for transporting chrome ore from Harare to Mozambique

Military branches

Zimbabwe National Army, Air Force of Zimbabwe, Zimbabwe Republic Police (includes Police Support Unit, Paramilitary Police)

Military expenditures-dollar figure

$236 million (FY95/96)

Military expenditures-percent of GDP

3.4% (FY95/96)

Military manpower-availability

males age 15-49: 2,662,702 (1998 est.) Military manpower-fit for military service: males: 1,659,659 (1998 est.)

Abbreviations

This information is included in Appendix A: Abbreviations, which includes all abbreviations and acronyms used in the Factbook, with their expansions.

Administrative divisions

This entry generally gives the numbers, designatory terms, and first-order administrative divisions as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Changes that have been reported but not yet acted on by BGN are noted.

Age structure

This entry provides the distribution of the population according to age. Information is included by sex and age group (0-14 years, 15-64 years, 65 years and over). The age structure of a population will affect a country's investment pattern. Countries with young populations (high percentage under age 15) need to invest more in schools, while countries with older populations (high percentage ages 65 and over) need to invest more in the health sector. The age structure can also be used to help predict potential political issues. For example, the rapid growth of a young adult population unable to find employment can lead to unrest.

Agriculture-products

This entry is a rank ordering of major crops and products starting with the most important.

Airports

This entry gives the total number of airports. The runway(s) may be paved (concrete or asphalt surfaces) or unpaved (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces), but must be usable. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control. Airports-with paved runways: This entry gives the total number of airports with paved runways (concrete or asphalt surfaces). For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups-(1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m, and (5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control. Airports-with unpaved runways: This entry gives the total number of airports with unpaved runways (grass, dirt, sand, or gravel surfaces). For airports with more than one runway, only the longest runway is included according to the following five groups-(1) over 3,047 m, (2) 2,438 to 3,047 m, (3) 1,524 to 2,437 m, (4) 914 to 1,523 m, and (5) under 914 m. Only airports with usable runways are included in this listing. Not all airports have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control.

Appendix A

Abbreviations A ABEDA Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa ACC Arab Cooperation Council ACCT Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique; see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation; changed name in 1996 to Agence de la francophonie or Agency for the French-speaking Community ACP African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries AfDB African Development Bank AFESD Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development AG Andean Group Air Pollution Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Oxides Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at Least 30% Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions Air Pollution-Volatile Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Organic Compounds Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes AL Arab League ALADI Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion; see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) AMF Arab Monetary Fund AMU Arab Maghreb Union Antarctic-Environmental Protocol Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty ANZUS Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty APEC Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation Arabsat Arab Satellite Communications Organization AsDB Asian Development Bank ASEAN Association of Southeast Asian Nations Autodin Automatic Digital Network B BAD Banque Africaine de Developpement; see African Development Bank (AfDB) BADEA Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique; see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) BCIE Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico; see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) BDEAC Banque de Developpment des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Benelux Benelux Economic Union BID Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo; see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) Biodiversity Convention on Biological Diversity BIS Bank for International Settlements BOAD Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement; see West African Development Bank (WADB) BSEC Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone C C Commonwealth CACM Central American Common Market CAEU Council of Arab Economic Unity Caricom Caribbean Community and Common Market CB Citizen's band mobile radio communications CBSS Council of the Baltic Sea States CCC Customs Cooperation Council CDB Caribbean Development Bank CE Council of Europe CEAO Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest; see West African Economic Community (CEAO) CEEAC Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale; see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) CEI Central European Initiative CEMA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance; also known as CMEA or Comecon CEPGL Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs; see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) CERN Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire; see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) CG Contadora Group c.i.f. cost, insurance, and freight CIS Commonwealth of Independent States CITES see Endangered Species Climate Change United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change CMEA Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as Comecon COCOM Coordinating Committee on Export Controls Comecon Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA); also known as CMEA Comsat Communications Satellite Corporation CP Colombo Plan CSCE Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe; see Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) CY calendar year D DC developed country Desertification United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa DSN Defense Switched Network DWT deadweight ton E EADB East African Development Bank EAPC Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council EBRD European Bank for Reconstruction and Development EC European Community; see European Union (EU) ECA Economic Commission for Africa ECAFE Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East; see Economic and Social for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) ECE Economic Commission for Europe ECLA Economic Commission for Latin America; see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) ECLAC Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean ECO Economic Cooperation Organization ECOSOC Economic and Social Council ECOWAS Economic Community of West African States ECSC European Coal and Steel Community; see European Union (EU) ECWA Economic Commission for Western Asia; see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) EEC European Economic Community; see European Union (EU) EFTA European Free Trade Association EIB European Investment Bank EMU European Monetary Union Endangered Species Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Entente Council of the Entente Environmental Modification Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques ESA European Space Agency ESCAP Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific ESCWA Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia est. estimate EU European Union Euratom European Atomic Energy Community; see European Community (EC) Eutelsat European Telecommunications Satellite Organization Ex-Im Export-Import Bank of the United States F FAO Food and Agriculture Organization FAX facsimile f.o.b. free on board FLS Front Line States FRG Federal Republic of Germany (West Germany); used for information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91 FSU former Soviet Union FY fiscal year (FY93/94, for example, began in calendar year 1993 and ended in calendar year 1994) FYROM The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia FZ Franc Zone G G-2 Group of 2 G-3 Group of 3 G-5 Group of 5 G-6 Group of 6 (not to be confused with the Big Six) G-7 Group of 7 G-8 Group of 8 G-9 Group of 9 G-10 Group of 10 G-11 Group of 11 G-15 Group of 15 G-19 Group of 19 G-24 Group of 24 G-30 Group of 30 G-33 Group of 33 G-77 Group of 77 GATT General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade; subsumed by the World Trade Organization (WTrO) on 1 January 1995 GCC Gulf Cooperation Council GDP gross domestic product GDR German Democratic Republic (East Germany); used for information dated before 3 October 1990 or CY91 GNP gross national product GRT gross register ton GWP gross world product H Hazardous Wastes Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal HF high-frequency I IADB Inter-American Development Bank IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency IBEC International Bank for Economic Cooperation IBRD International Bank for Reconstruction and Development (World Bank) ICAO International Civil Aviation Organization ICC International Chamber of Commerce ICEM Intergovernmental Committee for European Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICFTU International Confederation of Free Trade Unions; see World Confederation of Labor (WCL) ICJ International Court of Justice ICM Intergovernmental Committee for Migration; see International Organization for Migration (IOM) ICRC International Committee of the Red Cross ICRM International Red Cross and Red Crescent Movement IDA International Development Association IDB Islamic Development Bank IEA International Energy Agency IFAD International Fund for Agricultural Development IFC International Finance Corporation IFCTU International Federation of Christian Trade Unions IFRCS International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies IGAD Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGADD Inter-Governmental Authority on Drought and Development IHO International Hydrographic Organization IIB International Investment Bank ILO International Labor Organization IMCO Intergovernmental Maritime Consultative Organization; see International Maritime Organization (IMO) IMF International Monetary Fund IMO International Maritime Organization Inmarsat International Mobile Satellite Organization InOC Indian Ocean Commission Intelsat International Telecommunications Satellite Organization Interpol International Criminal Police Organization Intersputnik International Organization of Space Communications IOC International Olympic Committee IOM International Organization for Migration ISO International Organization for Standardization ITU International Telecommunication Union K kHz kilohertz km kilometer kW kilowatt kWh kilowatt hour L LAES Latin American Economic System LAIA Latin American Integration Association LAS League of Arab States; see Arab League (AL) Law of the Sea United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) LDC less developed country LLDC least developed country London Convention see Marine Dumping LORCS League of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies; see International Federation of Red Cross and Red Crescent Societies (IFRCS) LOS see Law of the Sea M m meter Marecs Maritime European Communications Satellite Marine Dumping Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter Marine Life Conservation Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas MARPOL see Ship Pollution Medarabtel the Middle East Telecommunications Project of the International Telecommunications Union Mercosur Mercado Comun del Cono Sur; see Southern Cone Common Market MHz megahertz MINURSO United Nations Mission for the Referendum in Western Sahara MINUGUA United Nations Verification Mission in Guatemala MIPONUH United Nations Police Mission in Haiti MONUA United Nations Observer Mission in Angola MTCR Missile Technology Control Regime N NA not available NACC North Atlantic Cooperation Council; see Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) NAM Nonaligned Movement NATO North Atlantic Treaty Organization NC Nordic Council NEA Nuclear Energy Agency NEGL negligible NIB Nordic Investment Bank NIC newly industrializing country; see newly industrializing economy (NIE) NIE newly industrializing economy nm nautical mile NMT Nordic Mobile Telephone NSG Nuclear Suppliers Group Nuclear Test Ban Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water NZ New Zealand O OAPEC Organization of Arab Petroleum Exporting Countries OAS Organization of American States OAU Organization of African Unity ODA official development assistance OECD Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development OECS Organization of Eastern Caribbean States OIC Organization of the Islamic Conference ONUMOZ see United Nations Operation in Mozambique (UNOMOZ) ONUSAL United Nations Observer Mission in El Salvador OOF other official flows OPANAL Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe; see Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean OPEC Organization of Petroleum Exporting Countries OSCE Organization on Security and Cooperation in Europe Ozone Layer Protection Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer P PCA Permanent Court of Arbitration PDRY People's Democratic Republic of Yemen [Yemen (Aden) or South Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 PFP Partnership for Peace R Ramsar see Wetlands RG Rio Group S SAARC South Asian Association for Regional Cooperation SACU Southern African Customs Union SADC Southern African Development Community SADCC Southern African Development Coordination Conference; see Southern African Development Community (SADC) SELA Sistema Economico Latinoamericana; see Latin American Economic System (LAES) SFRY Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia; dissolved 5 December 1991 SHF super-high-frequency Ship Pollution Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) Sparteca South Pacific Regional Trade and Economic Cooperation Agreement SPC South Pacific Commission SPF South Pacific Forum sq km square kilometer sq mi square mile T TAT Trans-Atlantic Telephone Tropical Timber 83 International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 Tropical Timber 94 International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 U UAE United Arab Emirates UDEAC Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale; see Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) UEMOA Union economique et monetaire Ouest africaine; see West African Economic and Monetary Union (WAEMU) UHF ultra-high-frequency UK United Kingdom UN United Nations UNAMIR United Nations Assistance Mission for Rwanda UNAVEM III United Nations Angola Verification Mission III UNCRO United Nations Confidence Restoration Operation in Croatia UNCTAD United Nations Conference on Trade and Development UNDOF United Nations Disengagement Observer Force UNDP United Nations Development Program UNEP United Nations Environment Program UNESCO United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization UNFICYP United Nations Force in Cyprus UNFPA United Nations Fund for Population Activities; see UN Population Fund (UNFPA) UNHCR United Nations Office of the High Commissioner for Refugees UNICEF United Nations Children's Fund UNIDO United Nations Industrial Development Organization UNIFIL United Nations Interim Force in Lebanon UNIKOM United Nations Iraq-Kuwait Observation Mission UNITAR United Nations Institute for Training and Research UNMIH United Nations Mission in Haiti UNMIBH United Nations Mission in Bosnia and Herzegovina UNMOGIP United Nations Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan UNMOP United Nations Mission of Observers in Prevlaka UNMOT United Nations Mission of Observers in Tajikistan UNOMIG United Nations Observer Mission in Georgia UNOMIL United Nations Observer Mission in Liberia UNOMOZ United Nations Operation in Mozambique UNOMUR United Nations Observer Mission Uganda-Rwanda UNOSOM II United Nations Operation in Somalia II UNPREDEP United Nations Preventive Deployment Force UNPROFOR United Nations Protection Force UNRISD United Nations Research Institute for Social Development UNRWA United Nations Relief and Works Agency for Palestine Refugees in the Near East UNSMIH United Nations Support Mission in Haiti UNTAC United Nations Transitional Authority in Cambodia UNTAES United Nations Transitional Administration in Eastern Slavonia, Baranja, and Western Sirmium UNTSO United Nations Truce Supervision Organization UNU United Nations University UPU Universal Postal Union US United States USSR Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (Soviet Union); used for information dated before 25 December 1991 USSR/EE Union of Soviet Socialist Republics/Eastern Europe V VHF very-high-frequency W WADB West African Development Bank WAEMU West African Economic and Monetary Union WCL World Confederation of Labor WCO World Customs Organization; see Customs Cooperation Council Wetlands Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat WEU Western European Union WFC World Food Council WFP World Food Program WFTU World Federation of Trade Unions Whaling International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling WHO World Health Organization WIPO World Intellectual Property Organization WMO World Meteorological Organization WP Warsaw Pact WTO see WToO for World Tourism Organization or WTrO for World Trade Organization WToO World Tourism Organization WTrO World Trade Organization Y YAR Yemen Arab Republic [Yemen (Sanaa) or North Yemen]; used for information dated before 22 May 1990 or CY91 Z ZC Zangger Committee @APPENDIXES

Appendix B

United Nations System [Appendix B of the 1998 CIA World Factbook is a graphic depiction of the structure of the United Nations. It is not included in the Project Gutenberg edition.] @APPENDIXES

Appendix C

International Organizations and Groups advanced developing countries another term for those less developed countries (LDCs) with particularly rapid industrial development; see newly industrializing economies (NIEs) advanced economies a new term used by the International Monetary FUND (IMF) for the top group in its hierarchy of advanced economies, countries in transition, and developing countries; recently published IMF statistics include the following 28 advanced economies: Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hong Kong, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, Singapore, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Taiwan, UK, US; note-this group would presumably also cover the following seven smaller countries of Andorra, Bermuda, Faroe Islands, Holy See, Liechtenstein, Monaco, and San Marino which are included in the more comprehensive group of "developed countries" African, Caribbean, and Pacific Countries (ACP) address-Avenue Georges Henri 451, B-1200 Brussels, Belgium telephone-[32] (2) 743 06 00 FAX-[32] (2) 735 55 73 established-1 April 1976 aim-to manage their preferential economic and aid relationship with the EU members-(70) Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Liberia, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Papua New Guinea, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tuvalu, Uganda, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe African Development Bank (AfDB) note-also known as Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) address-01 BP 1387, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire telephone-[225] 20 41 18 FAX-[225] 20 40 06 established-4 August 1963 aim-to promote economic and social development regional members-(53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe nonpermanent members-(25) Argentina, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, China, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Kuwait, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Saudi Arabia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UAE, UK, US Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique (ACCT) see Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) Agence de la francophonie (ACCT) see Agency for the French-speaking Community (ACCT) Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation (ACCT) see Agency for the French-speaking Community (ACCT); acronym from Agence de Cooperation Culturelle et Technique Agency for the French-speaking Community (ACCT) note-formerly Agency for Cultural and Technical Cooperation address-13 quai Andre-Citroen, F-75015 Paris, France telephone-[33] (1) 44 37 33 00 FAX-[33] (1) 45 79 14 98 established-21 March 1970 name changed-1996 aim-to promote cultural and technical cooperation among French-speaking countries members-(40) Belgium, Benin, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo (may have dropped out), Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Dominica, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Guinea, Haiti, Laos, Lebanon, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Mali, Mauritius, Moldova, Monaco, Niger, Romania, Rwanda, Senegal, Seychelles, Switzerland, Togo, Tunisia, Vanuatu, Vietnam associate members-(5) Egypt, Guinea-Bissau, Mauritania, Morocco, Saint Lucia participating governments-(2) New Brunswick (Canada), Quebec (Canada) Agency for the Prohibition of Nuclear Weapons in Latin America and the Caribbean (OPANAL) note-acronym from Organismo para la Proscripcion de las Armas Nucleares en la America Latina y el Caribe (OPANAL) address-Temistocles 78, Col Polanco, CP 011560, Mexico City 5 DF, Mexico telephone-[52] (5) 280 4923, 280 5064, 280 2715 FAX-[52] (5) 280 2965 established-14 February 1967 aim-to encourage the peaceful uses of atomic energy and prohibit nuclear weapons members-(30) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, Grenada, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Jamaica, Mexico, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, Uruguay, Venezuela Andean Group (AG) note-known also as the Andean Parliament address-Carrera 7a, No. 13-58, Oficina 401, Apartado Aereo 039165, Santafe de Bogota, Columbia telephone-[57] (1) 284 41 91, 284 40 28, 284 33 74 FAX-[57] (1) 184 32 70 established-26 May 1969 effective-16 October 1969 aim-to promote harmonious development through economic integration members-(5) Bolivia, Colombia, Ecuador, Peru, Venezuela associate members-(1) Panama observers-(26) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Canada, Costa Rica, Denmark, Egypt, Finland, France, Germany, India, Israel, Italy, Japan, Mexico, Netherlands, Paraguay, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US, Uruguay, Yugoslavia Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) note-also known as Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) address-Abdel Rahman El Mahdi Avenue, P.O. Box 2640, Khartoum, Sudan telephone-[249] (11) 770498, 773646, 773709 FAX-[249] (11) 770600 established-18 February 1974 effective-16 September 1974 aim-to promote economic development members-(17 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Palestine Liberation Organization; note-these are all the members of the Arab League excluding Comoros, Djibouti, Somalia, Yemen Arab Cooperation Council (ACC) established-16 February 1989 aim-to promote economic cooperation and integration, possibly leading to an Arab Common Market members-(4) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Yemen Arab Fund for Economic and Social Development (AFESD) address-P.O. Box 21923, Safat 13080, Kuwait telephone-[965] 4844500 FAX-[965] 4815750, 4815760, 4815770 established-16 May 1968 aim-to promote economic and social development members-(21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt (suspended from 1979 to 1988), Iraq (suspended 1993), Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia (suspended 1993), Sudan (suspended 1993), Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization Arab League (AL) note-also known as League of Arab States (LAS) address-Midan Attahrir, Tahrir Square, P.O. Box 11642, Cairo, Egypt telephone-[20] (2) 750 511 FAX-[20] (2) 740 331 established-22 March 1945 aim-to promote economic, social, political, and military cooperation members-(21 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Comoros, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization Arab Maghreb Union (AMU) address-27 avenue Okba Agdal, Rabat, Morocco telephone-[212] (7) 77 26 82, 77 26 76, 77 26 68 FAX-[212] (7) 77 26 93 established-17 February 1989 aim-to promote cooperation and integration among the Arab states of northern Africa members-(5) Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia Arab Monetary Fund (AMF) address-P.O. Box 2818, Abu Dhabi, United Arab Emirates telephone-[971] (2) 215000, 328500 FAX-[971] (2) 326454 established-27 April 1976 effective-2 February 1977 aim-to promote Arab cooperation, development, and integration in monetary and economic affairs members-(20 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Algeria, Bahrain, Djibouti, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization Asia Pacific Economic Cooperation (APEC) address-438 Alexandra Road, Alexandra Point Building, 19th Floor 01/04, Singapore 119958, Singapore telephone-[65] 276 1880 FAX-[65] 276 1775 established-7 November 1989 aim-to promote trade and investment in the Pacific basin members-(19) Australia, Brunei, Canada, Chile, China, Hong Kong, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Malaysia, Mexico, NZ, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Taiwan, Thailand, US, Vietnam observers-(3) Association of Southeast Asian Nations, Pacific Economic Cooperation Conference, South Pacific Forum Asian Development Bank (AsDB) address-6 ADB Avenue, Mandaluyong, 0401 METRO Manila, Philippines telephone-[63] (2) 711 3851 FAX-[63] (2) 741 7961, 631 6816 established-19 December 1966 aim-to promote regional economic cooperation regional members-(40) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, China, Cook Islands, Fiji, Hong Kong, India, Indonesia, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Taiwan, Thailand, Tonga, Tuvalu, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam nonregional members-(16) Austria, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US Asociacion Latinoamericana de Integracion (ALADI) see Latin American Integration Association (LAIA) Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN) note-the ASEAN Regional Forum (ARF) consists of the 9 ASEAN members, 2 observers, 2 consultative partners, and 8 dialogue partners: Australia, Canada, EU, India, Japan, South Korea, New Zealand, US address-70 A Jalan Sisingamangaraja, Kebayoran Baru, P.O. Box 2072, Jakarta 12110, Indonesia telephone-[62] (21) 7262410, 7262991, 7262272, 7251988 FAX-[62] (21) 7398234, 7243348 established-9 August 1967 aim-to encourage regional economic, social, and cultural cooperation among the non-Communist countries of Southeast Asia members-(9) Brunei, Burma, Indonesia, Laos, Malaysia, Philippines, Singapore, Thailand, Vietnam observers-(2) Cambodia, Papua New Guinea consultative partners-(2) China, Russia Australia Group established-1984 aim-to consult on and coordinate export controls related to chemical and biological weapons members-(28) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US; note-may now include only 23 countries observer-(1) Singapore Australia-New Zealand-United States Security Treaty (ANZUS) address-c/o Department of Foreign Affairs and Trade, Bag 8, Queen Victoria Terrace, Canberra ACT 2600, Australia telephone-[61] (62) 61 91 11 FAX-[61] (62) 61 21 51 established-1 September 1951 effective-29 April 1952 aim-to implement a trilateral mutual security agreement, although the US suspended security obligations to NZ on 11 August 1986; Australia and the US continue to hold annual meetings members-(3) Australia, NZ, US Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico (BCIE) see Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) Banco Interamericano de Desarrollo (BID) see Inter-American Development Bank (IADB) Bank for International Settlements (BIS) address-Centralbahnplatz 2, CH-4002 Basel, Switzerland telephone-[41] (61) 280 80 80 FAX-[41] (61) 280 91 00 established-20 January 1930 effective-17 March 1930 aim-to promote cooperation among central banks in international financial settlements members-(33) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Japan, Latvia, Lithuania, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US, Yugoslavia (suspended) pending members-(9) Brazil, China, Hong Kong, India, South Korea, Mexico, Russia, Saudi Arabia, Singapore Banque Africaine de Developpement (BAD) see African Development Bank (AfDB) Banque Arabe de Developpement Economique en Afrique (BADEA) see Arab Bank for Economic Development in Africa (ABEDA) Banque de Developpement des Etats de l''Afrique Centrale (BDEAC) see Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) Banque Ouest-Africaine de Developpement (BOAD) see West African Development Bank (WADB) Benelux Economic Union (Benelux) note-acronym from Belgium, Netherlands, and Luxembourg address-Rue de la Regence 39, B-1000 Brussels, Belgium telephone-[32] (2) 519 38 11 FAX-[32] (2) 513 42 06 established-3 February 1958 effective-1 November 1960 aim-to develop closer economic cooperation and integration members-(3) Belgium, Luxembourg, Netherlands Big Seven note-membership is the same as the Group of 7 established-NA 1975 aim-to discuss and coordinate major economic policies members-(7) Big Six (Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK) plus the US Big Six note-not to be confused with the Group of 6 established-NA 1967 aim-to foster economic cooperation members-(6) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, UK Black Sea Economic Cooperation Zone (BSEC) address-I Hareket Kosku, Dolmabahce Sarayi, Besiktas 80680, Istanbul, Turkey telephone-[90] (1) 227 7300 through 227 7305 FAX-[90] (1) 227 7306 established-25 June 1992 aim-to enhance regional stability through economic cooperation members-(11) Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bulgaria, Georgia, Greece, Moldova, Romania, Russia, Turkey, Ukraine observers-(7) Austria, Egypt, Israel, Italy, Poland, Slovakia, Tunisia Caribbean Community and Common Market (Caricom) address-Caricom, P.O. Box 10827, Bank of Guyana Building, 3rd floor, Avenue of the Republic, Georgetown, Guyana telephone-[592] (2) 69281 through 69289 FAX-[592] (2) 66091, 67816, 57341 established-4 July 1973 effective-1 August 1973 aim-to promote economic integration and development, especially among the less developed countries members-(14) Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago associate members-(2) British Virgin Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands observers-(9) Anguilla, Bermuda, Cayman Islands, Dominican Republic, Haiti, Mexico, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Venezuela Caribbean Development Bank (CDB) address-P.O. Box 408, Wildey, St. Michael, Barbados telephone-[1] (809) 431 1600 FAX-[1] (809) 426 7269 established-18 October 1969 effective-26 January 1970 aim-to promote economic development and cooperation regional members-(20) Anguilla, Antigua and Barbuda, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Colombia, Dominica, Grenada, Guyana, Jamaica, Mexico, Montserrat, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Trinidad and Tobago, Turks and Caicos Islands, Venezuela nonregional members-(5) Canada, France, Germany, Italy, UK Cartagena Group see Group of 11 Central African Customs and Economic Union (UDEAC) note-acronym from Union Douaniere et Economique de l'Afrique Centrale address-BP 969, Bangui, Central African Republic telephone-[236] 61 09 22, 61 45 77 FAX-[236] 61 21 35 established-8 December 1964 effective-1 January 1966 aim-to promote the establishment of a Central African Common Market members-(6) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon Central African States Development Bank (BDEAC) note-acronym from Banque de Developpement des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale address-BDEAC, Place du Gouvernement, BP 1177, Brazzaville, Republic of the Congo telephone-[242] 83 01 26, 83 01 49, 81 02 12, 81 02 21 FAX-[242] 83 02 66 established-3 December 1975 aim-to provide loans for economic development members-(9) Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Germany, Kuwait Central American Bank for Economic Integration (BCIE) note-acronym from Banco Centroamericano de Integracion Economico address-Apartado Postal 772, Tegucigalpa DC, Honduras telephone-[504] 372230 through 372239, 371184 through 371188 FAX-[504] 370793 established-3 December 1960 aim-to promote economic integration and development members-(5) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua nonregional members-(3) Argentina, Mexico, Taiwan Central American Common Market (CACM) address-c/o SIECA, Apart Postal 1237, 4a Avenida 10-25, Zona 14, Guatemala 01901, Guatemala telephone-[502] (2) 682151, 682152, 682153, 682154 FAX-[502] (2) 681071 established-13 December 1960 effective-3 June 1961 aim-to promote establishment of a Central American Common Market members-(6) Costa Rica, El Salvador, Guatemala, Honduras, Nicaragua, Panama Central European Initiative (CEI) note-evolved from the Hexagonal Group address-Ministry of Affairs of the Republic of Poland, Al I Ch Szucha 23, PL-00 580 Warsaw, Poland established-27 July 1991 aim-to form an economic and political cooperation group for the region between the Adriatic and the Baltic Seas members-(16) Albania, Austria, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Hungary, Italy, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Slovakia, Slovenia, Ukraine centrally planned economies a term applied mainly to the traditionally communist states that looked to the former USSR for leadership; most are now evolving toward more democratic and market-oriented systems; also known formerly as the Second World or as the communist countries; through the 1980s, this group included Albania, Bulgaria, Cambodia, China, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, GDR, Hungary, North Korea, Laos, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yugoslavia Colombo Plan (CP) address-Colombo Plan Bureau, P.O. Box 596, 12 Melbourne Avenue, Colombo 4, Sri Lanka telephone-[94] (1) 581813, 581853, 581754 FAX-[94] (1) 581754 established-1 July 1951 aim-to promote economic and social development in Asia and the Pacific members-(24) Afghanistan, Australia, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Fiji, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, South Korea, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Singapore, Sri Lanka, Thailand, UK, US Commission for Social Development note-formerly Social Commission address-Division Policy Coordination ECOSOC Affairs, Department Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, United Nations, Room S-29631, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 5935 established-21 June 1946 as the Social Commission, renamed 29 July 1966 aim-to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with social development programs of UN members-(32) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Commission on Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice address-Crime Prevention and Criminal Justice Division, Vienna International Center, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria telephone-[43] (1) 21345, extension 4272 FAX-[43] (1) 21345 5898 established-6 February 1992 aim-to provide guidance, as part of the Economic and Social Council, on crime prevention and criminal justice members-(40) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Commission on Human Rights address-c/o United Nations Office, Centre for Human Rights, Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 917 12 34, 907 12 34 FAX-[41] (22) 733 32 46 established-18 February 1946 aim-to assist, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with human rights programs of UN members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Commission on Narcotic Drugs address-c/o United Nations Drug Control Programme, Treaty Implementation and Legal Affairs Division, P.O. Box 500, A-1400 Vienna, Austria telephone-[43] (1) 213450 FAX-[43] (1) 21345-5885 established-16 February 1946 aim-Economic and Social Council organization dealing with illicit drugs programs of UN members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions with emphasis on producing and processing countries Commission on Population and Development address-Division for Policy and Coordination and ECOSOC Affairs, Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, United Nations, Room 2963, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-1] (212) 963 5935 established-3 October 1946 aim-to deal with population matters of importance to the UN, as part of Economic and Social Council members-(47) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Commission on Science and Technology for Development address-United Nations, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 758 2718 established-30 April 1992 aim-to promote international cooperation, as part of the Economic and Social Council, in the field of science and technology members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Commission on the Status of Women address-Division for Policy and Coordination and ECOSOC Affairs, Department for Policy Coordination and Sustainable Development, United Nations, Room S-2963, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 1234 FAX-[1] (212) 963 5935 established-21 June 1946 aim-to deal, as part of the Economic and Social Council, with women's rights goals of UN members-(45) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Commission on Sustainable Development address-Division for Sustainable Development, UN DPCSD, Room DC2-2274, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 0902 FAX-[1] (212) 963 4260 established-12 February 1993 aim-to monitor, as part of the Economic and Social Council, implementation of agreements reached at the UN Conference on Environment and Development members-(53) selected on a rotating basis from all regions Commonwealth (C) note-also known as Commonwealth of Nations address-c/o Commonwealth Secretariat, Marlborough House, Pall Mall, London SW1Y 5HX, UK telephone-[44] (171) 839 3411 FAX-[44] (171) 930 0827 established-31 December 1931 aim-to foster multinational cooperation and assistance, as a voluntary association that evolved from the British Empire members-(52) Antigua and Barbuda, Australia, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Botswana, Brunei, Cameroon, Canada, Cyprus, Dominica, Fiji, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, India, Jamaica, Kenya, Kiribati, Lesotho, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Malta, Mauritius, Mozambique, Namibia, NZ, Nigeria (suspended), Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Swaziland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, Vanuatu, Zambia, Zimbabwe special members-(2) Nauru (soon to become full member), Tuvalu Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS) address-Kirov Street 17, 220000 Minsk, Belarus telephone-[375] 293434, 293517 FAX-[375] 261894, 261944 established-8 December 1991 effective-21 December 1991 aim-to coordinate intercommonwealth relations and to provide a mechanism for the orderly dissolution of the USSR members-(12) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Commonwealth of Nations see Commonwealth (C) Communaute Economique de l'Afrique de l'Ouest (CEAO) see West African Economic Community (CEAO) Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale (CEEAC) see Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs (CEPGL) see Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) communist countries traditionally the Marxist-Leninist states with authoritarian governments and command economies based on the Soviet model; most of the original and the successor states are no longer communist; see centrally planned economies Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe (CSCE) see Organization for Security and Cooperation in Europe (OSCE) Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire (CERN) see European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) Contadora Group (CG) established 5 January 1983 (on the Panamanian island of Contadora) to reduce tensions and conflicts in Central America; has evolved into the Rio Group (RG); members included Colombia, Mexico, Panama, Venezuela Cooperation Council for the Arab States of the Gulf see Gulf Cooperation Council (GCC) Coordinating Committee on Export Controls (COCOM) established in 1949 to control the export of strategic products and technical data from member countries to proscribed destinations; members were Australia, Belgium, Canada, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Italy, Japan, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Portugal, Spain, Turkey, UK, US; abolished 31 March 1994; COCOM members are working on a new organization with expanded membership which focuses on nonproliferation export controls as opposed to East-West control of advanced technology Council for Mutual Economic Assistance (CEMA) note-also known as CMEA or Comecon established 25 January 1949 to promote the development of socialist economies and abolished 1 January 1991; members included Afghanistan (observer), Albania (had not participated since 1961 break with USSR), Angola (observer), Bulgaria, Cuba, Czechoslovakia, Ethiopia (observer), GDR, Hungary, Laos (observer), Mongolia, Mozambique (observer), Nicaragua (observer), Poland, Romania, USSR, Vietnam, Yemen (observer), Yugoslavia (associate) Council of Arab Economic Unity (CAEU) address-International Trade Centre Building, 12th Floor, 1191 Cornish El Nile, P.O. Box 1, Mohamad Freed, Cairo, Egypt telephone-[20] (2) 754252, 755321 FAX-[20] (2) 754090 telephone-[962] (6) 66 43 26, 66 43 27, 66 43 28 FAX-[962] (6) 66 33 43 established-3 June 1957 effective-30 May 1964 aim-to promote economic integration among Arab nations members-(11 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Libya, Mauritania, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization Council of Europe (CE) address-Palais de l'Europe, F-67075 Strasbourg CEDEX, France telephone-[33] (3) 88 41 20 00 FAX-[33] (3) 88 41 27 81, 88 41 27 82 established-5 May 1949 effective-3 August 1949 aim-to promote increased unity and quality of life in Europe members-(40) Albania, Andorra, Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK guests-(4) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Georgia observers-(5) Canada, Israel, Italy, Japan, US Council of the Baltic Sea States (CBSS) address-Ministry for Foreign Affairs, Box 16121, S-10323 Stockholm, Sweden telephone-[46] (8) 405 1000 FAX-[46] (8) 723 1176 established-5 March 1992 aim-to promote cooperation among the Baltic Sea states in the areas of aid to new democratic institutions, economic development, humanitarian aid, energy and the environment, cultural programs and education, and transportation and communication members-(11) Denmark, Estonia, Finland, Germany, Iceland, Latvia, Lithuania, Norway, Poland, Russia, Sweden Council of the Entente (Entente) address-BP 3734, Abidjan 01, Cote d'Ivoire telephone-225] 33 10 01, 33 28 35 FAX-[225] 33 11 49 established-29 May 1959 aim-to promote economic, social, and political coordination members-(5) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cote d'Ivoire, Niger, Togo countries in transition a new term used by the International Monetary FUND (IMF) for the middle group in its hierarchy of advanced economies, countries in transition, and developing countries; recently published IMF statistics include the following 28 countries in transition: Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Mongolia, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; note-this group is identical to the group traditionally referred to as the "former USSR/Eastern Europe" except for the addition of Mongolia Customs Cooperation Council (CCC) note-also known as World Customs Organization (WCO) address-Rue de l'Industrie 26-38, B-1040 Brussels, Belgium telephone-[32] (2) 508 42 11 FAX-[32] (2) 508 42 40 established-5 December 1950 aim-to promote international cooperation in customs matters members-(142) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bermuda, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Haiti, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Macau, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe developed countries (DCs) the top group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); includes the market-oriented economies of the mainly democratic nations in the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Bermuda, Israel, South Africa, and the European ministates; also known as the First World, high-income countries, the North, industrial countries; generally have a per capita GDP in excess of $10,000 although four OECD countries and South Africa have figures well under $10,000 and two of the excluded OPEC countries have figures of more than $10,000; the 35 DCs are: Andorra, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bermuda, Canada, Denmark, Faroe Islands, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Holy See, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Portugal, San Marino, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, UK, US; note-similar to the new International Monetary Fund (IMF) term "advanced economies" which adds Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, and Taiwan but drops Malta, Mexico, South Africa, and Turkey developing countries a new term used by the International Monetary FUND (IMF) for the bottom group in its hierarchy of advanced economies, countries in transition, and developing countries; recently published IMF statistics include the following 126 developing countries: Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Aruba, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands Antilles, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Qatar, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, UAE, Uganda, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe; note-this category would presumably also cover the following 46 other countries that are traditionally included in the more comprehensive group of "less developed countries": American Samoa, Anguilla, British Virgin Islands, Brunei, Cayman Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos Islands, Cook Islands, Cuba, Eritrea, Falkland Islands, French Guiana, French Polynesia, Gaza Strip, Gibraltar, Greenland, Grenada, Guadeloupe, Guam, Guernsey, Jersey, North Korea, Macau, Isle of Man, Martinique, Mayotte, Montserrat, Nauru, New Caledonia, Niue, Norfolk Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau, Pitcairn Islands, Puerto Rico, Reunion, Saint Helena, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tokelau, Tonga, Turks and Caicos Islands, Tuvalu, Virgin Islands, Wallis and Futuna, West Bank, Western Sahara East African Development Bank (EADB) address-4 Nile Avenue, P.O. Box 7128, Kampala, Uganda, or Bruce House, P.O. Box 47685, Nairobi Kenya, or Nic Investment House, P.O. Box 9401, Miranbo Street, Dar es Salaam, Tanzania telephone-[256] (41) 230021, 230825 or [254] (2) 340642, 340656 or [255] (51) 113194, 113195 FAX-[256] (41) 259763 or [255] (51) 113197 established-6 June 1967 effective-1 December 1967 aim-to promote economic development members-(3) Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) address-United Nations Building, Rajadamnern Avenue, Bangkok 10200, Thailand telephone-[66] (2) 2881234 FAX-[66] (2) 2881000 established-28 March 1947 as Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) aim-to carry out the commitment of the Economic and Social Council of the UN to promote economic development members-(51) Afghanistan, Armenia, Australia, Azerbaijan, Bangladesh, Bhutan, Brunei, Burma, Cambodia, China, Fiji, France, India, Indonesia, Iran, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Malaysia, Maldives, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Pakistan, Palau, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Russia, Samoa, Singapore, Solomon Islands, Sri Lanka, Tajikistan, Thailand, Tonga, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Vietnam associate members-(9) American Samoa, Cook Islands, French Polynesia, Guam, Hong Kong, Macau, New Caledonia, Niue, Northern Mariana Islands Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) address-28 Abdel Hameed Sharaf Street, P.O. Box 927115, Amman, Jordan telephone-[962] (6) 694351 FAX-[962] (6) 694981, 694982 established-9 August 1973 as Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) aim-to promote economic development as a regional commission for the UN's Economic and Social Council members-(12 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Bahrain, Egypt, Iraq, Jordan, Kuwait, Lebanon, Oman, Qatar, Saudi Arabia, Syria, UAE, Yemen, Palestine Liberation Organization Economic Commission for Africa (ECA) address-P.O. Box 3001-3005, Addis Ababa, Ethiopia telephone-[251] (1) 51 72 00 FAX-[251] (1) 51 44 16 established-29 April 1958 aim-to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council members-(53) Algeria, Angola, Benin, Botswana, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Djibouti, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Kenya, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Mali, Mauritania, Mauritius, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Niger, Nigeria, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Somalia, South Africa, Sudan, Swaziland, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Uganda, Zambia, Zimbabwe associate members-(2) France, UK Economic Commission for Asia and the Far East (ECAFE) see Economic and Social Commission for Asia and the Pacific (ESCAP) Economic Commission for Europe (ECE) address-Palais des Nations, CH-1211 Geneva 10, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 917 1234, 907 2893 FAX-[41] (22) 917 0036 established-28 March 1947 aim-to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council members-(55) Albania, Andorra, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Monaco, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, San Marino, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan, Yugoslavia Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) see Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) Economic Commission for Latin America and the Caribbean (ECLAC) address-Edificio Naciones Unidas, Avenida Dag Hammarskjold, Casilla 179 D, Santiago, Chile telephone-[56] (2) 2102000 FAX-[56] (2) 2080252, 2081946 established-25 February 1948 as Economic Commission for Latin America (ECLA) aim-to promote economic development as a regional commission of the UN's Economic and Social Council members-(41) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Bolivia, Brazil, Canada, Chile, Colombia, Costa Rica, Cuba, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, El Salvador, France, Grenada, Guatemala, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Italy, Jamaica, Mexico, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Spain, Suriname, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela associate members-(7) Anguilla, Aruba, British Virgin Islands, Montserrat, Netherlands Antilles, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands Economic Commission for Western Asia (ECWA) see Economic and Social Commission for Western Asia (ESCWA) Economic Community of Central African States (CEEAC) note-acronym from Communaute Economique des Etats de l'Afrique Centrale address-CEEAC, BP 2112, Libreville, Gabon telephone-[241] 73 35 47, 73 35 48, 73 36 77 established-18 October 1983 aim-to promote regional economic cooperation and establish a Central African Common Market members-(10) Burundi, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Equatorial Guinea, Gabon, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe observer-(1) Angola Economic Community of the Great Lakes Countries (CEPGL) note-acronym from Communaute Economique des Pays des Grands Lacs address-B.O. Box 58, Gisenyi, Rwanda telephone-[250] 40228 FAX-[250] 40785 established-26 September 1976 aim-to promote regional economic cooperation and integration members-(3) Burundi, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Rwanda Economic Community of West African States (ECOWAS) address-6 King George V Road, PMB 12745, Lagos, Nigeria telephone-[234] (1) 636839, 636841, 636064, 630398 FAX-[234] (1) 636822 established-28 May 1975 aim-to promote regional economic cooperation members-(16) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Cote d'Ivoire, The Gambia, Ghana, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Liberia, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Nigeria, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Togo Economic Cooperation Organization (ECO) address-No. 5 Khayahan-A-Hejab, Bd Keshavarz, P.O. Box 14155-6176, Teheran, Iran Islamic Republic telephone-[98] (21) 653349, 654888, 655100, 658614, 656152, 658045, 659052 FAX-[98] (21) 658046 established-NA 1985 aim-to promote regional cooperation in trade, transportation, communications, tourism, cultural affairs, and economic development members-(10) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Iran, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Pakistan, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uzbekistan associate members-(1) "Turkish Republic of Northern Cyprus" Euro-Atlantic Partnership Council (EAPC) note-began as the North Atlantic Cooperation Council (NACC); an extension of NATO address-c/o NATO, B-1110 Brussels, Belgium telephone-[32] (2) 728 41 11 FAX-[32] (2) 728 45 79 established-8 November 1991 effective-20 December 1991 aim-to discuss cooperation on mutual political and security issues members-(44) Albania, Armenia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Italy, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan European Bank for Reconstruction and Development (EBRD) address-EBRD Headquarters, One Exchange Square, London EC2A 2EH, UK telephone-[44] (171) 338 6000, 338 7931 FAX-[44] (171) 338 6100, 338 6139 established-15 April 1991 aim-to facilitate the transition of seven centrally planned economies in Europe (Bulgaria, former Czechoslovakia, Hungary, Poland, Romania, former USSR, and former Yugoslavia) to market economies by committing 60% of its loans to privatization members-(60) Albania, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Egypt, EU, European Investment Bank (EIB), Estonia, Finland, France, Georgia, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Kazakhstan, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Mexico, Moldova, Morocco, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Tajikistan, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, UK, US, Uzbekistan; note-includes all 25 members of the OECD; also includes the EU as a single entity European Community (or European Communities, EC) was established 8 April 1965 to integrate the European Atomic Energy Community (Euratom), the European Coal and Steel Community (ESC), the European Economic Community (EEC or Common Market), and to establish a completely integrated common market and an eventual federation of Europe; merged into the European Union (EU) on 7 February 1992; member states at the time of merger were Belgium, Denmark, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, UK European Free Trade Association (EFTA) address-9-11 rue de Varembe, CH-1202 Geneva 20, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 749 13 35 FAX-[41] (22) 733 92 91 established-4 January 1960 effective-3 May 1960 aim-to promote expansion of free trade members-(4) Iceland, Liechtenstein, Norway, Switzerland European Investment Bank (EIB) address-Bd Konrad Adenauer 100, L-2950 Luxembourg, Luxembourg telephone-[352] 43791 FAX-[352] 437704 established-25 March 1957 effective-1 January 1958 aim-to promote economic development of the EU and its predecessors, the EEC and the EC members-(15) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK European Monetary Union (EMU) note-an integral part of the European Union address-c/o European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Bruxelles, telephone-[32] (2) 199 11 11 proposed-7 February 1992 aim-to promote a single market by creating a single currency, the euro; time table-2 May 1998: European exchange rates are likely to be fixed for 1 January 1999; 1 January 1999: all banks and stock exchanges begin using euros; 1 January 2002: the euro goes into circulation; 1 July 2002 local currencies no longer accepted members-(0) likely to be included in the first wave of members: Austria, Beligum, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain; note-Denmark, Sweden, and UK decided not to join, and Greece did not meet all the criteria to take part European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN) note-acronym retained from the predecessor organization Conseil Europeen pour la Recherche Nucleaire address-CH-1211 Geneva 23, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 767 61 11 FAX-[41] (22) 767 65 55 established-1 July 1953 effective-29 September 1954 aim-to foster nuclear research for peaceful purposes only members-(19) Austria, Belgium, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK observers-(7) EU, Israel, Japan, Russia, Turkey, United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO), Yugoslavia (suspended) European Space Agency (ESA) address-8-10 rue Mario Nikis, F-75738 Paris CEDEX 15, France telephone-[33] (1) 53 69 76 54 FAX-[33] (1) 53 69 75 60 established-31 July 1973 effective-1 May 1975 aim-to promote peaceful cooperation in space research and technology members-(14) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Ireland, Italy, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK cooperating state-(1) Canada European Union (EU) note-evolved from the European Community (EC) address-c/o European Commission, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium telephone-[32] (2) 299 11 11 FAX-[32] (2) 295 01 38 through 295 01 40 established-7 February 1992 effective-1 November 1993 aim-to coordinate policy among the 15 members in three fields: economics, building on the European Economic Community's (EEC) efforts to establish a common market and eventually a common currency to be called the 'euro', which will supercede the EU's accounting unit, the ECU; defense, within the concept of a Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP); and justice and home affairs, including immigration, drugs, terrorism, and improved living and working conditions members-(15) Austria, Belgium, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Ireland, Italy, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Portugal, Spain, Sweden, UK membership applicant-(12) Albania, Bulgaria, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Estonia, Hungary, Latvia, Lithuania, Malta, Poland, Romania, Slovakia First World another term for countries with advanced, industrialized economies; this term is fading from use; see developed countries (DCs) Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) address-Viale delle Terme di Caracalla, I-00100 Rome, Italy telephone-[39] (6) 52251 FAX-[39] (6) 5225 3152 established-16 October 1945 aim-to raise living standards and increase availability of agricultural products, as a UN specialized agency members-(175) Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Moldova, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia, Zimbabwe associate members-(1) Puerto Rico former Soviet Union (FSU) a collective term often used to identify as a group the successor nations to the Soviet Union or USSR; this group of 15 countries consists of Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/ EE) the middle group in the hierarchy of developed countries (DCs), former USSR/Eastern Europe (former USSR/EE), and less developed countries (LDCs); these countries are in political and economic transition and may well be grouped differently in the near future; this group of 27 countries consists of Albania, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Czech Republic, Estonia, Georgia, Hungary, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Moldova, Poland, Romania, Russia, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovakia, Slovenia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan; this group is identical to the IMF group "countries in transition" except for the IMF's inclusion of Mongolia Four Dragons the four small Asian less developed countries (LDCs) that have experienced unusually rapid economic growth; also known as the Four Tigers; this group consists of Hong Kong, South Korea, Singapore, Taiwan; these countries are included in the IMF's "advanced economies" group Four Tigers another term for the Four Dragons; see Four Dragons Franc Zone (FZ) address-Direction Generale des Service Etrangers (Service de la Zone Franc), Banque de France, 39 rue Crois-des-Petits-Champs, BP 140-01, Paris CEDEX 01, France telephone-[33] (1) 42 92 31 26 FAX-[33] (1) 42 92 39 88 established-20 December 1945 aim-to form a monetary union among countries whose currencies are linked to the French franc members-(15) Benin, Burkina Faso, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Chad, Comoros, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Equatorial Guinea, France, Gabon, Mali, Niger, Senegal, Togo; note-France includes metropolitan France, the four overseas departments of France (French Guiana, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Reunion), the two territorial collectivities of France (Mayotte, Saint Pierre and Miquelon), and the three overseas territories of France (French Polynesia, New Caledonia, Wallis and Futuna); note-Guinea-Bissau was to become a member on 2 May 1997 Front Line States (FLS) established to achieve black majority rule in South Africa; has since gone out of existence; members included Angola, Botswana, Mozambique, Namibia, Tanzania, Zambia, Zimbabwe General Agreement on Tariffs and Trade (GATT) was established 30 October 1947 to promote the expansion of international trade on a nondiscriminatory basis; subsumed by the World Trade Organization (WTrO) on 1 January 1995; members at the time were Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Egypt, El Salvador, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hong Kong, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Macau, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yugoslavia (suspended), Zambia, Zimbabwe Group of 2 (G-2) informal term that came into use about 1986; to facilitate bilateral economic cooperation between the two most powerful economic giants Japan, US Group of 3 (G-3) established-NA October 1990 aim-mechanism for policy coordination members-(3) Colombia, Mexico, Venezuela Group of 5 (G-5) established-22 September 1985 aim-to coordinate the economic policies of five major noncommunist economic powers members-(5) France, Germany, Japan, UK, US Group of 6 (G-6) note-also known as Groupe des Six Sur le Desarmement; not to be confused with the Big Six established-22 May 1984 aim-to achieve nuclear disarmament members-(6) Argentina, Greece, India, Mexico, Sweden, Tanzania Group of 7 (G-7) note-membership is the same as the Big Seven established-22 September 1985 aim-to facilitate economic cooperation among the seven major noncommunist economic powers members-(7) Group of 5 (France, Germany, Japan, UK, US) plus Canada and Italy Group of 8 (G-8) established NA October 1975 to facilitate economic cooperation among the developed countries (DCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC), held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977; members were Australia, Canada, EU (as one member), Japan, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, US Group of 9 (G-9) established-NA aim-to discuss matters of mutual interest on an informal basis members-(9) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Denmark, Finland, Hungary, Romania, Sweden, Yugoslavia Group of 10 (G-10) note-also known as the Paris Club; includes the wealthiest members of the IMF who provide most of the money to be loaned and act as the informal steering committee; name persists in spite of the addition of Switzerland on NA April 1984 address-c/o IMF Office in Europe, 64-66 ave d'Iena, F-75116 Paris, France telephone-[33] (1) 40 69 30 80 FAX-[33] (1) 47 23 40 89 established-NA October 1962 aim-to coordinate credit policy members-(11) Belgium, Canada, France, Germany, Italy, Japan, Netherlands, Sweden, Switzerland, UK, US nonstate participants-(4) BIS, EU, IMF, OECD Group of 11 (G-11) note-also known as the Cartagena Group established-22 June 1984, in Cartagena, Colombia aim-to provide a forum for largest debtor nations in Latin America members-(11) Argentina, Bolivia, Brazil, Chile, Colombia, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Mexico, Peru, Uruguay, Venezuela Group of 15 (G-15) note-byproduct of the Non-Aligned Movement address-Technical Support Facility, Ch du Champ d'Ancier 17, Case postale 326, CH-1211 Geneva 19, Switzerland telephone-[41] (22) 798 42 10 FAX-[41] (22) 798 38 49 established-September 1989 aim-to promote economic cooperation among developing nations; to act as the main political organ for the Non-Aligned Movement members-(15) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Jamaica, Malaysia, Mexico, Nigeria, Peru, Senegal, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zimbabwe Group of 19 (G-19) established-NA October 1975 aim-to represent the interests of the less developed countries (LDCs) that participated in the Conference on International Economic Cooperation (CIEC) held in several sessions between NA December 1975 and 3 June 1977 members-(19) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Cameroon, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Egypt, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Saudi Arabia, Venezuela, Yugoslavia, Zambia Group of 24 (G-24) address-c/o European Commission, DGIAG-24 Coordination Unit, Rue de la Loi 200, B-1049 Brussels, Belgium telephone-[32] (2) 299 22 44 FAX-[32] (2) 299 06 02 established-NA January 1972 aim-to promote the interests of developing countries in Africa, Asia, and Latin America within the IMF members-(24) Algeria, Argentina, Brazil, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Egypt, Ethiopia, Gabon, Ghana, Guatemala, India, Iran, Lebanon, Mexico, Nigeria, Pakistan, Peru, Philippines, Sri Lanka, Syria, Trinidad and Tobago, Venezuela, Yugoslavia Group of 30 (G-30) address-1990 M Street NW, Suite 450, Washington, DC 20036, US telephone-[1] (202) 331 2472 FAX-[1] (202) 785 9423 established-NA 1979 aim-to discuss and propose solutions to the world's economic problems members-(30) informal group of 30 leading international bankers, economists, financial experts, and business leaders organized by Johannes Witteveen (former managing director of the IMF) Group of 33 (G-33) established-NA 1987 aim-to promote solutions to international economic problems members-(33) leading economists from 13 countries Group of 77 (G-77) address-Office of the Chairman, United Nations, Room S-3959, P.O. Box 20, New York, NY 10017, US telephone-[1] (212) 963 3816, 963 0192, 963 4777 FAX-[1] (212) 963 3515, 963 1753 established-NA October 1967 aim-to promote economic cooperation among developing countries; name persists in spite of increased membership members-(129 plus the Palestine Liberation Organization) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Ethiopia, Fiji, Gabon, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Jamaica, Jordan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Gu

Appendix D

Selected International Environmental Agreements Air Pollution see Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at least 30% Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds see Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes Antarctic-Environmental Protocol see Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty Antarctic Treaty opened for signature-1 December 1959 entered into force-23 June 1961 objectiveto ensure that Antarctica is used for peaceful purposes, such as, for international cooperation in scientific research, and that it does not become the scene or object of international discord parties-(43) Argentina, Australia, Austria, Belgium, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal note-abbreviated as Hazardous Wastes opened for signature-22 March 1989 entered into force-5 May 1992 objective-to reduce transboundary movements of wastes subject to the Convention to a minimum consistent with the environmentally sound and efficient management of such wastes; to minimize the amount and toxicity of wastes generated and ensure their environmentally sound management as closely as possible to the source of generation; and to assist LDCs in environmentally sound management of the hazardous and other wastes they generate parties-(118) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burundi, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, EU, Finland, France, The Gambia, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lebanon, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, UAE, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(3) Afghanistan, Haiti, US Biodiversity see Convention on Biological Diversity Convention on Biological Diversity note-abbreviated as Biodiversity opened for signature-5 June 1992 entered into force29 December 1993 objective-to develop national strategies for the conservation and sustainable use of biological diversity parties-(173) Albania, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified- (12) Afghanistan, Azerbaijan, Kuwait, Liberia, Libya, Malta, Sao Tome and Principe, Thailand, Tuvalu, UAE, US, former Yugoslavia Climate Change see United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol see Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas note-abbreviated as Marine Life Conservation opened for signature-29 April 1958 entered into force-20 March 1966 objective-to solve through international cooperation the problems involved in the conservation of living resources of the high seas, considering that because of the development of modern technology some of these resources are in danger of being overexploited parties-(37) Australia, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Burkina Faso, Cambodia, Colombia, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Fiji, Finland, France, Haiti, Jamaica, Kenya, Lesotho, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mauritius, Mexico, Netherlands, Nigeria, Portugal, Senegal, Sierra Leone, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Switzerland, Thailand, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Uganda, UK, US, Venezuela, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(21) Afghanistan, Argentina, Bolivia, Canada, Costa Rica, Cuba, Ghana, Iceland, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Lebanon, Liberia, Nepal, NZ, Pakistan, Panama, Sri Lanka, Tunisia, Uruguay Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution note-abbreviated as Air Pollution opened for signature-13 November 1979 entered into force-16 March 1983 objective-to protect the human environment against air pollution and to gradually reduce and prevent air pollution, including long-range transboundary air pollution parties-(43) Armenia, Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Canada, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malta, Moldova, Netherlands, Norway, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Slovakia, Slovenia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine, UK, US, former Yugoslavia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(2) Holy See, San Marino Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) note-abbreviated as Endangered Species opened for signature-3 March 1973 entered into force-1 July 1975 objective-to protect certain endangered species from overexploitation by means of a system of import/export permits parties-(134) Afghanistan, Algeria, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, India, Indonesia, Iran, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, South Korea, Liberia, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Uganda, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(4) Cambodia, Ireland, Kuwait, Lesotho Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) note-abbreviated as Marine Dumping opened for signature-29 December 1972 entered into force-30 August 1975 objective-to control pollution of the sea by dumping and to encourage regional agreements supplementary to the Convention parties-(77) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Brazil, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Egypt, EU, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Greece, Guatemala, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, Libya, Luxembourg, Malta, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Russia, Saint Lucia, Seychelles, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Tonga, Tunisia, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Vanuatu, former Yugoslavia Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques note-abbreviated as Environmental Modification opened for signature-10 December 1976 entered into force-5 October 1978 objectiveto prohibit the military or other hostile use of environmental modification techniques in order to further world peace and trust among nations parties-(64) Afghanistan, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Brazil, Bulgaria, Canada, Cape Verde, Chile, Costa Rica, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Egypt, Finland, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Hungary, India, Ireland, Italy, Japan, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Malawi, Mauritius, Mongolia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Papua New Guinea, Poland, Romania, Russia, Saint Lucia, Sao Tome and Principe, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sweden, Switzerland, Tunisia, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vietnam, Yemen countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(17) Bolivia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Ethiopia, Holy See, Iceland, Iran, Iraq, Lebanon, Liberia, Luxembourg, Morocco, Nicaragua, Portugal, Sierra Leone, Syria, Turkey, Uganda Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially as Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) note-abbreviated as Wetlands opened for signature-2 February 1971 entered into force21 December 1975 objective-to stem the progressive encroachment on and loss of wetlands now and in the future, recognizing the fundamental ecological functions of wetlands and their economic, cultural, scientific, and recreational value parties-(97) Albania, Algeria, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Bangladesh, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Canada, Chad, Chile, China, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Czech Republic, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Latvia, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Malawi, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mexico, Morocco, Namibia, Netherlands, NZ, Niger, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Senegal, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia, Zambia Desertification see United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/ or Desertification, Particularly in Africa Endangered Species see Convention on the International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Flora and Fauna (CITES) Environmental Modification see Convention on the Prohibition of Military or Any Other Hostile Use of Environmental Modification Techniques Hazardous Wastes see Basel Convention on the Control of Transboundary Movements of Hazardous Wastes and Their Disposal International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling note-abbreviated as Whaling opened for signature-2 December 1946 entered into force10 November 1948 objective-to protect all species of whales from overhunting; to establish a system of international regulation for the whale fisheries to ensure proper conservation and development of whale stocks; and to safeguard for future generations the great natural resources represented by whale stocks parties-(57) Antigua and Barbuda, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Canada, Cyprus, Denmark (including Greenland), Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, Fiji, Finland, France, The Gambia, Ghana, Grenada, Guyana, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Kiribati, Latvia, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Netherlands (Netherlands also extended the convention to Netherlands Antilles), NZ, Nicaragua, Nigeria, Norway, Poland, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Slovakia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Switzerland, Tanzania, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Turkey, Tuvalu, UK, US, former Yugoslavia International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 note-abbreviated as Tropical Timber 83 opened for signature-18 November 1983 entered into force-1 April 1985; this agreement will expire when the International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994, goes into force objectiveto provide an effective framework for cooperation between tropical timber producers and consumers and to encourage the development of national policies aimed at sustainable utilization and conservation of tropical forests and their genetic resources parties-(54) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cameroon, Canada, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Portugal, Russia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, UK, US, Venezuela International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 note-abbreviated as Tropical Timber 94 opened for signature-26 January 1994, but not yet in force objective-to ensure that by the year 2000 exports of tropical timber originate from sustainably managed sources; to establish a fund to assist tropical timber producers in obtaining the resources necessary to reach this objective parties-(51) Australia, Austria, Belgium, Bolivia, Brazil, Burma, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Denmark, Ecuador, Egypt, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guyana, Honduras, India, Indonesia, Japan, South Korea, Liberia, Luxembourg, Malaysia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Thailand, Togo, UK, US, Venezuela countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(3) Ireland, Italy, Portugal Kyoto Protocol to the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change note-abbreviated as Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol opened for signature-16 March 1998, but not yet in force objective-to further reduce greenhouse gas emissions by enhancing the national programs of developed countries aimed at this goal and by establishing percentage reduction targets for the developed countries parties-(0) countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(12) Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Maldives, Malta, Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Philippines, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Seychelles, Switzerland Law of the Sea see United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) Marine Dumping see Convention on the Prevention of Marine Pollution by Dumping Wastes and Other Matter (London Convention) Marine Life Conservation see Convention on Fishing and Conservation of Living Resources of the High Seas Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer note-abbreviated as Ozone Layer Protection opened for signature-16 September 1987 entered into force-1 January 1989 objective-to protect the ozone layer by controlling emissions of substances that deplete it parties-(165) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cameroon, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guyana, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal (Portugal has also extended the protocol to Macau), Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe Nuclear Test Ban see Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapons Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water Ozone Layer Protection see Montreal Protocol on Substances That Deplete the Ozone Layer Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) note-abbreviated as Ship Pollution opened for signature-17 February 1978 entered into force-2 October 1983 objective-to preserve the marine environment through the complete elimination of pollution by oil and other harmful substances and the minimization of accidental discharge of such substances parties-(96) Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cambodia, Canada, Chile, China, Colombia, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Ecuador, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, Estonia, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, North Korea, South Korea, Latvia, Lebanon, Liberia, Lithuania, Luxembourg, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritius, Mexico, Monaco, Morocco, Netherlands, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Seychelles, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Suriname, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Togo, Tonga, Tunisia, Turkey, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, former Yugoslavia Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty note-abbreviated as Antarctic-Environmental Protocol opened for signature-4 October 1991 entered into force-14 January 1998 objectiveto enhance the protection of the Antarctic environment and dependent and associated ecosystems parties-(27) Argentina, Australia, Belgium, Brazil, Chile, China, Ecuador, Finland, France, Germany, Greece, India, Italy, Japan, South Korea, Netherlands, NZ, Norway, Peru, Poland, Russia, South Africa, Spain, Sweden, UK, US, Uruguay countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(16) Austria, Bulgaria, Canada, Colombia, Cuba, Czech Republic, Denmark, Guatemala, Hungary, North Korea, Papua New Guinea, Romania, Slovakia, Switzerland, Turkey, Ukraine Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Nitrogen Oxides or Their Transboundary Fluxes note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides opened for signature-31 October 1988 entered into force-14 February 1991 objectiveto provide for the control or reduction of nitrogen oxides and their transboundary fluxes parties-(25) Austria, Belarus, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, EU, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine, UK, US countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(3) Belgium, Greece, Poland Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution Concerning the Control of Emissions of Volatile Organic Compounds or Their Transboundary Fluxes note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds opened for signature-18 November 1991, but not yet in force objective-to provide for the control and reduction of emissions of volatile organic compounds in order to reduce their transboundary fluxes so as to protect human health and the environment from adverse effects parties-(17) Austria, Bulgaria, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(7) Belgium, Canada, EU, Greece, Portugal, Ukraine, US Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on Further Reduction of Sulphur Emissions note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 94 opened for signature-14 June 1994, but not yet in force objective-to provide for a further reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes parties-(14) Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, France, Greece, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Slovakia, Spain, Sweden, Switzerland, UK countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(14) Austria, Belgium, Bulgaria, Croatia, EU, Finland, Germany, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Poland, Russia, Slovenia, Ukraine Protocol to the 1979 Convention on Long-Range Transboundary Air Pollution on the Reduction of Sulphur Emissions or Their Transboundary Fluxes by at Least 30% note-abbreviated as Air Pollution-Sulphur 85 opened for signature-8 July 1985 entered into force2 September 1987 objective-to provide for a 30% reduction in sulfur emissions or transboundary fluxes by 1993 parties-(21) Austria, Belarus, Belgium, Bulgaria, Canada, Czech Republic, Denmark, Finland, France, Germany, Hungary, Italy, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Netherlands, Norway, Russia, Slovakia, Sweden, Switzerland, Ukraine Ship Pollution see Protocol of 1978 Relating to the International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution From Ships, 1973 (MARPOL) Treaty Banning Nuclear Weapon Tests in the Atmosphere, in Outer Space, and Under Water note-abbreviated as Nuclear Test Ban opened for signature-5 August 1963 entered into force-10 October 1963 objective-to obtain an agreement on general and complete disarmament under strict international control in accordance with the objectives of the United Nations; to put an end to the armaments race and eliminate incentives for the production and testing of all kinds of weapons, including nuclear weapons parties-(125) Afghanistan, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burma, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Fiji, Finland, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Guatemala, Guinea-Bissau, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Lebanon, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Mongolia, Morocco, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Samoa, San Marino, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Uganda, Ukraine, UK, US, Uruguay, Venezuela, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(11) Algeria, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cameroon, Ethiopia, Haiti, Mali, Paraguay, Portugal, Somalia, Vietnam Tropical Timber 83 see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1983 Tropical Timber 94 see International Tropical Timber Agreement, 1994 United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea (LOS) note-abbreviated as Law of the Sea opened for signature-10 December 1982 entered into force-16 November 1994 objective-to set up a comprehensive new legal regime for the sea and oceans; to include rules concerning environmental standards as well as enforcement provisions dealing with pollution of the marine environment parties-(125) Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Australia, Austria, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Barbados, Belize, Benin, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burma, Cameroon, Cape Verde, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Djibouti, Dominica, Egypt, Equatorial Guinea, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iraq, Ireland, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kenya, South Korea, Kuwait, Lebanon, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Monaco, Mongolia, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Netherlands, NZ, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Philippines, Portugal, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Sweden, Tanzania, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Uganda, UK, Uruguay, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified-(46) Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Belarus, Belgium, Bhutan, Burkina Faso, Burundi, Cambodia, Canada, Central African Republic, Chad, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Denmark, Dominican Republic, El Salvador, Ethiopia, Hungary, Iran, North Korea, Laos, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Maldives, Morocco, Nepal, Nicaragua, Niger, Niue, Poland, Qatar, Rwanda, Suriname, Swaziland, Switzerland, Thailand, Tuvalu, Ukraine, UAE, Vanuatu United Nations Convention to Combat Desertification in Those Countries Experiencing Serious Drought and/or Desertification, Particularly in Africa note-abbreviated as Desertification opened for signature-14 October 1994 entered into force-26 December 1996 objective-to combat desertification and mitigate the effects of drought through national action programs that incorporate long-term strategies supported by international cooperation and partnership arrangements parties-(124) Afghanistan, Algeria, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Austria, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Benin, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Cuba, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Ethiopia, EU, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Iceland, India, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Luxembourg, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Mali, Malta, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nepal, Netherlands, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Paraguay, Peru, Portugal, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, South Africa, Spain, Sudan, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Togo, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Uganda, UK, Uzbekistan, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified- (12) Australia, Colombia, Republic of the Congo, Croatia, Georgia, Indonesia, South Korea, Philippines, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe, US, Vanuatu United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change note-abbreviated as Climate Change opened for signature-9 May 1992 entered into force21 March 1994 objective-to achieve stabilization of greenhouse gas concentrations in the atmosphere at a low enough level to prevent dangerous anthropogenic interference with the climate system parties-(174) Albania, Algeria, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Botswana, Brazil, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cook Islands, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, EU, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Niue, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, former Yugoslavia, Zambia, Zimbabwe countries that have signed, but not yet ratified- (9) Afghanistan, Angola, Belarus, Dominican Republic, Liberia, Libya, Madagascar, Rwanda, Sao Tome and Principe Wetlands see Convention on Wetlands of International Importance Especially As Waterfowl Habitat (Ramsar) Whaling see International Convention for the Regulation of Whaling @APPENDIXES

Appendix E

Weights and Measures Mathematical Notation Mathematical Power Name 1018or 1,000,000,000,000,000,000 one quintillion 1015or 1,000,000,000,000,000 one quadrillion 1012or 1,000,000,000,000 one trillion 109or 1,000,000,000 one billion 106or 1,000,000 one million 103or 1,000 one thousand 102or 100 one hundred 101or 10 ten 100or 1 one 10-1or 0.1 one tenth 10-2or 0.01 one hundredth 10-3or 0.001 one thousandth 10-6or 0.000 001 one millionth 10-9or 0.000 000 001 one billionth 10-12or 0.000 000 000 001 one trillionth 10-15or 0.000 000 000 000 001 one quadrillionth 10-18or 0.000 000 000 000 000 001 one quintillionth Metric Interrelationships Prefix Symbol Length, weight, or capacity Area Volume exa E 1018 1036 1054 peta P 1015 1030 1045 tera T 1012 1024 1036 giga G 109 1018 1027 mega M 106 1012 1018 hectokilo hk 105 1010 1015 myria ma 104 108 1012 kilo k 103 106 109 hecto h 102 104 106 basic unit -- 1 meter, 1 gram, 1 liter 1 meter2 1 meter3 deci d 10-1 10-2 10-3 centi c 10-2 10-4 10-6 milli m 10-3 10-6 10-9 decimilli dm 10-4 10-8 10-12 centimilli cm 10-5 10-10 10-15 micro u 10-6 10-12 10-18 nano n 10-9 10-18 10-27 pico p 10-12 10-24 10-36 femto f 10-15 10-30 10-45 atto a 10-18 10-36 10-54 Conversion Factors To Convert From To Multiply by acres ares 40.468 564 224 acres hectares 0.404 685 642 24 acres square feet 43,560 acres square kilometers 0.004 046 856 422 4 acres square meters 4,046.856 422 4 acres square miles (statute) 0.001 562 50 acres square yards 4,840 ares square meters 100 ares square yards 119.599 barrels, US beer gallons 31 barrels, US beer liters 117.347 77 barrels, US petroleum gallons (British) 34.97 barrels, US petroleum gallons (US) 42 barrels, US petroleum liters 158.987 29 barrels, US proof spirits gallons 40 barrels, US proof spirits liters 151.416 47 bushels (US) bushels (British) 0.968 9 bushels (US) cubic feet 1.244 456 bushels (US) cubic inches 2,150.42 bushels (US) cubic meters 0.035 239 07 bushels (US) cubic yards 0.046 090 96 bushels (US) dekaliters 3.523 907 bushels (US) dry pints 64 bushels (US) dry quarts 32 bushels (US) liters 35.239 070 17 bushels (US) pecks 4 cables fathoms 120 cables meters 219.456 cables yards 240 carat milligrams 200 centimeters feet 0.032 808 40 centimeters inches 0.393 700 8 centimeters meters 0.01 centimeters yards 0.010 936 13 centimeters, cubic cubic inches 0.061 023 744 centimeters, square square feet 0.001 076 39 centimeters, square square inches 0.155 000 31 centimeters, square square meters 0.000 1 centimeters, square square yards 0.000 119 599 chains, square surveyor's ares 4.046 86 chains, square surveyor's square feet 4,356 chains, surveyor's feet 66 chains, surveyor's meters 20.116 8 chains, surveyor's rods 4 cords of wood cubic feet 128 cords of wood cubic meters 3.624 556 cords of wood cubic yards 4.740 7 cups liquid ounces (US) 8 cups liters 0.236 588 2 degrees Celsius degrees Fahrenheit multiply by 1.8 and add 32 degrees Fahrenheit degrees Celsius subtract 32 and divide by 1.8 dekaliters bushels 0.283 775 9 dekaliters cubic feet 0.353 146 7 dekaliters cubic inches 610.237 4 dekaliters dry pints 18.161 66 dekaliters dry quarts 9.080 829 8 dekaliters liters 10 dekaliters pecks 1.135 104 drams, avoirdupois avoirdupois ounces 0.062 55 drams, avoirdupois grains 27.344 drams, avoirdupois grams 1.771 845 2 drams, troy grains 60 drams, troy grams 3.887 934 6 drams, troy scruples 3 drams, troy troy ounces 0.125 drams, liquid (US) cubic inches 0.226 drams, liquid (US) liquid drams (British) 1.041 drams, liquid (US) liquid ounces 0.125 drams, liquid (US) milliliters 3.696 69 drams, liquid (US) minims 60 fathoms feet 6 fathoms meters 1.828 8 feet centimeters 30.48 feet inches 12 feet kilometers 0.000 304 8 feet meters 0.304 8 feet statute miles 0.000 189 39 feet yards 0.333 333 3 feet, cubic bushels 0.803 563 95 feet, cubic cubic decimeters 28.316 847 feet, cubic cubic inches 1,728 feet, cubic cubic meters 0.028 316 846 592 feet, cubic cubic yards 0.037 037 04 feet, cubic dry pints 51.428 09 feet, cubic dry quarts 25.714 05 feet, cubic gallons 7.480 519 feet, cubic gills 239.376 6 feet, cubic liquid ounces 957.506 5 feet, cubic liquid pints 59.844 16 feet, cubic liquid quarts 29.922 08 feet, cubic liters 28.316 846 592 feet, cubic pecks 3.214 256 feet, square acres 0.000 022 956 8 feet, square square centimeters 929.030 4 feet, square square decimeters 9.290 304 feet, square square inches 144 feet, square square meters 0.092 903 04 feet, square square yards 0.111 111 1 furlongs feet 660 furlongs inches 7,920 furlongs meters 201.168 furlongs statute miles 0.125 furlongs yards 220 gallons, liquid (US) cubic feet 0.133 680 6 gallons, liquid (US) cubic inches 231 gallons, liquid (US) cubic meters 0.003 785 411 784 gallons, liquid (US) cubic yards 0.004 951 13 gallons, liquid (US) gills (US) 32 gallons, liquid (US) liquid gallons (British) 0.832 67 gallons, liquid (US) liquid ounces 128 gallons, liquid (US) liquid pints 8 gallons, liquid (US) liquid quarts 4 gallons, liquid (US) liters 3.785 411 784 gallons, liquid (US) milliliters 3,785.411 784 gallons, liquid (US) minims 61,440 gills (US) centiliters 11.829 4 gills (US) cubic feet 0.004 177 517 gills (US) cubic inches 7.218 75 gills (US) gallons 0.031 25 gills (US) gills (British) 0.832 67 gills (US) liquid ounces 4 gills (US) liquid pints 0.25 gills (US) liquid quarts 0.125 gills (US) liters 0.118 294 118 25 gills (US) milliliters 118.294 118 25 gills (US) minims 1,920 grains avoirdupois drams 0.036 571 43 grains avoirdupois ounces 0.002 285 71 grains avoirdupois pounds 0.000 142 86 grains grams 0.064 798 91 grains kilograms 0.000 064 798 91 grains milligrams 64.798 910 grains pennyweights 0.042 grains scruples 0.05 grains troy drams 0.016 6 grains troy ounces 0.002 083 33 grains troy pounds 0.000 173 61 grams avoirdupois drams 0.564 383 39 grams avoirdupois ounces 0.035 273 961 grams avoirdupois pounds 0.002 204 622 6 grams grains 15.432 361 grams kilograms 0.001 grams milligrams 1,000 grams troy ounces 0.032 150 746 6 grams troy pounds 0.002 679 23 hands (height of horse) centimeters 10.16 hands (height of horse) inches 4 hectares acres 2.471 053 8 hectares square feet 107,639.1 hectares square kilometers 0.01 hectares square meters 10,000 hectares square miles 0.003 861 02 hectares square yards 11,959.90 hundredweights, long avoirdupois pounds 112 hundredweights, long kilograms 50.802 345 hundredweights, long long tons 0.05 hundredweights, long metric tons 0.050 802 345 hundredweights, long short tons 0.056 hundredweights, short avoirdupois pounds 100 hundredweights, short kilograms 45.359 237 hundredweights, short long tons 0.044 642 86 hundredweights, short metric tons 0.045 359 237 hundredweights, short short tons 0.05 inches centimeters 2.54 inches feet 0.083 333 33 inches meters 0.025 4 inches millimeters 25.4 inches yards 0.027 777 78 inches, cubic bushels 0.000 465 025 inches, cubic cubic centimeters 16.387 064 inches, cubic cubic feet 0.000 578 703 7 inches, cubic cubic meters 0.000 016 387 064 inches, cubic cubic yards 0.000 021 433 47 inches, cubic dry pints 0.029 761 6 inches, cubic dry quarts 0.014 880 8 inches, cubic gallons 0.004 329 0 inches, cubic gills 0.138 528 1 inches, cubic liquid ounces 0.554 112 6 inches, cubic liquid pints 0.034 632 03 inches, cubic liquid quarts 0.017 316 02 inches, cubic liters 0.016 387 064 inches, cubic milliliters 16.387 064 inches, cubic minims (US) 265.974 0 inches, cubic pecks 0.001 860 10 inches, square square centimeters 6.451 600 inches, square square feet 0.006 944 44 inches, square square meters 0.000 645 16 inches, square square yards 0.000 771 605 kilograms avoirdupois drams 564.383 4 kilograms avoirdupois ounces 35.273 962 kilograms avoirdupois pounds 2.204 622 622 kilograms grains 15,432.36 kilograms grams 1,000 kilograms long tons 0.000 984 2 kilograms metric tons 0.001 kilograms short hundredweights 0.022 046 23 kilograms short tons 0.001 102 31 kilograms troy ounces 32.150 75 kilograms troy pounds 2.679 229 kilometers meters 1,000 kilometers statute miles 0.621 371 192 kilometers, square acres 247.105 38 kilometers, square hectares 100 kilometers, square square meters 1,000,000 kilometers, square statute miles 0.386 102 16 knots (nautical mi/hr) kilometers/hour 1.852 knots (nautical mi/hr) statute miles/hour 1.151 leagues, nautical kilometers 5.556 leagues, nautical nautical miles 3 leagues, statute kilometers 4.828 032 leagues, statute statute miles 3 links, square surveyor's square centimeters 404.686 links, square surveyor's square inches 62.726 4 links, surveyor's centimeters 20.116 8 links, surveyor's chains 0.01 links, surveyor's inches 7.92 liters bushels 0.028 377 59 liters cubic feet 0.035 314 67 liters cubic inches 61.023 74 liters cubic meters 0.001 liters cubic yards 0.001 307 95 liters dekaliters 0.1 liters dry pints 1.816 166 liters dry quarts 0.908 082 98 liters gallons 0.264 172 052 liters gills (US) 8.453 506 liters liquid ounces 33.814 02 liters liquid pints 2.113 376 liters liquid quarts 1.056 688 2 liters milliliters 1,000 liters pecks 0.113 510 4 meters centimeters 100 meters feet 3.280 839 895 meters inches 39.370 079 meters kilometers 0.001 meters millimeters 1,000 meters statute miles 0.000 621 371 meters yards 1.093 613 298 meters, cubic bushels 28.377 59 meters, cubic cubic feet 35.314 666 7 meters, cubic cubic inches 61,023.744 meters, cubic cubic yards 1.307 950 619 meters, cubic gallons 264.172 05 meters, cubic liters 1,000 meters, cubic pecks 113.510 4 meters, square acres 0.000 247 105 38 meters, square hectares 0.000 1 meters, square square centimeters 10,000 meters, square square feet 10.763 910 4 meters, square square inches 1,550.003 1 meters, square square yards 1.195 990 046 microns meters 0.000 001 microns inches 0.000 039 4 mils inches 0.001 mils millimeters 0.025 4 miles, nautical kilometers 1.852 0 miles, nautical statute miles 1.150 779 4 miles, statute centimeters 160,934.4 miles, statute feet 5,280 miles, statute furlongs 8 miles, statute inches 63,360 miles, statute kilometers 1.609 344 miles, statute meters 1,609.344 miles, statute rods 320 miles, statute yards 1,760 miles, square nautical square kilometers 3.429 904 miles, square nautical square statute miles 1.325 miles, square statute acres 640 miles, square statute hectares 258.998 811 033 6 miles, square statute sections 1 miles, square statute square kilometers 2.589 988 110 336 miles, square statute square nautical miles 0.755 miles miles, square statute square rods 102,400 milligrams grains 0.015 432 358 35 milliliters cubic inches 0.061 023 744 milliliters gallons 0.000 264 17 milliliters gills (US) 0.008 453 5 milliliters liquid ounces 0.033 814 02 milliliters liquid pints 0.002 113 4 milliliters liquid quarts 0.001 056 7 milliliters liters 0.001 milliliters minims 16.230 73 millimeters inches 0.039 370 078 7 minims (US) cubic inches 0.003 759 77 minims (US) gills (US) 0.000 520 83 minims (US) liquid ounces 0.002 083 33 minims (US) milliliters 0.061 611 52 minims (US) minims (British) 1.041 ounces, avoirdupois avoirdupois drams 16 ounces, avoirdupois avoirdupois pounds 0.062 5 ounces, avoirdupois grains 437.5 ounces, avoirdupois grams 28.349 523 125 ounces, avoirdupois kilograms 0.028 349 523 125 ounces, avoirdupois troy ounces 0.911 458 3 ounces, avoirdupois troy pounds 0.075 954 86 ounces, liquid (US) cubic feet 0.001 044 38 ounces, liquid (US) centiliters 2.957 35 ounces, liquid (US) cubic inches 1.804 687 5 ounces, liquid (US) gallons 0.007 812 5 ounces, liquid (US) gills (US) 0.25 ounces, liquid (US) liquid drams 8 ounces, liquid (US) liquid ounces (British) 1.041 ounces, liquid (US) liquid pints 0.062 5 ounces, liquid (US) liquid quarts 0.031 25 ounces, liquid (US) liters 0.029 573 53 ounces, liquid (US) milliliters 29.573 529 6 ounces, liquid (US) minims 480 ounces, troy avoirdupois drams 17.554 29 ounces, troy avoirdupois ounces 1.097 143 ounces, troy avoirdupois pounds 0.068 571 43 ounces, troy grains 480 ounces, troy grams 31.103 476 8 ounces, troy pennyweights 20 ounces, troy troy drams 8 ounces, troy troy pounds 0.083 333 3 paces (US) centimeters 76.2 paces (US) inches 30 pecks (US) bushels 0.25 pecks (US) cubic feet 0.311 114 pecks (US) cubic inches 537.605 pecks (US) cubic meters 0.008 809 77 pecks (US) cubic yards 0.011 522 74 pecks (US) dekaliters 0.880 976 75 pecks (US) dry pints 16 pecks (US) dry quarts 8 pecks (US) liters 8.809 767 5 pecks (US) pecks (British) 0.968 9 pennyweights grains 24 pennyweights grams 1.555 173 84 pennyweights troy ounces 0.05 pints, dry (US) bushels 0.015 625 pints, dry (US) cubic feet 0.019 444 63 pints, dry (US) cubic inches 33.600 312 5 pints, dry (US) dekaliters 0.055 061 05 pints, dry (US) dry pints (British) 0.968 9 pints, dry (US) dry quarts 0.5 pints, dry (US) liters 0.550 610 47 pints, liquid (US) cubic feet 0.016 710 07 pints, liquid (US) cubic inches 28.875 pints, liquid (US) deciliters 4.731 76 pints, liquid (US) gallons 0.125 pints, liquid (US) gills (US) 4 pints, liquid (US) liquid ounces 16 pints, liquid (US) liquid pints (British) 0.832 67 pints, liquid (US) liquid quarts 0.5 pints, liquid (US) liters 0.473 176 473 pints, liquid (US) milliliters 473.176 473 pints, liquid (US) minims 7,680 points (typographical) inches 0.013 837 points (typographical) millimeters 0.351 459 8 pounds, avoirdupois avoirdupois drams 256 pounds, avoirdupois avoirdupois ounces 16 pounds, avoirdupois grains 7,000 pounds, avoirdupois grams 453.592 37 pounds, avoirdupois kilograms 0.453 592 37 pounds, avoirdupois long tons 0.000 446 428 6 pounds, avoirdupois metric tons 0.000 453 592 37 pounds, avoirdupois quintals 0.004 535 92 pounds, avoirdupois short tons 0.000 5 pounds, avoirdupois troy ounces 14.583 33 pounds, avoirdupois troy pounds 1.215 278 pounds, troy avoirdupois drams 210.651 4 pounds, troy avoirdupois ounces 13.165 71 pounds, troy avoirdupois pounds 0.822 857 1 pounds, troy grains 5,760 pounds, troy grams 373.241 721 6 pounds, troy kilograms 0.373 241 721 6 pounds, troy pennyweights 240 pounds, troy troy ounces 12 quarts, dry (US) bushels 0.031 25 quarts, dry (US) cubic feet 0.038 889 25 quarts, dry (US) cubic inches 67.200 625 quarts, dry (US) dekaliters 0.110 122 1 quarts, dry (US) dry pints 2 quarts, dry (US) dry quarts (British) 0.968 9 quarts, dry (US) liters 1.101 221 quarts, dry (US) pecks 0.125 quarts, dry (US) pints, dry (US) 2 quarts, liquid (US) cubic feet 0.033 420 14 quarts, liquid (US) cubic inches 57.75 quarts, liquid (US) deciliters 9.463 53 quarts, liquid (US) gallons 0.25 quarts, liquid (US) gills (US) 8 quarts, liquid (US) liquid ounces 32 quarts, liquid (US) liquid pints (US) 2 quarts, liquid (US) liquid quarts (British) 0.832 67 quarts, liquid (US) liters 0.946 352 946 quarts, liquid (US) milliliters 946.352 946 quarts, liquid (US) minims 15,360 quintals avoirdupois pounds 220.462 26 quintals kilograms 100 quintals metric tons 0.1 rods feet 16.5 rods meters 5.029 2 rods yards 5.5 rods, square acres 0.006 25 rods, square square meters 25.292 85 rods, square square yards 30.25 scruples grains 20 scruples grams 1.295 978 2 scruples troy drams 0.333 sections (US) square kilometers 2.589 988 1 sections (US) square statute miles 1 spans centimeters 22.86 spans inches 9 steres cubic meters 1 steres cubic yards 1.307 95 tablespoons milliliters 14.786 76 tablespoons teaspoons 3 teaspoons milliliters 4.928 922 teaspoons tablespoons 0.333 333 ton-miles, long metric ton-kilometers 1.635 169 ton-miles, short metric ton-kilometers 1.459 972 tons, gross register cubic feet of permanently enclosed space 100 tons, gross register cubic meters of permanently enclosed space 2.831 684 7 tons, long (deadweight) avoirdupois ounces 35,840 tons, long (deadweight) avoirdupois pounds 2,240 tons, long (deadweight) kilograms 1,016.046 909 8 tons, long (deadweight) long hundredweights 20 tons, long (deadweight) metric tons 1.016 046 908 8 tons, long (deadweight) short hundredweights 22.4 tons, long (deadweight) short tons 1.12 tons, metric avoirdupois pounds 2,204.623 tons, metric kilograms 1,000 tons, metric long hundredweights 19.684 130 3 tons, metric long tons 0.984 206 5 tons, metric quintals 10 tons, metric short hundredweights 22.046 23 tons, metric short tons 1.102 311 3 tons, metric troy ounces 32,150.75 tons, net register cubic feet of permanently enclosed space for cargo and passengers 100 tons, net register cubic meters of permanently enclosed space for cargo and passengers 2.831 684 7 tons, shipping cubic feet of permanently enclosed cargo space 42 tons, shipping cubic meters of permanently enclosed cargo space 1.189 307 574 tons, short avoirdupois pounds 2,000 tons, short kilograms 907.184 74 tons, short long hundredweights 17.857 14 tons, short long tons 0.892 857 1 tons, short metric tons 0.907 184 74 tons, short short hundredweights 20 townships (US) sections 36 townships (US) square kilometers 93.239 572 townships (US) square statute miles 36 miles, square statute acres 640 miles, square statute hectares 258.998 811 033 6 miles, square statute square feet 27,878,400 miles, square statute square meters 2,589,988.110 336 miles, square statute square yards 3,097,600 yards centimeters 91.44 yards feet 3 yards inches 36 yards meters 0.914 4 yards miles 0.000 568 18 yards, cubic bushels 21.696 227 yards, cubic cubic feet 27 yards, cubic cubic inches 46,656 yards, cubic cubic meters 0.764 554 857 984 yards, cubic gallons 201.974 0 yards, cubic liters 764.554 857 984 yards, cubic pecks 86.784 91 yards, square acres 0.000 206 611 6 yards, square hectares 0.000 083 612 736 yards, square square centimeters 8,361.273 6 yards, square square feet 9 yards, square square inches 1,296 yards, square square meters 0.836 127 36 yards, square square miles 0.000 000 322 830 6

Appendix F

Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes FIPS 10-4: Countries, Dependencies, Areas of Special Sovereignty, and Their Principal Administrative Divisions (FIPS PUB 10-4) is maintained by the Office of the Geographer and Global Issues (Department of State) and published by the National Institute of Standards and Technology (Department of Commerce). These two-character alphabetic codes are included in the text of the Factbook in the Data code entry under the Government category. FIPS 10-4 codes are intended for general use throughout the US Government, especially in activities associated with the mission of the Department of State and national defense programs. ISO 3166: Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries (ISO 3166) is prepared by the International Organization for Standardization. ISO 3166 includes twoand three-character alphabetic codes and three-digit numeric codes that may be needed for activities involving exchange of data with international organizations that have adopted that standard. Except for the numeric codes, ISO 3166 codes have been adopted in the US as FIPS 104-1: American National Standard Codes for the Representation of Names of Countries, Dependencies, and Areas of Special Sovereignty for Information Interchange.

Appendix G

Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic Codes IHO 23-4th: Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23, Draft 4th Edition 1986, published by the International Hydrographic Bureau of the International Hydrographic Organization IHO 23-3rd: Limits of Oceans and Seas, Special Publication 23, 3rd Edition 1953, published by the International Hydrographic Organization ACIC M 49-1: Chart of Limits of Seas and Oceans, revised January 1958, published by the Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC), United States Air Force; note--ACIC is now part of the National Imagery and Mapping Agency (NIMA) DIAM 65-18: Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features, Data Standard No. 4, Defense Intelligence Agency Manual 65-18, December 1994, published by the Defense Intelligence Agency The US Government has not yet adopted a standard for hydrographic codes similar to the Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) 10-4 country codes. The names and limits of the following oceans and seas are not always directly comparable because of differences in the customers, needs, and requirements of the individual organizations. Even the number of principal water bodies varies from organization to organization. Factbook users, for example, find the Atlantic Ocean and Pacific Ocean entries useful, but none of the following standards include those oceans in their entirety. Nor is there any provision for combining codes or overcodes to aggregate water bodies. Principal Oceans and Seas of the World With Hydrographic Codes by Institution IHO 23-4th IHO 23-3rd* ACIC M 49-1 DIAM 65-18 Arctic Ocean 9 17 A 5A Atlantic Ocean -- -- -- -- North Atlantic Ocean 1 23 B 1A South Atlantic Ocean 4 32 C 2A Baltic Sea 2 1 B26 7B Indian Ocean 5 45 F 6A Mediterranean Sea 3.1 28 B11 -- Eastern Mediterranean 3.1.2 28 B -- 8E Western Mediterranean 3.1.1 28 A -- 8W Pacific Ocean -- -- -- -- North Pacific Ocean 7 57 D 3A South Pacific Ocean 8 61 E 4A South China and Eastern Archipelagic Seas 6 49 and 48 D18 plus others 3U plus others Oceans and Seas of the World With Hydrographic Codes by Institution IHO 23-4th IHO 23-3rd* ACIC M 49-1 DIAM 65-18 ARCTIC OCEAN 9 17 A 5A East Siberian Sea 9.1 11 A6 5S Laptev Sea 9.2 10 A5 5P Kara Sea 9.3 9 A4 5K Barents Sea 9.4 7 A2 5B White Sea 9.5 8 A3 5W North Greenland Sea 9.6 -- -- -- Norwegian Sea 9.7 6 B30 5N Iceland Sea 9.8 -- -- -- Davis Strait 9.9 15 B2 1V Hudson Strait 9.10 16 A A15 1U Hudson Bay 9.11 16 A10 1H Baffin Bay 9.12 14 A A12 1P Lincoln Sea 9.13 17 A A13 5L Northwest Passages (Northwest Passage, Northwestern Passages) 9.14 14 A9 5T Beaufort Sea 9.15 13 A8 5U Chukchi Sea 9.16 12 A7 5C James Bay -- -- A11 -- Kane Basin -- -- A14 -- ATLANTIC OCEAN (see North Atlantic Ocean and South Atlantic Ocean) -- -- -- -- BALTIC SEA 2 1 B26 7B Gulf of Bothnia 2.1 1 (a) B29 7T Gulf of Finland 2.2 1 (b) B28 7F Gulf of Riga 2.3 1 (c) B27 7H The Sound 2.4 2 -- -- The Great Belt 2.5 2 -- -- The Little Belt 2.6 2 -- -- Kattegat 2.7 2 B25 7K INDIAN OCEAN 5 45 F 6A Mozambique Channel 5.1 45 A F1 6Z Gulf of Suez 5.2 35 F5 6W Gulf of Aqaba 5.3 36 -- 6Q Red Sea 5.4 37 F4 6E Gulf of Aden 5.5 38 F3 6D Persian Gulf (Gulf of Iran) 5.6 41 F7 6P Gulf of Oman 5.7 40 F6 6M Arabian Sea 5.8 39 F2 6R Laccadive Sea (Ladshadweep Sea) 5.9 42 F9 6L Gulf of Mannar 5.10 -- F8 -- Palk Strait and Palk Bay 5.11 -- -- -- Bay of Bengal 5.12 43 F10 6B Andaman Sea (Burma Sea) 5.13 44 F11 6N Strait of Malacca (Malacca Strait) 5.14 46 (a) F12 6C Great Australian Bight 5.15 62 F21 6G Suez Canal -- -- -- 6U MEDITERRANEAN REGION 3 -- -- -- Mediterranean Sea 3.1 28 B11 -- Mediterranean Sea, Western Basin 3.1.1 28 A -- 8W Strait of Gibraltar 3.1.1.1 28 (a) B7 8S Alboran Sea 3.1.1.2 28 (b) -- 8Y Balearic Sea (Balear Sea, Iberian Sea) 3.1.1.3 28 (c) B9 8J Ligurian Sea (Ligure Sea) 3.1.1.4 28 (d) B10 8L Tyrrhenian Sea (Tirreno Sea) 3.1.1.5 28 (e) B12 8T Mediterranean Sea, Eastern Basin 3.1.2 28 B -- 8E Adriatic Sea 3.1.2.1 28 (g) B14 8D Strait of Sicily (Strait of Sicilia) 3.1.2.2 -- -- -- Ionian Sea 3.1.2.3 28 (f) B13 8N Aegean Sea 3.1.2.4 28 (h) B15 8G Sea of Marmara 3.2 29 B16 8M Black Sea 3.3 30 B17 8B Sea of Azov 3.4 31 B18 8Z Gulf of Lion (Gulf of Lions) -- -- B8 8X Aral Sea -- -- -- 8R Bosporus -- -- -- 8P Caspian Sea -- -- -- 8C Dardanelles -- -- -- 8U NORTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 1 23 B 1A Skagerrak 1.1 3 B24 1S North Sea 1.2 4 B23 1N Inner Seas off the West Coast of Scotland 1.3 18 -- 1K Irish Sea and Saint Georges Channel 1.4 19 B22 1R, 1Q Bristol Channel 1.5 20 B21 1C Celtic Sea 1.6 21 A -- -- English Channel 1.7 21 B20 1E Bay of Biscay 1.8 22 B19 1B Canarias Sea 1.9 -- -- -- Gulf of Guinea 1.10 34 C4 1G Caribbean Sea 1.11 27 B6 1X Gulf of Mexico 1.12 26 B5 1M Bay of Fundy 1.13 25 B4 1F Gulf of Saint Lawrence 1.14 24 B3 1T Labrador Sea 1.15 15 A -- 1L Greenland Sea 1.16 5 A1 5G Denmark Strait -- -- B1 1D Lake Erie -- -- -- 9E Lake Huron -- -- -- 9H Lake Michigan -- -- -- 9M Lake Ontario -- -- -- 9N Lake Superior -- -- -- 9S Panama Canal -- -- -- 1J Saint Lawrence Seaway -- -- -- 9L NORTH PACIFIC OCEAN 7 57 D 3A Philippine Sea 7.1 56 D26 3P Taiwan Strait (Formosa Strait) 7.2 -- D17 3F East China Sea (Tung Hai) 7.3 50 D13 3E Yellow Sea (Huang Hai, Hwang Hai) 7.4 51 D14 3Y Bo Hai (Bo Sea, Gulf of Chihli) 7.5 -- D16 3X Liaodong Wan (Liaodong Gulf) 7.6 -- -- -- Inland Sea of Japan (Seto Naikai) 7.7 53 -- 3N Sea of Japan (Japan Sea) 7.8 52 D11 3J Gulf of Tartary 7.9 -- D10 -- Sea of Okhotsk 7.10 54 D8 3Q Bering Sea 7.11 55 D6 5D Anadyrskiy Zaliv (Anadyrskiy Gulf) 7.12 -- -- 5Y Gulf of Alaska 7.13 58 D4 5F Coastal Waters of Southeast Alaska and British Columbia 7.14 59 D3 5E Gulf of California 7.15 60 D2 3L Gulf of Panama 7.16 -- D1 -- Amurskiy Liman -- -- D27 -- Bering Strait -- -- D7 5R Bristol Bay -- -- D5 -- Korea Bay -- -- D15 3R Korea Strait -- -- D12 -- Sakhalinskiy Zaliv -- -- D28 3B Zaliv Shelikhova (Zaliv Shelekhova) -- -- D9 3K Luzon Strait -- -- -- 3I Tatar Strait -- -- -- 3D PACIFIC OCEAN (see North Pacific Ocean and South Pacific Ocean) -- -- -- -- SOUTH ATLANTIC OCEAN 4 32 C 2A Rio de la Plata 4.1 33 C1 2R Drake Passage -- -- C5 2D Golfo San Matias -- -- C2 2M Golfo San Jorge -- -- C3 2J Scotia Sea -- -- C6 2S Weddell Sea -- -- C7 2W SOUTH CHINA AND EASTERN ARCHIPELAGIC SEAS 6 49 and 48 D18 plus others 3U plus others South China Sea (Nan Hai) 6.1 49 D18 3U Gulf of Tonkin 6.2 -- D19 3G Gulf of Thailand (Gulf of Siam) 6.3 47 D20 3T Natuna Sea 6.4 -- -- -- Singapore Strait 6.5 46 (b) -- 3Z Sunda Strait 6.6 -- -- -- Java Sea (Jawa Sea) 6.7 48 (n) F13 4J Makassar Strait (Makasar Strait) 6.8 48 (m) E1 4M Bali Sea 6.9 48 (l) F14 4L Flores Sea 6.10 48 (j) F16 4F Sumba Strait 6.11 -- -- -- Savu Sea (Sawu Sea) 6.12 48 (o) F15 6S Timor Sea 6.13 48 (i) F19 6T Joseph Bonaparte Gulf 6.14 -- F20 -- Gulf of Carpentaria 6.15 -- E4 4P Arafura Sea 6.16 48 (h) E3 4U Aru Sea 6.17 -- -- -- Banda Sea 6.18 48 (g) E2 4B Teluk Bone (Gulf of Bone, Gulf of Boni) 6.19 48 (k) F17 4E Ceram Sea (Seram Sea) 6.20 48 (f) D25 4Q Gulf of Berau 6.21 -- -- -- Halmahera Sea 6.22 48 (e) D24 3H Molucca Sea (Molukka Sea, Maluku Sea) 6.23 48 (c) D23 3M Teluk Tomini (Gulf of Tomini) 6.24 48 (d) F18 3V Sulawesi Sea 6.25 -- -- -- Mindanao Sea 6.26 -- -- -- Sulu Sea 6.27 48 (a) D21 3S Celebes Sea -- 48 (b) D22 3C SOUTH PACIFIC OCEAN 8 61 E 4A Bismarck Sea 8.1 66 E6 4K Solomon Sea 8.2 65 E7 4S Torres Strait 8.3 -- E5 -- Coastal Waters of Great Barrier Reefs 8.4 -- -- -- Coral Sea 8.5 64 E9 4C Tasman Sea 8.6 63 E10 4T Bass Strait 8.7 62 A F22 6F Amundsen Sea -- -- E12 4D Bellingshausen Sea -- -- E13 4G Cook Strait -- -- E8 -- Ross Sea -- -- E11 4R * The letters after the numbers are subdivisions, not footnotes. @APPENDIXES

Appendix H

Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names This list indicates where various geographic names-including the location of all United States Foreign Service Posts, alternate names of countries, former names, and political or geographical portions of larger entities-can be found in The World Factbook. Spellings are normally, but not always, those approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Additional information is included in brackets. Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude Longitude ---- --------------------------- -------- --------- A Abidjan [US Embassy] Cote d'Ivoire 5 19 N 4 02 W Abkhazia [region] Georgia 43 00 N 41 00 E Abu Dhabi [US Embassy] United Arab Emirates 24 28 N 54 22 E Abu Musa [island] Iran 25 52 N 55 03 E Abuja [US Embassy Branch Office] Nigeria 9 12 N 7 11 E Abyssinia Ethiopia 8 00 N 38 00 E Acapulco Mexico 16 51 N 99 55 W Accra [US Embassy] Ghana 5 33 N 0 13 W Adamstown Pitcairn Islands 25 04 S 130 05 W Adana [US Consulate] Turkey 37 01 N 35 18 E Addis Ababa [US Embassy] Ethiopia 9 02 N 38 42 E Adelie Land (Terre Adelie) [claimed by France] Antarctica 66 30 S 139 00 E Aden Yemen 12 46 N 45 01 E Aden, Gulf of Indian Ocean 12 30 N 48 00 E Admiralty Island United States (Alaska) 57 44 N 134 20 W Admiralty Islands Papua New Guinea 2 10 S 147 00 E Adriatic Sea Atlantic Ocean 42 30 N 16 00 E Aegean Islands Greece 38 00 N 25 00 E Aegean Sea Atlantic Ocean 38 30 N 25 00 E Afars and Issas, French Territory of the (F.T.A.I.) Djibouti 11 30 N 43 00 E Agalega Islands Mauritius 10 25 S 56 40 E Agana (see Hagatna) Guam 13 28 N 144 45 E Ajaccio France (Corsica) 41 55 N 8 44 E Akmola (see Astana) Kazakhstan 51 10 N 71 30 E Aland Islands Finland 60 15 N 20 00 E Alaska United States 65 00 N 153 00 W Alaska, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 58 00 N 145 00 W Aldabra Islands (Groupe d'Aldabra) Seychelles 9 25 S 46 22 E Alderney [island] Guernsey 49 43 N 2 12 W Aleutian Islands United States (Alaska) 52 00 N 176 00 W Alexander Archipelago United States (Alaska) 57 00 N 134 00 W Alexander Island Antarctica 71 00 S 70 00 W Alexandria Egypt 31 12 N 29 54 E Algiers [US Embassy] Algeria 36 47 N 2 03 E Alhucemas, Penon de Spain 35 13 N 3 53 W Alma-Ata (see Almaty) Kazakhstan 43 15 N 76 57 E Almaty [US Embassy] Kazakhstan 43 15 N 76 57 E Alofi Niue 19 01 S 169 55 E Alphonse Island Seychelles 7 01 S 52 45 E Amami Strait Pacific Ocean 28 40 N 129 30 E Amindivi Islands India 11 30 N 72 30 E Amirante Isles (Les Amirantes) Seychelles 6 00 S 53 10 E Amman [US Embassy] Jordan 31 57 N 35 56 E Amsterdam [US Consulate General] Netherlands 52 22 N 4 54 E Amsterdam Island (Ile Amsterdam) French Southern and Antarctic Lands 37 52 S 77 32 E Amundsen Sea Pacific Ocean 72 30 S 112 00 W Amur River China, Russia 52 56 N 141 10 E Anatolia [region] Turkey 39 00 N 35 00 E Andaman Islands India 12 00 N 92 45 E Andaman Sea Indian Ocean 10 00 N 95 00 E Andorra la Vella Andorra 42 30 N 1 30 E Andros [island] Greece 37 45 N 24 42 E Andros Island The Bahamas 24 26 N 77 57 W Anegada Passage Atlantic Ocean 18 30 N 63 40 W Angkor Wat [ruins] Cambodia 13 26 N 103 50 E Anglo-Egyptian Sudan Sudan 15 00 N 30 00 E Anjouan [island] Comoros 12 15 S 44 25 E Ankara [US Embassy] Turkey 39 56 N 32 52 E Annobon [island] Equatorial Guinea 1 25 S 5 36 E Antananarivo [US Embassy] Madagascar 18 52 S 47 30 E Antigua [island] Antigua and Barbuda 14 34 N 90 44 W Antipodes Islands New Zealand 49 41 S 178 43 E Antwerp [European Logistical Support Office] Belgium 51 13 N 4 25 E Aozou Strip Chad 22 00 N 18 00 E Apia [US Embassy] Samoa 13 50 S 171 44 N Aqaba, Gulf of Indian Ocean 29 00 N 34 30 E Aqmola (see Astana) Kazakhstan 51 10 N 71 30 E Arab, Shatt al [river] Iran, Iraq 29 57 N 48 34 E Arabian Sea Indian Ocean 15 00 N 65 00 E Arafura Sea Pacific Ocean 9 00 S 133 00 E Aral Sea Kazakhstan, Uzbekistan 45 00 N 60 00 E Argun River China, Russia 53 20 N 121 28 E Ascension Island Saint Helena 7 57 S 14 22 W Ashgabat [US Embassy] Kozakhstan 51 00 N 71 30 E Ashkhabad (see Ashgabat) Turkmenistan 37 57 N 58 23 E Asmara [US Embassy] Eritrea 15 20 N 38 53 E Asmera (see Asmara) Eritrea 15 20 N 38 53 E Assumption Island Seychelles 9 46 S 46 34 E Astana (Akmola) Kazakhstan 51 10 N 71 30 E Asuncion [US Embassy] Paraguay 25 16 S 57 40 W Asuncion Island Northern Mariana Islands 19 40 N 145 24 E Atacama [region] Chile 24 30 S 69 15 W Athens [US Embassy] Greece 37 59 N 23 44 E Attu Island United States 52 55 N 172 57 E Auckland [US Consulate General] New Zealand 36 52 S 174 46 E Auckland Islands New Zealand 51 00 S 166 30 E Australes, Iles (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia 23 20 S 151 00 W Avarua Cook Islands 21 12 S 159 46 W Axel Heiberg Island Canada 79 30 N 90 00 W Azad Kashmir Pakistan 34 30 N 74 00 E Azores [islands] Portugal 38 30 N 28 00 W Azov, Sea of Atlantic Ocean 49 00 N 36 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) B Bab el Mandeb [strait] Indian Ocean 12 40 N 43 20 E Babuyan Channel Pacific Ocean 18 44 N 121 40 E Babuyan Islands Philippines 19 10 N 121 40 E Baffin Bay Arctic Ocean 73 00 N 66 00 W Baffin Island Canada 68 00 N 70 00 W Baghdad [US Embassy temporarily suspended; US Interests Section located in Poland's embassy in Baghdad] Iraq 33 21 N 44 25 E Baki (see Baku) Azerbaijan 40 23 N 49 51 E Baku [US Embassy] Azerbaijan 40 23 N 49 51 E Baky (see Baku) Azerbaijan 40 23 N 49 51 E Balabac Strait Pacific Ocean 7 35 N 117 00 E Balearic Islands Spain 39 30 N 3 00 E Balearic Sea (Iberian Sea) Atlantic Ocean 40 30 N 2 00 E Bali [island] Indonesia 8 20 S 115 00 E Bali Sea Indian Ocean 7 45 S 115 30 E Balintang Channel Pacific Ocean 19 49 N 121 40 E Balintang Islands Philippines 19 55 N 122 10 E Balkan Peninsula Albania, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Bulgaria, Croatia, Greece, Romania, Serbia and Montenegro, Slovenia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Turkey (European part) 42 00 N 23 00 E Balleny Islands Antarctica 67 00 S 163 00 E Balochistan [region] Pakistan 28 00 N 63 00 E Baltic Sea Atlantic Ocean 57 00 N 19 00 E Bamako [US Embassy] Mali 12 39 N 8 00 W Banaba (Ocean Island) Kiribati 0 52 S 169 35 E Bandar Seri Begawan [US Embassy] Brunei 4 52 S 114 55 E Banda Sea Pacific Ocean 5 00 S 128 00 E Bangkok [US Embassy] Thailand 13 45 N 100 31 E Bangui [US Embassy] Central African Republic 4 22 N 18 35 E Banjul [US Embassy] The Gambia 13 28 N 16 39 W Banks Island Australia 10 12 S 142 16 E Banks Island Canada 75 15 N 121 30 W Banks Islands (Iles Banks) Vanuatu 14 00 S 167 30 E Barbuda [island] Antigua and Barbuda 17 38 N 61 48 W Barcelona [US Consulate General] Spain 41 23 N 2 11 E Barents Sea Arctic Ocean 74 00 N 36 00 E Barranquilla Colombia 10 59 N 74 48 W Bashi Channel Pacific Ocean 22 00 N 121 00 E Basilan Strait Pacific Ocean 6 49 N 122 05 E Basque Provinces Spain 43 00 N 2 30 W Bass Strait Pacific Ocean 39 20 S 145 30 E Basse-Terre Guadeloupe 16 00 N 61 44 W Basseterre Saint Kitts and Nevis 17 18 N 62 43 W Bastia France (Corsica) 42 42 N 9 27 E Basutoland Lesotho 29 30 S 28 30 E Batan Islands Philippines 20 30 N 121 50 E Bavaria (Bayern) Germany 48 30 N 11 30 E Beagle Channel Atlantic Ocean 54 53 S 68 10 W Bear Island (see Bjornoya) Svalbard 74 26 N 19 5 E Beaufort Sea Arctic Ocean 73 00 N 140 00 W Bechuanaland Botswana 22 00 S 24 00 E Beijing [US Embassy] China 39 56 N 116 24 E Beirut [US Embassy] Lebanon 33 53 N 35 30 E Belau (Palau Islands) Palau 7 30 N 134 30 E Belem [US Consular Agency] Brazil 1 27 S 48 29 W Belep Islands (Iles Belep) New Caledonia 19 45 S 163 40 E Belfast [US Consulate General] United Kingdom 54 35 N 5 55 W Belgian Congo Democratic Republic of the Congo 0 00 N 25 00 E Belgrade Serbia and Montenegro 44 50 N 20 30 E Belize City [US Embassy] Belize 17 30 N 88 12 W Belle Isle, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 51 35 N 56 30 W Bellingshausen Sea Pacific Ocean 71 00 S 85 00 W Belmopan Belize 17 15 N 88 46 W Belorussia Belarus 53 00 N 28 00 E Bengal, Bay of Indian Ocean 15 00 N 90 00 E Bering Sea Pacific Ocean 60 00 N 175 00 W Bering Island Russia 55 00 N 166 30 E Bering Strait Pacific Ocean 65 30 N 169 00 W Berkner Island Antarctica 79 30 S 49 30 W Berlin [US Branch Office] Germany 52 31 N 13 24 E Berlin, East Germany 52 30 N 13 33 E Berlin, West Germany 52 30 N 12 20 E Bern [US Embassy] Switzerland 46 57 N 7 26 E Bessarabia [region] Romania, Moldova, Ukraine 47 00 N 28 30 E Bhopal India 23 16 N 77 24 E Biafra [region] Nigeria 5 30 N 7 30 E Big Diomede Island Russia 65 46 N 169 06 W Bijagos, Arquipelago dos Guinea-Bissau 11 25 N 16 20 W Bikini Atoll Marshall Islands 11 35 N 165 23 E Bilbao Spain 43 15 N 2 58 W Bioko [island] Equatorial Guinea 3 30 N 8 42 E Biscay, Bay of Atlantic Ocean 44 00 N 4 00 W Bishkek [US Embassy] Kyrgyzstan 42 54 N 74 36 E Bishop Rock United Kingdom 49 52 N 6 27 W Bismarck Archipelago Papua New Guinea 5 00 S 150 00 E Bismarck Sea Pacific Ocean 4 00 S 148 00 E Bissau [US Embassy] Guinea-Bissau 11 51 N 15 35 W Bjornoya (Bear Island) Svalbard 74 26 N 19 5 E Black Forest Germany 48 00 N 8 15 E Black Rock South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 53 39 S 41 48 W Black Sea Atlantic Ocean 43 00 N 35 00 E Bloemfontein South Africa 29 12 S 26 07 E Boa Vista [island] Cape Verde 16 05 N 22 50 W Bogota [US Embassy] Colombia 4 36 N 74 05 W Bohemia [region] Czech Republic 50 00 N 14 30 E Bombay (see Mumbai) India 18 58 N 72 50 E Bonaire [island] Netherlands Antilles 12 10 N 68 15 W Bonifacio, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 41 01 N 14 00 E Bonin Islands Japan 27 00 N 140 10 E Bonn [US Embassy] Germany 50 44 N 7 05 E Bophuthatswana South Africa 26 30 S 25 30 E Bora-Bora [island] French Polynesia 16 30 S 151 45 W Bordeaux France 44 50 N 0 34 W Borneo [island] Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia 0 30 N 114 00 E Bornholm [island] Denmark 55 10 N 15 00 E Bosnia Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 00 N 18 00 E Bosporus [strait] Atlantic Ocean 41 00 N 29 00 E Bothnia, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 63 00 N 20 00 E Bougainville [island] Papua New Guinea 6 00 S 155 00 E Bougainville Strait Pacific Ocean 6 40 S 156 10 E Bounty Islands New Zealand 47 43 S 174 00 E Brasilia [US Embassy] Brazil 15 47 S 47 55 W Bratislava [US Embassy] Slovakia 48 09 N 17 07 E Brazzaville [US Embassy] Republic of the Congo 4 16 S 15 17 E Bridgetown [US Embassy] Barbados 13 06 N 59 37 W Brisbane Australia 27 28 S 153 02 E Britain (see Great Britain) United Kingdom 54 00 N 2 00 W British East Africa Kenya, Tanzania, Uganda 1 00 N 38 00 E British Guiana Guyana 5 00 N 59 00 W British Honduras Belize 17 15 N 88 45 W British Solomon Islands Solomon Islands 8 00 S 159 00 E British Somaliland Somalia 10 00 N 49 00 E Brussels [US Embassy, US Mission to European Union (USEU), US Mission to the North Atlantic Treaty Organization (USNATO)] Belgium 50 50 N 4 20 E Bubiyan [island] Kuwait 29 47 N 48 10 E Bucharest [US Embassy] Romania 44 26 N 26 06 E Budapest [US Embassy] Hungary 47 30 N 19 05 E Buenos Aires [US Embassy] Argentina 34 36 S 58 27 W Bujumbura [US Embassy] Burundi 3 23 S 29 22 E Burnt Pine Norfolk Island 29 02 S 167 56 E Byelorussia Belarus 53 00 N 28 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) C Cabinda [province] Angola 5 33 S 12 12 E Cabot Strait Atlantic Ocean 47 20 N 59 30 W Caicos Islands Turks and Caicos Islands 21 56 N 71 58 W Cairo [US Embassy] Egypt 30 03 N 31 15 E Calcutta [US Consulate General] India 22 32 N 88 22 E Calgary [US Consulate General] Canada 51 03 N 114 05 W California, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 28 00 N 112 00 W Campbell Island New Zealand 52 33 S 169 09 E Canal Zone Panama 9 00 N 79 45 W Canary Islands Spain 28 00 N 15 30 W Canberra [US Embassy] Australia 35 17 S 149 08 E Canton (Guangzhou) China 23 06 N 113 16 E Canton Island (Kanton Island) Kiribati 2 49 S 171 40 W Cape Town [US Consulate General] South Africa 33 55 S 18 22 E Caracas [US Embassy] Venezuela 10 30 N 66 56 W Cargados Carajos Shoals Mauritius 16 25 S 59 38 E Caroline Islands Federated States of Micronesia, Palau 7 30 N 148 00 E Caribbean Sea Atlantic Ocean 15 00 N 73 00 W Carpentaria, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 14 00 S 139 00 E Casablanca [US Consulate General] Morocco 33 39 N 7 35 W Castries Saint Lucia 14 01 N 61 00 W Catalonia [region] Spain 42 00 N 2 00 E Cato Island Australia 23 15 S 155 32 E Caucasus [region] Russia 42 00 N 45 00 E Cayenne French Guiana 4 56 N 52 20 W Cebu [US Consular Agency] Philippines 10 18 N 123 54 E Celebes [island] Indonesia 2 00 S 121 00 E Celebes Sea Pacific Ocean 3 00 N 122 00 E Celtic Sea Atlantic Ocean 51 00 N 6 30 W Central African Empire Central African Republic 7 00 N 21 00 E Ceuta Spain 35 53 N 5 19 W Ceylon Sri Lanka 7 00 N 81 00 E Chafarinas, Islas Spain 35 12 N 2 26 W Chagos Archipelago (Oil Islands) British Indian Ocean Territory 6 00 S 71 30 E Channel Islands Guernsey, Jersey 49 20 N 2 20 W Charlotte Amalie Virgin Islands 18 21 N 64 56 W Chatham Islands New Zealand 44 00 S 176 30 W Chechnya (Chechnia) Russia 43 15 N 45 40 E Cheju-do [island] Korea, South 33 20 N 126 30 E Cheju Strait Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 126 30 E Chengdu [US Consulate General] China 39 39 N 104 04 E Chennai (Madras) [US Consulate General] India 13 04 N 80 16 E Chesterfield Islands (Iles Chesterfield) New Caledonia 19 52 S 158 15 E Chiang Mai [US Consulate General] Thailand 18 47 N 98 59 E Chihli, Gulf of (see Bo Hai) Pacific Ocean 38 30 N 120 00 E China, People's Republic of China 35 00 N 105 00 E China, Republic of Taiwan 23 30 N 105 00 E Chisinau [US Embassy] Moldova 47 00 N 28 50 E Choiseul [island] Solomon Islands 7 05 S 121 00 E Christmas Island [Indian Ocean] Australia 10 25 S 105 39 E Christmas Island (Kiritimati) [Pacific Ocean] Kiribati 1 52 N 157 20 W Chukchi Sea Arctic Ocean 69 00 N 171 00 W Ciskei South Africa 33 00 S 27 00 E Ciudad Juarez [US Consulate General] Mexico 31 44 N 106 29 W Cluj-Napoca [US Branch Office] Romania 46 47 N 23 36 E Cochin China [region] Vietnam 11 00 N 107 00 E Coco, Isla del Costa Rica 5 32 N 87 04 W Cocos Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12 30 S 96 50 E Colombo [US Embassy] Sri Lanka 6 56 N 79 51 E Colon, Archipielago de (Galapagos Islands) Ecuador 0 00 N 90 30 W Commander Islands (Komandorskiye Ostrova) Russia 55 00 N 167 00 E Conakry [US Embassy] Guinea 9 31 N 13 43 W Congo (Leopoldville) Democratic Republic of the Congo 15 00 S 30 00 E Con Son [Islands] Vietnam 8 43 N 106 36 E Cook Strait Pacific Ocean 41 15 S 174 30 E Copenhagen [US Embassy] Denmark 55 40 N 12 35 E Coral Sea Pacific Ocean 15 00 S 150 00 E Corfu [island] Greece 39 40 N 19 45 E Corinth Greece 37 56 N 22 56 E Corn Islands (Islas del Maiz) Nicaragua 12 15 N 83 00 W Corocoro Island Guyana, Venezuela 3 38 N 66 50 W Corsica (Corse) [island] France 42 00 N 9 00 E Corsico [island] Equatorial Guinea 0 55 N 9 19 E Cosmoledo Group (Atoll de Cosmoledo) Seychelles 9 43 S 47 35 E Cotonou [US Embassy] Benin 6 21 N 2 26 E Courantyne River Guyana, Suriname 5 57 N 57 06 W Crete [island] Greece 35 15 N 24 45 E Crimea [region] Ukraine 45 00 N 34 00 E Crimean Peninsula Ukraine 45 00 N 34 00 E Crooked Island Passage Atlantic Ocean 22 55 N 74 35 W Crozet Islands (Iles Crozet) French Southern and Antarctic Lands 46 30 S 51 00 E Curacao [US Consulate General] Netherlands Antilles 12 11 N 69 00 W Cyclades [islands] Greece 37 00 N 25 10 E Czechoslovakia Czech Republic, Slovakia 49 00 N 18 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) D Dahomey Benin 9 30 N 2 15 E Daito Islands Japan 43 00 N 17 00 E Dakar [US Embassy] Senegal 14 40 N 17 26 W Dalmatia [region] Croatia 43 00 N 17 00 E Daman (Damao) India 20 10 N 73 00 E Damascus [US Embassy] Syria 33 30 N 36 18 E Danger Islands (see Pukapuka Atoll) Cook Islands 10 53 S 165 49 W Danish Straits Atlantic Ocean 58 00 N 11 00 E Danish West Indies Virgin Islands 18 20 N 64 50 W Danzig (Gdansk) Poland 54 23 N 18 40 E Dao Bach Long Vi [island] Vietnam 20 08 N 107 44 E Dardanelles [strait] Atlantic Ocean 40 15 N 26 25 E Dar es Salaam [US Embassy] Tanzania 6 48 S 39 17 E Davis Strait Atlantic Ocean 67 00 N 57 00 W Dead Sea Israel, Jordan, West Bank 32 30 N 35 30 E Deception Island Antarctica 62 56 S 60 34 W Denmark Strait Atlantic Ocean 67 00 N 24 00 W D'Entrecasteaux Islands Papua New Guinea 9 30 S 150 40 E Desolation Islands (Isles Kerguelen) French Southern and Antarctic Lands 49 30 S 69 30 E Devils Island (Ile du Diable) French Guiana 5 17 N 52 35 W Devon Island Canada 76 00 N 87 00 W Dhahran [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia 26 18 N 50 08 E Dhaka [US Embassy] Bangladesh 23 43 N 90 25 E Dhofar [region] Oman 17 00 N 54 10 E Diego Garcia [island] British Indian Ocean Territory 7 20 S 72 25 E Diego Ramirez [islands] Chile 56 30 S 68 43 W Diomede Islands Russia [Big Diomede], United States [Little Diomede] 65 47 N 169 00 W Diu India 20 42 N 70 59 E Djibouti [US Embassy] Djibouti 11 30 N 43 15 E Dnieper [river] (Dnyapro, Dnepr, Dnipro) Belarus, Russia, Ukraine 46 30 N 32 18 E Dniester [river] (Nistru, Dnister) Moldova, Ukraine 46 18 N 30 17 E Dodecanese [islands] Greece 36 00 N 27 05 E Dodoma Tanzania 6 11 S 35 45 E Doha [US Embassy] Qatar 25 17 N 51 32 E Donets Basin Russia, Ukraine 48 15 N 38 30 E Douala Cameroon 4 03 N 9 42 E Douglas Man, Isle of 54 09 N 4 28 W Dover, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 51 00 N 1 30 E Drake Passage Atlantic Ocean 60 00 S 60 00 W Dubai [US Consulate General] United Arab Emirates 25 18 N 55 18 E Dubayy (see Dubai) United Arab Emirates 25 18 N 55 18 E Dublin [US Embassy] Ireland 53 20 N 6 15 W Durban [US Consulate General] South Africa 29 55 S 30 56 E Dushanbe [US Embassy] Tajikistan 38 35 N 68 48 E Dutch Antilles Netherlands Antilles 52 05 N 4 18 E Dutch East Indies Indonesia 5 00 S 120 00 E Dutch Guiana Suriname 4 00 N 56 00 W Dutch West Indies Netherlands Antilles 52 05 N 4 18 E Dzungarian Gate China, Kazakhstan 45 25 N 82 25 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) E East China Sea Pacific Ocean 30 00 N 126 00 E East Frisian Islands Germany 53 44 N 7 25 E East Germany (German Democratic Republic) Germany 52 00 N 13 00 E East Korea Strait (Eastern Channel or Tsushima Strait) Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 129 00 E East Pakistan Bangladesh 24 00 N 90 00 E East Siberian Sea Arctic Ocean 74 00 N 166 00 E East Timor (Portuguese Timor) Indonesia 9 00 S 126 00 E Easter Island (Isla de Pascua) Chile 27 07 S 109 22 W Eastern Channel (East Korea Strait or Tsushima Strait) Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 129 00 E Eastern Samoa American Samoa 14 20 S 170 00 W Edinburgh [US Consulate General] United Kingdom 55 57 N 3 13 W Eire Ireland 53 00 N 8 00 W Elba [island] Italy 42 46 N 10 17 E Ellef Ringnes Island Canada 78 00 N 103 00 W Ellesmere Island Canada 81 00 N 80 00 W Ellice Islands Tuvalu 8 00 S 178 00 E Elobey, Islas de Equatorial Guinea 0 59 N 9 33 E Enderbury Island Kiribati 3 08 S 171 5 W Enewetak Atoll (Eniwetok Atoll) Marshall Islands 11 30 N 162 15 E England [region] United Kingdom 52 30 N 1 30 W English Channel Atlantic Ocean 50 20 N 1 00 W Eniwetok Atoll (see Enewetak Atoll) Marshall Islands 11 30 N 162 15 E Eolie, Isole Italy 38 30 N 15 00 E Epirus, Northern Albania, Greece 40 00 N 20 30 E Espana Spain 40 00 N 4 00 W Essequibo [region] [claimed by Venezuela] Guyana 6 59 N 58 23 W Etorofu (Iturup) [island] Russia [de facto] 44 55 N 147 40 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) F Farquhar Group (Atoll de Farquhar) Seychelles 10 10 S 51 10 E Fernando de Noronha Brazil 3 51 S 32 25 W Fernando Po [island] (see Bioko) Equatorial Guinea 3 30 N 8 42 E Finland, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 60 00 N 27 00 E Florence [US Consulate General] Italy 43 46 N 11 15 E Florida, Straits of Atlantic Ocean 25 00 N 79 45 W former Soviet Union (FSU) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Formosa [island] Taiwan 23 30 N 121 00 E Formosa Strait (see Taiwan Strait) Pacific Ocean 24 00 N 119 00 E Fortaleza [US Consular Agency] Brazil 3 43 S 38 30 W Fort-de-France Martinique 14 36 N 61 05 W Frankfurt am Main [US Consulate General] Germany 50 07 N 8 40 E Franz Josef Land [islands] Russia 81 00 N 55 00 E Freetown [US Embassy] Sierra Leone 8 30 N 13 15 W French Cameroon Cameroon 6 00 N 12 00 E French Guinea Guinea 11 00 N 10 00 W French Indochina Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam 15 00 N 107 00 E French Morocco Morocco 32 00 N 5 00 W French Somaliland Djibouti 11 30 N 43 00 W French Sudan Mali 17 00 N 4 00 W French Territory of the Afars and Issas (F.T.A.I.) Djibouti 11 30 N 43 00 E French Togo Togo 8 00 N 1 10 E French West Indies Guadeloupe, Martinique 16 30 N 62 00 W Friendly Islands Tonga 20 00 S 175 00 W Frisian Islands Denmark, Germany, Netherlands 53 35 N 6 40 E Frunze (see Bishkek) Kyrgyzstan 42 54 N 74 36 E Fukuoka [US Consulate] Japan 33 35 N 130 24 E Funafuti Tuvalu 8 30 S 179 12 E Fundy, Bay of Atlantic Ocean 45 00 N 66 00 W Futuna Islands (Hoorn Islands/Iles de Horne) Wallis and Futuna 14 19 S 178 05 W Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) G Gaborone [US Embassy] Botswana 24 45 S 25 55 E Galapagos Islands (Archipielago de Colon) Ecuador 0 00 N 90 30 W Galilee [region] Israel 32 54 N 35 20 E Galleons Passage Atlantic Ocean 11 00 N 60 55 W Gambier Islands (Iles Gambier) French Polynesia 23 09 S 134 58 W Gaspar Strait Pacific Ocean 3 00 S 107 00 E Geneva [US Consular Agency, US Mission to European Office of the UN and Other International Organizations] Switzerland 46 12 N 6 10 E Genoa Italy 44 25 N 8 57 E George Town Malaysia 5 26 N 100 16 E George Town The Bahamas 23 30 N 75 46 W George Town Cayman Islands 19 20 N 81 23 W Georgetown The Gambia 13 30 N 14 47 W Georgetown [US Embassy] Guyana 6 48 N 58 10 W German Democratic Republic (East Germany) Germany 52 00 N 13 00 E German Southwest Africa Namibia 22 00 S 17 00 E Germany, Federal Republic of Germany 51 00 N 9 00 E Gibraltar Gibraltar 36 11 N 5 22 W Gibraltar, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 35 57 N 5 36 W Gidi Pass Egypt 30 13 N 33 09 E Gilbert Islands Kiribati 1 25 N 173 00 E Goa [state] India 14 20 N 74 00 E Godthab (Nuuk) Greenland 64 11 N 51 44 W Gold Coast Ghana 8 00 N 2 00 W Golan Heights [region] Syria 33 00 N 35 45 E Good Hope, Cape of South Africa 34 24 S 18 30 E Goteborg Sweden 57 43 N 11 58 E Gotland [island] Sweden 57 30 N 18 33 E Gough Island Saint Helena 40 10 S 9 45 W Grand Banks Atlantic Ocean 47 06 N 55 48 W Grand Cayman [island] Cayman Islands 19 20 N 81 20 W Grand Turk Turks and Caicos Islands 21 28 N 71 08 W Great Australian Bight Indian Ocean 35 00 S 130 00 E Great Belt (Store Baelt) Atlantic Ocean 55 30 N 11 00 E Great Bitter Lake Egypt 30 20 N 32 23 E Great Britain [island] United Kingdom 54 00 N 2 00 W Great Channel Indian Ocean 6 25 N 94 20 E Greater Sunda Islands Brunei, Indonesia, Malaysia 2 00 S 110 00 E Green Islands Papua New Guinea 4 30 S 154 10 E Greenland Sea Arctic Ocean 79 00 N 5 00 W Grenadines, Northern Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13 15 N 61 12 W Grenadines, Southern Grenada 12 07 N 61 40 W Grytviken South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 54 15 S 36 45 W Guadalajara [US Consulate General] Mexico 20 40 N 103 20 W Guadalcanal [island] Solomon Islands 9 32 S 160 12 E Guadalupe, Isla de Mexico 29 11 N 118 17 W Guangzhou [US Consulate General] China 23 06 N 113 16 E Guantanamo Bay [US Naval Base] Cuba 20 00 N 75 08 W Guatemala [US Embassy] Guatemala 14 38 N 90 31 W Guinea, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 3 00 N 2 30 E Guayaquil [US Consulate General] Ecuador 2 13 S 79 54 W Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) H Ha'apai Group Tonga 19 42 S 174 29 W Habomai Islands Russia [de facto] 43 30 N 146 10 E Hadhramaut [region] Yemen 15 00 N 50 00 E Hagatna (Agana) Guam 13 28 N 144 45 E Hague, The [US Embassy] Netherlands 52 05 N 4 18 E Haifa Israel 32 50 N 35 00 E Haiphong Vietnam 20 52 N 106 41 E Hainan Dao [island] China 19 00 N 109 30 E Halifax [US Consulate General] Canada 44 39 N 63 36 W Halmahera [island] Indonesia 1 00 N 128 00 E Hamburg [US Consulate General] Germany 53 33 N 9 59 E Hamilton [US Consulate General] Bermuda 32 17 N 64 46 W Hanoi [US Embassy] Vietnam 21 02 N 105 51 E Harare [US Embassy] Zimbabwe 17 50 S 31 03 E Hatay [province] Turkey 36 30 N 36 15 E Havana [US post not maintained; representation by US Interests Section (USINT) of the Swiss Embassy] Cuba 23 08 N 82 22 W Hawaii United States 20 00 N 157 45 W Heard Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands 53 06 S 73 30 E Hejaz [region] Saudi Arabia 24 30 N 38 30 E Helsinki [US Embassy] Finland 60 10 N 24 58 E Hermosillo [US Consulate] Mexico 29 04 N 110 58 W Herzegovina Bosnia and Herzegovina 44 00 N 18 00 E Hispaniola [island] Dominican Republic, Haiti 18 45 N 71 00 W Ho Chi Minh City Vietnam 10 45 N 106 40 E Hokkaido [island] Japan 44 00 N 143 00 E Holland Netherlands 52 30 N 5 45 E Hong Kong [US Consulate General] Hong Kong 22 15 N 114 10 E Honiara Solomon Islands 9 26 S 159 57 E Honshu [island] Japan 36 00 N 138 00 E Hormuz, Strait of Indian Ocean 26 34 N 56 15 E Horn, Cape (Cabo de Hornos) Chile 55 59 S 67 16 W Horne, Iles de Wallis and Futuna 14 19 S 178 05 W Horn of Africa Djibouti, Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia 8 00 N 48 00 E Hudson Bay Arctic Ocean 60 00 N 86 00 W Hudson Strait Arctic Ocean 62 00 N 71 00 W Hunter Island New Caledonia, Vanuatu 22 24 S 172 06 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) I Iberian Peninsula Portugal, Spain 40 00 N 5 00 W Inaccessible Island Saint Helena 37 17 S 12 40 W Indochina Cambodia, Laos, Vietnam 15 00 N 107 00 E Inland Sea Japan 34 20 N 133 30 E Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) China 42 00 N 113 00 E Ionian Islands Greece 38 30 N 20 30 E Ionian Sea Atlantic Ocean 38 30 N 18 00 E Irian Jaya [province] Indonesia 5 00 S 138 00 E Irish Sea Atlantic Ocean 53 30 N 5 20 W Iron Gate Romania, Serbia and Montenegro 44 41 N 22 31 E Islamabad [US Embassy] Pakistan 33 42 N 73 10 E Islas Malvinas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 51 45 S 59 00 W Istanbul [US Consulate General] Turkey 41 01 N 28 58 E Istrian Peninsula Croatia, Slovenia 45 00 N 14 00 E Italian East Africa Eritrea, Ethiopia, Somalia 8 00 N 38 00 E Italian Somaliland Somalia 10 00 N 49 00 E Iturup (see Etorofu) Russia [de facto] 44 55 N 147 40 E Ivory Coast Cote d'Ivoire 8 00 N 5 00 W Iwo Jima [island] Japan 24 47 N 141 20 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) J Jakarta [US Embassy] Indonesia 6 10 S 106 48 E Jamestown Saint Helena 15 56 S 5 44 W Jammu India 32 42 N 74 52 E Jammu and Kashmir [region] India, Pakistan 34 00 N 76 00 E Japan, Sea of Pacific Ocean 40 00 N 135 00 E Jars, Plain of Laos 19 27 N 103 10 E Java [island] Indonesia 7 30 S 110 00 E Java Sea Pacific Ocean 5 00 S 110 00 E Jeddah (see Jiddah) Saudi Arabia 21 30 N 39 12 E Jerusalem [US Consulate General] Israel, West Bank 31 47 N 35 14 E Jiddah [US Consulate General] Saudi Arabia 21 30 N 39 12 E Johannesburg [US Consulate General] South Africa 26 15 S 28 00 E Juan de Fuca, Strait of Pacific Ocean 48 18 N 124 00 W Juan Fernandez, Isla de Chile 33 00 S 80 00 W Jubal, Strait of Indian Ocean 27 40 N 33 55 E Judaea [region] Israel, West Bank 31 35 N 35 00 E Jutland [region] Denmark 56 00 N 9 15 E Juventud, Isla de la (Isle of Youth) Cuba 21 40 N 82 50 W Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) K Kabul [US Embassy now closed] Afghanistan 34 31 N 69 12 E Kaduna Nigeria 10 33 N 7 27 E Kailas Range China, India 30 00 N 82 00 E Kalimantan [region] Indonesia 0 00 N 115 00 E Kamaran [island] Yemen 15 21 N 42 34 E Kamchatka Peninsula (Poluostrov Kamchatka) Russia 56 00 N 160 00 E Kampala [US Embassy] Uganda 0 19 N 32 25 E Kampuchea Cambodia 13 00 N 105 00 E Kanton Island Kiribati 2 49 S 171 40 W Karachi [US Consulate General] Pakistan 24 52 N 67 03 E Kara Sea Arctic Ocean 76 00 N 80 00 E Karakoram Pass China, India 35 30 N 77 50 E Karelian Isthmus Russia 60 25 N 30 00 E Karimata Strait Pacific Ocean 2 05 S 108 40 E Kashmir [region] India, Pakistan 34 00 N 76 00 E Katanga [region] Democratic Republic of the Congo 10 00 S 26 00 E Kathmandu [US Embassy] Nepal 27 43 N 85 19 E Kattegat [strait] Atlantic Ocean 57 00 N 11 00 E Kauai Channel Pacific Ocean 21 45 N 158 50 W Keeling Islands Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12 30 S 96 50 E Kerguelen, Iles French Southern and Antarctic Lands 49 30 S 69 30 E Kermadec Islands New Zealand 29 50 S 178 15 W Kerulen River China, Mongolia 48 48 N 117 00 E Khabarovsk Russia 48 27 N 135 06 E Khanka, Lake China, Russia 45 00 N 132 24 E Khartoum [US Embassy] Sudan 15 36 N 32 32 E Khmer Republic Cambodia 13 00 N 105 00 E Khuriya Muriya Islands (Kuria Muria Islands) Oman 17 30 N 56 00 E Khyber Pass Afghanistan, Pakistan 34 05 N 71 10 E Kiel Canal (Nord-Ostsee Kanal) Atlantic Ocean 53 53 N 9 08 E Kiev [US Embassy] Ukraine 50 26 N 30 31 E Kigali [US Embassy] Rwanda 1 57 S 30 04 E Kingston [US Embassy] Jamaica 18 00 N 76 48 W Kingston Norfolk Island 29 03 S 167 58 E Kingstown Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 13 09 N 61 14 W Kinshasa [US Embassy] Democratic Republic of the Congo 4 18 S 15 18 E Kirghiziya Kyrgyzstan 41 00 N 75 00 E Kiritimati (Christmas Island) Kiribati 1 52 N 157 20 W Kishinev (see Chisinau) Moldova 47 00 N 28 50 E Kithira Strait Atlantic Ocean 36 00 N 23 00 E Kobe Japan 34 41 N 135 10 E Kodiak Island United States 57 49 N 152 23 W Kola Peninsula (Kol'skiy Poluostrov) Russia 67 20 N 37 00 E Kolonia [US Embassy] Federated States of Micronesia 6 58 N 158 13 E Korea Bay Pacific Ocean 39 00 N 124 00 E Korea, Democratic People's Republic of North Korea 40 00 N 127 00 E Korea, Republic of South Korea 37 00 N 127 30 E Korea Strait Pacific Ocean 34 00 N 129 00 E Koror [US Embassy] Palau 7 20 N 134 29 E Kosovo [region] Serbia and Montenegro 42 30 N 21 00 E Kowloon Hong Kong 22 18 N 114 10 E Kra, Isthmus of Burma, Thailand 10 20 N 99 00 E Krakatoa [volcano] Indonesia 6 07 S 105 24 E Krakow [US Consulate General] Poland 50 03 N 19 58 E Kuala Lumpur [US Embassy] Malaysia 3 10 N 101 42 E Kunashiri (Kunashir) [island] Russia [de facto] 44 20 N 146 00 E Kunlun Mountains China 36 00 N 84 00 E Kuril Islands Russia [de facto] 46 10 N 152 00 E Kuwait [US Embassy] Kuwait 29 20 N 47 59 E Kuznetsk Basin Russia 54 00 N 86 00 E Kwajalein Atoll Marshall Islands 9 05 N 167 20 E Kyushu [island] Japan 33 00 N 131 00 E Kyyiv (see Kiev) Ukraine 50 26 N 30 31 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) L Labrador Canada 54 00 N 62 00 W Laccadive Islands India 10 00 N 73 00 E Laccadive Sea Indian Ocean 7 00 N 76 00 E Lagos [US Embassy] Nigeria 6 27 N 3 24 E Lahore [US Consulate General] Pakistan 31 35 N 74 18 E Lakshadweep (Laccadive Islands) India 10 00 N 73 00 E La Paz [US Embassy] Bolivia 16 30 S 68 09 W La Perouse Strait Pacific Ocean 45 45 N 142 00 E Laptev Sea Arctic Ocean 76 00 N 126 00 E Las Palmas Spain 28 06 N 15 24 W Lau Group Fiji 18 20 S 178 30 E Lefkosa (see Nicosia) Cyprus 35 10 N 33 22 E Leipzig [US Consulate General] Germany 51 19 N 12 20 E Lemnos [island] Greece 39 54 N 25 21 E Leningrad (see Saint Petersburg) Russia 59 55 N 30 15 E Lesser Sunda Islands Indonesia 9 00 S 120 00 E Lesvos [island] Greece 39 15 N 26 15 E Leyte [island] Philippines 10 50 N 124 50 E Liancourt Rocks [claimed by Japan] South Korea 37 15 N 131 50 E Libreville [US Embassy] Gabon 0 23 N 9 27 E Ligurian Sea Atlantic Ocean 43 30 N 9 00 E Lilongwe [US Embassy] Malawi 13 59 S 33 44 E Lima [US Embassy] Peru 12 03 S 77 03 W Lincoln Sea Arctic Ocean 83 00 N 56 00 W Line Islands Jarvis Island, Kingman Reef, Kiribati, Palmyra Atoll 0 05 N 157 00 W Lisbon [US Embassy] Portugal 38 43 N 9 08 W Ljubljana [US Embassy] Slovenia 46 03 N 14 31 E Lobamba Swaziland 26 27 S 31 12 E Lombok Strait Indian Ocean 8 30 S 115 50 E Lome [US Embassy] Togo 6 08 N 1 13 E London [US Embassy] United Kingdom 51 30 N 0 10 W Longyearbyen Svalbard 78 13 N 15 33 E Lord Howe Island Australia 31 30 S 159 00 E Louisiade Archipelago Papua New Guinea 11 00 S 153 00 E Loyalty Islands (Iles Loyaute) New Caledonia 21 00 S 167 00 E Luanda [US Embassy] Angola 8 48 S 13 14 E Lubumbashi Democratic Republic of the Congo 11 40 S 27 28 E Lusaka [US Embassy] Zambia 15 25 S 28 17 E Luxembourg [US Embassy] Luxembourg 49 45 N 6 10 E Luzon [island] Philippines 16 00 N 121 00 E Luzon Strait Pacific Ocean 20 30 N 121 00 E Lyakhov Islands Russia 73 45 N 138 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) M Macao Macau 22 10 N 113 33 E Macedonia The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 41 50 N 22 00 E Macquarie Island Australia 30 07 S 147 24 E Maddalena, Isola Italy 41 13 N 09 24 E Madeira Islands Portugal 32 40 N 16 45 W Madras [see Chennai] India 13 04 N 80 16 E Madrid [US Embassy] Spain 40 24 N 3 41 W Magellan, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 54 00 S 71 00 W Maghreb Algeria, Libya, Mauritania, Morocco, Tunisia 30 00 N 5 00 E Mahe Island Seychelles 4 41 S 55 30 E Maiz, Islas del (Corn Islands) Nicaragua 12 15 N 83 00 W Majorca Island (Isla de Mallorca) Spain 39 30 N 3 00 E Majuro [US Embassy] Marshall Islands 7 05 N 171 08 E Makassar Strait Pacific Ocean 2 00 S 117 30 E Malabo Equatorial Guinea 3 45 N 8 47 E Malacca, Strait of Indian Ocean 2 30 N 101 20 E Malagasy Republic Madagascar 20 00 S 47 00 E Male Maldives 4 10 N 73 31 E Mallorca (Majorca) Spain 39 30 N 3 00 E Malpelo, Isla de Colombia 4 00 N 90 30 W Malta Channel Atlantic Ocean 56 44 N 26 53 E Malvinas, Islas Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 51 45 S 59 00 W Mamoutzou Mayotte 12 47 S 45 14 E Managua [US Embassy] Nicaragua 12 09 N 86 17 W Manama [US Embassy] Bahrain 26 13 N 50 35 E Manaus [US Consular Agency] Brazil 3 08 S 60 01 W Manchukuo China 44 00 N 124 00 E Manchuria China 44 00 N 124 00 E Manila [US Embassy] Philippines 14 35 N 121 00 E Manipa Strait Pacific Ocean 3 20 S 127 23 E Mannar, Gulf of Indian Ocean 8 30 N 79 00 E Manua Islands American Samoa 14 13 S 169 35 W Maputo [US Embassy] Mozambique 25 58 S 32 35 E Marcus Island (Minami-tori-shima) Japan 24 16 N 154 00 E Mariana Islands Guam, Northern Mariana Islands 16 00 N 145 30 E Marion Island South Africa 46 51 S 37 52 E Marmara, Sea of Atlantic Ocean 40 40 N 28 15 E Marquesas Islands (Iles Marquises) French Polynesia 9 00 S 139 30 W Marseille [US Consulate General] France 43 18 N 5 24 E Martin Vaz, Ilhas Brazil 20 30 S 28 51 W Mas a Tierra (Robinson Crusoe Island) Chile 33 38 S 78 52 W Mascarene Islands Mauritius, Reunion 21 00 S 57 00 E Maseru [US Embassy] Lesotho 29 28 S 27 30 E Matamoros [US Consulate] Mexico 25 53 N 97 30 W Mata-Utu Wallis and Futuna 13 57 S 171 56 W Matsu [island] Taiwan 26 13 N 119 56 E Matthew Island New Caledonia, Vanuatu 22 20 S 171 20 E Mazatlan Mexico 23 13 N 106 25 W Mbabane [US Embassy] Swaziland 26 18 S 31 06 E McDonald Islands Heard Island and McDonald Islands 53 06 S 73 30 E Mecca Saudi Arabia 21 27 N 39 49 E Medan [US Consulate General] Indonesia 3 35 N 98 40 E Mediterranean Sea Atlantic Ocean 36 00 N 15 00 E Melbourne [US Consulate General] Australia 37 49 S 144 58 E Melilla Spain 35 19 N 2 58 W Merida [US Consulate] Mexico 20 58 N 89 37 W Mesopotamia Iraq 33 00 N 44 00 E Messina, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 38 15 N 15 35 E Mexico [US Embassy] Mexico 19 24 N 99 09 W Mexico, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 25 00 N 90 00 W Milan [US Consulate General] Italy 45 28 N 9 12 E Minami-tori-shima (Marcus Island) Japan 24 16 N 154 00 E Mindanao [island] Philippines 8 00 N 125 00 E Mindoro [island] Philippines 12 50 N 121 05 E Mindoro Strait Pacific Ocean 12 20 N 120 40 E Minicoy Island India 8 17 N 73 02 E Minsk [US Embassy] Belarus 53 54 N 27 34 E Minorca Island (Isla de Menorca) Spain 40 00 N 4 00 E Mitla Pass Egypt 30 02 N 32 54 E Mogadishu Somalia 2 04 N 45 22 E Moldavia [region] Moldova, Romania 47 00 N 29 00 E Moluccas (Spice Islands) Indonesia 2 00 S 28 00 E Mombasa Kenya 4 03 S 39 40 E Mona Passage Atlantic Ocean 18 30 N 67 45 W Monaco Monaco 43 44 N 7 25 E Monrovia [US Embassy] Liberia 6 18 N 10 47 W Montenegro Serbia and Montenegro 42 30 N 19 00 E Monterrey Mexico 25 40 N 100 19 W Montevideo [US Embassy] Uruguay 34 53 S 56 11 W Montreal [US Consulate General, US Mission to the International Civil Aviation Organization (ICAO)] Canada 45 31 N 73 34 W Moravia [region] Czech Republic 49 30 N 17 00 E Moravian Gate Czech Republic 49 35 N 17 50 E Moroni Comoros 11 41 S 43 16 E Mortlock Islands (Nomoi Islands) Federated States of Micronesia 5 30 N 153 40 E Moscow [US Embassy] Russia 55 45 N 37 35 E Mount Pinatubo Philippines 15 08 N 120 21 E Mozambique Channel Indian Ocean 19 00 S 41 00 E Mumbai [US Consulate General] India 18 58 N 72 50 E Munich [US Consulate General] Germany 48 09 N 11 35 E Musandam Peninsula Oman, United Arab Emirates 26 18 N 56 24 E Muscat [US Embassy] Oman 23 37 N 58 35 E Muscat and Oman Oman 21 00 N 57 00 E Myanma, Myanmar Burma 22 00 N 98 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) N Nagorno-Karabakh [region] Azerbaijan 40 00 N 46 40 E Nagoya [US Consulate] Japan 35 10 N 136 55 E Naha [US Consulate General] Japan 26 13 N 127 40 E Nairobi [US Embassy] Kenya 1 17 S 36 49 E Nampo-shoto [islands] Japan 30 00 N 140 00 E Naples [US Consulate General] Italy 40 50 N 14 15 E Nassau [US Embassy] The Bahamas 25 05 N 77 21 W Natuna Besar Islands Indonesia 3 30 N 102 30 E Naxcivan [region] Azerbaijan 39 20 N 45 20 E N'Djamena [US Embassy] Chad 12 07 N 15 03 E Negev [region] Israel 30 30 N 34 55 E Negros [island] Philippines 10 00 N 123 00 E Netherlands East Indies Indonesia 5 00 S 120 00 E Netherlands Guiana Suriname 4 00 N 56 00 W Nevis [island] Saint Kitts and Nevis 17 09 N 62 35 W New Britain [island] Papua New Guinea 6 00 S 150 00 E New Delhi [US Embassy] India 28 36 N 77 12 E New Guinea Indonesia, Papua New Guinea 5 00 S 140 00 E New Hebrides Vanuatu 16 00 S 167 00 E New Siberian Islands Russia 75 00 N 142 00 E New Territories Hong Kong 22 24 N 114 10 E New York, New York [US Mission to the United Nations (USUN)] United States 40 43 N 74 01 W Newfoundland [island] Canada 52 00 N 56 00 W Niamey [US Embassy] Niger 13 31 N 2 07 E Nicobar Islands India 8 00 N 93 30 E Nicosia [US Embassy] Cyprus 35 10 N 33 22 E Nightingale Island Saint Helena 37 25 S 12 30 W Nomoi Islands (Mortlock Islands) Federated States of Micronesia 5 30 N 153 40 E North Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 30 00 N 45 00 W North Channel Atlantic Ocean 55 10 N 5 40 W North Frisian Islands Denmark, Germany 54 50 N 8 12 E North Island New Zealand 39 00 S 176 00 E North Korea North Korea 40 00 N 127 00 E North Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 30 00 N 165 00 W North Sea Atlantic Ocean 56 00 N 4 00 E North Vietnam Vietnam 23 00 N 106 00 E North Yemen (Yemen Arab Republic) Yemen 15 00 N 44 00 E Northeast Providence Channel Atlantic Ocean 25 40 N 77 09 W Northern Epirus Albania, Greece 40 00 N 20 30 E Northern Grenadines Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 12 45 N 61 15 W Northern Ireland United Kingdom 54 40 N 6 45 W Northern Rhodesia Zambia 15 00 S 30 00 E Northwest Passages Arctic Ocean 74 40 N 100 00 W Norwegian Sea Atlantic Ocean 66 00 N 6 00 E Nouakchott [US Embassy] Mauritania 18 06 N 15 57 W Noumea New Caledonia 22 16 S 166 27 E Novaya Zemlya [islands] Russia 74 00 N 57 00 E Nubia Sudan 20 30 N 33 00 E Nuku'alofa Tonga 21 08 S 175 12 W Nuevo Laredo [US Consulate] Mexico 27 30 N 99 31 W Nuuk (Godthab) Greenland 64 11 N 51 44 W Nyasaland Malawi 13 30 S 34 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) O Oahu United States 21 30 N 158 00 W Ocean Island (Banaba) Kiribati 0 52 S 169 35 E Ocean Island (Kure Island) United States 28 25 N 178 20 W Ogaden [region] Ethiopia, Somalia 7 00 N 46 00 E Oil Islands (Chagos Archipelago) British Indian Ocean Territory 6 00 S 71 30 E Okhotsk, Sea of Pacific Ocean 53 00 N 150 00 E Okinawa [island group] Japan 26 30 N 128 00 E Oman, Gulf of Indian Ocean 24 30 N 58 30 E Ombai Strait Pacific Ocean 8 30 S 125 00 E Oran Algeria 35 43 N 0 43 W Oranjestad Aruba 12 33 N 70 06 W Oresund (The Sound) Atlantic Ocean 55 50 N 12 40 E Orkney Islands United Kingdom 59 00 N 3 00 W Osaka-Kobe [US Consulate General] Japan 34 40 N 135 30 E Oslo [US Embassy] Norway 59 55 N 10 45 E Osumi Strait (Van Diemen Strait) Pacific Ocean 31 00 N 131 00 E Otranto, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 40 00 N 19 00 E Ottawa [US Embassy] Canada 45 20 N 73 58 W Ouagadougou [US Embassy] Burkina Faso 12 22 N 1 31 W Outer Mongolia Mongolia 46 00 N 105 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) P Pacific Islands, Trust Territory of the Marshall Islands, Federated States of Micronesia, Northern Mariana Islands, Palau 10 00 N 155 00 E Pagan [island] Northern Mariana Islands 18 8 N 145 47 E Pago Pago American Samoa 14 16 S 170 42 W Palawan [island] Philippines 9 30 N 118 30 E Palermo Italy 38 07 N 13 21 E Palestine Israel, West Bank 32 00 N 35 15 E Palikir Federated States of Micronesia 6 55 N 158 08 E Palk Strait Indian Ocean 10 00 N 79 45 E Pamirs [mountains] China, Tajikistan 38 00 N 73 00 E Pampas [region] Argentina 35 00 N 63 00 W Panama [US Embassy] Panama 8 58 N 79 32 W Panama Canal Panama 9 00 N 79 45 W Panama, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 8 00 N 79 30 W Panay [island] Philippines 11 15 N 122 30 E Pantelleria, Isola di Italy 36 47 N 12 00 E Papeete French Polynesia 17 32 S 149 34 W Paramaribo [US Embassy] Suriname 5 50 N 55 10 W Parece Vela [island] Japan 20 20 N 136 00 E Paris [US Embassy, US Mission to the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), US Observer Mission to the UN Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization (UNESCO)] France 48 52 N 2 20 E Pascua, Isla de (Easter Island) Chile 27 07 S 109 22 W Passion, Ile de la Clipperton Island 10 17 N 109 13 W Pashtunistan [region] Afghanistan, Pakistan 32 00 N 69 00 E Peking (see Beijing) China 39 56 N 116 24 E Pelagian Islands (Isole Pelagie) Italy 35 40 N 12 40 E Peleliu (Beliliou) [island] Palau 7 01 N 134 15 E Pemba Island Tanzania 7 31 S 39 25 E Penang Island Malaysia 5 23 N 100 15 E Pentland Firth Atlantic Ocean 58 44 N 3 13 W Perim [island] Yemen 12 39 N 43 25 E Perouse Strait, La Pacific Ocean 44 45 N 142 00 E Persia Iran 32 00 N 53 00 E Persian Gulf Indian Ocean 27 00 N 51 00 E Perth [US Consulate General] Australia 31 56 S 115 50 E Pescadores [islands] Taiwan 23 30 N 119 30 E Peshawar [US Consulate] Pakistan 34 01 N 71 33 E Peter I Island Antarctica 68 48 S 90 35 W Philip Island Norfolk Island 29 08 S 167 57 E Philippine Sea Pacific Ocean 20 00 N 134 00 E Phnom Penh [US Embassy] Cambodia 11 33 N 104 55 E Phoenix Islands Kiribati 3 30 S 172 00 W Pines, Isle of (Isla de la Juventud) Cuba 21 40 N 82 50 W Pleasant Island Nauru 0 32 S 166 55 E Plymouth Montserrat 16 44 N 62 14 W Ponape (Pohnpei) [island] Federated States of Micronesia 6 55 N 158 15 E Ponta Delgada [US Consulate] Portugal 37 44 N 25 40 W Port-au-Prince [US Embassy] Haiti 18 32 N 72 20 W Port Louis [US Embassy] Mauritius 20 10 S 57 30 E Port Moresby [US Embassy] Papua New Guinea 9 30 S 147 10 E Porto Alegre [US Consulate] Brazil 30 04 S 51 11 W Port-of-Spain [US Embassy] Trinidad and Tobago 10 39 N 61 31 W Porto-Novo Benin 6 29 N 2 37 E Portuguese East Africa Mozambique 18 15 S 35 00 E Portuguese Guinea Guinea-Bissau 12 00 N 15 00 W Portuguese Timor (East Timor) Indonesia 9 00 S 126 00 E Port-Vila Vanuatu 17 44 S 168 19 E Poznan Poland 52 25 N 16 55 E Prague [US Embassy] Czech Republic 40 55 N 21 00 E Praia [US Embassy] Cape Verde 14 55 N 23 31 W Pretoria [US Embassy] South Africa 25 45 S 28 10 E Prevlaka peninsula Croatia 42 24 N 18 31 E Pribilof Islands United States 57 00 N 170 00 W Prince Edward Island Canada 46 20 N 63 20 W Prince Edward Islands South Africa 46 35 S 38 00 E Prince Patrick Island Canada 76 30 N 119 00 W Principe [island] Sao Tome and Principe 1 38 N 7 25 E Prussia [region] Germany, Poland, Russia 53 00 N 14 00 E Pukapuka Atoll Cook Islands 10 53 S 165 49 W Pusan [US Consulate] South Korea 35 06 N 129 03 E P'yongyang North Korea 39 01 N 125 45 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) Q Quebec [US Consulate General] Canada 52 00 N 72 00 W Queen Charlotte Islands Canada 53 00 N 132 00 W Queen Elizabeth Islands Canada 78 00 N 95 00 W Queen Maud Land [claimed by Norway] Antarctica 73 30 S 12 00 E Quemoy [island] Taiwan 24 27 N 118 23 E Quito [US Embassy] Ecuador 0 13 S 78 30 W Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) R Rabat [US Embassy] Morocco 34 02 N 6 51 W Ralik Chain Marshall Islands 8 00 N 167 00 E Rangoon [US Embassy] Burma 16 47 N 96 10 E Ratak Chain Marshall Islands 9 00 N 171 00 E Recife [US Consulate] Brazil 8 03 S 34 54 W Redonda [island] Antigua and Barbuda 16 55 N 62 19 W Red Sea Indian Ocean 20 00 N 38 00 E Revillagigedo Island United States 55 35 N 131 06 W Revillagigedo Islands Mexico 19 00 N 112 45 W Reykjavik [US Embassy] Iceland 19 00 N 111 30 W Rhodes [island] Greece 36 10 N 28 00 E Rhodesia Zimbabwe 20 00 S 30 00 E Rhodesia, Northern Zambia 15 00 S 30 00 E Rhodesia, Southern Zimbabwe 20 00 S 30 00 E Riga [US Embassy] Latvia 56 57 N 24 06 E Rio de Janeiro [US Consulate General] Brazil 22 54 S 43 14 W Rio de Oro Western Sahara 23 45 N 15 45 W Rio Muni Equatorial Guinea 1 30 N 10 00 E Riyadh [US Embassy] Saudi Arabia 24 38 N 46 43 E Road Town British Virgin Islands 18 27 N 64 37 W Robinson Crusoe Island (Mas a Tierra) Chile 33 38 S 78 52 W Rocas, Atol das Brazil 3 51 S 33 49 W Rockall [island] United Kingdom 57 35 N 13 48 W Rodrigues [island] Mauritius 19 42 S 63 25 E Rome [US Embassy, US Mission to the UN Agencies for Food and Agriculture (FODAG)] Italy 41 54 N 12 29 E Roncador Cay Colombia 13 32 N 80 03 W Roosevelt Island Antarctica 79 30 S 162 00 W Roseau Dominica 15 18 N 61 24 W Ross Dependency [claimed by New Zealand] Antarctica 80 00 S 180 00 E Ross Island Antarctica 81 30 S 175 00 W Ross Sea Antarctica 76 00 S 175 00 W Rota [island] Northern Mariana Islands 14 10 N 145 12 E Rotuma [island] Fiji 12 30 S 177 30 E Ryukyu Islands Japan 26 30 N 128 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) S Saba [island] Netherlands Antilles 17 38 N 63 10 W Sabah [state] Malaysia 5 20 N 117 10 E Sable Island Canada 43 55 N 59 50 W Safety Islands (Iles du Salut) French Guiana 5 20 N 52 37 W Sahel Burkina Faso, Cape Verde, Chad, The Gambia, Guinea-Bissau, Mali, Mauritania, Niger, Senegal 15 00 N 8 00 W Saigon (see Ho Chi Minh City) Vietnam 10 45 N 106 40 E Saint Brandon (Cargados Carajos Shoals) Mauritius 16 25 S 59 38 E Saint Christopher [island] Saint Kitts and Nevis 17 20 N 62 45 W Saint Christopher and Nevis Saint Kitts and Nevis 17 20 N 62 45 W Saint-Denis Reunion 20 52 S 55 28 E Saint George's [US Embassy] Grenada 12 03 N 61 45 W Saint George's Channel Atlantic Ocean 52 00 N 6 00 W Saint Helier Jersey 49 12 N 2 37 W Saint John's Antigua and Barbuda 17 06 N 61 51 W Saint Lawrence, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 48 00 N 62 00 W Saint Lawrence Island United States 49 30 N 67 00 W Saint Lawrence Seaway Atlantic Ocean 49 15 N 67 00 W Saint Martin [island] Guadeloupe 18 04 N 63 04 W Saint Martin (Sint Maarten) Netherlands Antilles 18 04 N 63 04 W Saint Paul Island Canada 47 12 N 60 09 W Saint Paul Island United States 57 11 N 170 16 W Saint Paul Island (Ile Saint-Paul) French Southern and Antarctic Lands 38 43 S 77 29 E Saint Peter and Saint Paul Rocks (Penedos de Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo) Brazil 0 23 N 29 23 W Saint Peter Port Guernsey 49 27 N 2 32 W Saint Petersburg [US Consulate General] Russia 59 55 N 30 15 E Saint-Pierre Saint Pierre and Miquelon 46 46 N 56 11 W Saint Thomas [island] Virgin Islands 18 21 N 64 55 W Saint Vincent Passage Atlantic Ocean 13 30 N 61 00 W Saipan [island] Northern Mariana Islands 15 12 N 145 45 E Sakishima Islands Japan 24 30 N 124 00 E Sakhalin Island (Ostrov Sakhalin) Russia 51 00 N 143 00 E Sala y Gomez, Isla Chile 26 28 S 105 00 W Salisbury (see Harare) Zimbabwe 17 50 S 105 00 W Salvador de Bahia [US Consular Agency] Brazil 12 59 S 38 31 W Salzburg Austria 47 48 N 13 02 E Samar [island] Philippines 12 00 N 125 00 E Samaria [region] West Bank 32 15 N 35 10 E Samoa Islands American Samoa, Samoa 14 00 S 171 00 W Samos [island] Greece 37 48 N 26 44 E Sanaa [US Embassy] Yemen 15 21 N 44 12 E San Ambrosio, Isla Chile 26 21 S 79 52 W San Andres y Providencia, Archipielago Colombia 13 00 N 81 30 W San Bernardino Strait Pacific Ocean 12 32 N 124 10 E San Felix, Isla Chile 26 17 S 80 05 W San Jose [US Embassy] Costa Rica 9 56 N 84 05 W San Juan Puerto Rico 18 28 N 66 07 W San Marino San Marino 43 56 N 12 25 E San Salvador [US Embassy] El Salvador 13 42 N 89 12 W Santa Cruz Bolivia 17 48 S 63 10 W Santa Cruz Islands Solomon Islands 11 00 S 166 15 E Santiago [US Embassy] Chile 33 27 S 70 40 W Santo Antao [island] Cape Verde 17 05 N 25 10 W Santo Domingo [US Embassy] Dominican Republic 18 28 N 69 54 W Sao Paulo [US Consulate General] Brazil 23 32 S 46 37 W Sao Pedro e Sao Paulo, Penedos de [rocks] Brazil 0 23 N 29 23 W Sao Tiago [island] Cape Verde 15 05 N 23 40 W Sao Tome [island] Sao Tome and Principe 0 12 N 6 39 E Sapporo [US Consulate General] Japan 43 03 N 141 21 E Sapudi Strait Pacific Ocean 7 05 S 114 10 E Sarajevo [US Embassy] Bosnia and Herzegovina 43 52 N 18 25 E Sarawak [state] Malaysia 2 30 N 113 30 E Sardinia [island] Italy 40 00 N 9 00 E Sargasso Sea Atlantic Ocean 30 00 N 55 00 W Sark [island] Guernsey 49 26 N 2 21 W Saxony [region] Germany 51 00 N 13 00 E Schleswig-Holstein [region] Germany 54 31 N 9 33 E Scopus, Mount Israel, West Bank 31 48 N 35 14 E Scotia Sea Atlantic Ocean 56 00 S 40 00 W Scotland [region] United Kingdom 57 00 N 4 00 W Scott Island Antarctica 67 24 S 179 55 W Senyavin Islands Federated States of Micronesia 6 55 N 158 00 E Seoul [US Embassy] South Korea 37 34 N 127 00 E Serbia Serbia and Montenegro 43 00 N 21 00 E Serrana Bank Colombia 14 25 N 80 16 W Serranilla Bank Colombia 15 51 N 79 46 W Settlement, The Christmas Island 18 44 N 64 19 W Severnaya Zemlya (Northland) [island group] Russia 79 30 N 98 00 E Shaba [region] Democratic Republic of the Congo 8 00 S 27 00 E Shag Island Heard Island and McDonald Islands 53 00 S 72 30 E Shag Rocks South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 53 33 S 42 02 W Shanghai [US Consulate General] China 31 14 N 121 28 E Shenyang [US Consulate General] China 41 48 N 123 27 E Shetland Islands United Kingdom 60 30 N 1 30 W Shikoku [island] Japan 33 45 N 133 30 E Shikotan [island] Russia [de facto] 43 47 N 146 45 E Siam Thailand 15 00 N 100 00 E Siberia [region] Russia 60 00 N 100 00 E Sibutu Passage Pacific Ocean 4 50 N 119 35 E Sicily [island] Italy 37 30 N 14 00 E Sicily, Strait of Atlantic Ocean 37 20 N 11 20 E Sidra, Gulf of Atlantic Ocean 31 30 N 18 00 E Sikkim [state] India 27 50 N 88 30 E Sinai Peninsula Egypt 29 30 N 34 00 E Singapore [US Embassy] Singapore 1 17 N 103 51 E Singapore Strait Pacific Ocean 1 15 N 104 00 E Sinkiang (Xinjiang) China 42 00 N 86 00 E Sint Eustatius [island] Netherlands Antilles 17 29 N 62 58 W Sint Maarten [island] Netherlands Antilles 18 04 N 63 04 W Skagerrak [strait] Atlantic Ocean 57 45 N 9 00 E Skopje [US Embassy] The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 41 59 N 21 26 E Society Islands (Iles de la Societe) French Polynesia 17 00 S 150 00 W Socotra [island] Yemen 12 30 N 54 00 E Sofia [US Embassy] Bulgaria 42 41 N 23 19 E Solomon Islands, northern Papua New Guinea 6 00 S 155 00 E Solomon Islands, southern Solomon Islands 8 00 S 159 00 E Solomon Sea Pacific Ocean 8 00 S 153 00 E Songkhla Thailand 7 12 N 100 36 E Sound, The (Oresund) Atlantic Ocean 55 50 N 12 40 E South Atlantic Ocean Atlantic Ocean 30 00 S 15 00 W South China Sea Pacific Ocean 10 00 N 113 00 E South Georgia [island] South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 54 15 S 36 45 W South Island New Zealand 43 00 S 171 00 E South Korea South Korea 37 00 N 127 30 E South Orkney Islands Antarctica 61 00 S 45 00 W South Ossetia [region] Georgia 42 20 N 44 00 E South Pacific Ocean Pacific Ocean 30 00 S 130 00 W South Sandwich Islands South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands 57 45 S 26 30 W South Shetland Islands Antarctica 62 00 S 59 00 W South Tyrol [region] Italy 46 30 N 10 30 E South Vietnam Vietnam 12 00 N 108 00 E South Yemen (People's Democratic Republic of Yemen) Yemen 14 00 N 48 00 E South-West Africa Namibia 22 00 S 17 00 E Southern Grenadines Grenada 12 20 N 61 30 W Southern Rhodesia Zimbabwe 20 00 S 30 00 E Soviet Union Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan Spanish Guinea Equatorial Guinea 2 00 N 10 00 E Spanish Morocco Morocco 32 00 N 7 00 W Spanish North Africa Spain (Ceuta, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla, Penon de Alhucemas, Penon de Velez de la Gomera) 35 15 N 4 00 W Spanish Sahara Western Sahara 24 30 N 13 00 W Spice Islands (Moluccas) Indonesia 2 00 S 28 00 E Spitsbergen [island] Svalbard 78 00 N 20 00 E Stanley Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) 51 42 S 57 41 W Stockholm [US Embassy] Sweden 59 20 N 18 03 E Strasbourg [US Consulate General] France 48 35 N 7 45 E Stuttgart Germany 48 46 N 9 11 E Sucre Bolivia 19 02 S 65 17 W Suez Canal Egypt 29 55 N 32 33 E Suez, Gulf of Indian Ocean 28 10 N 33 27 E Sulu Archipelago Philippines 6 00 N 121 00 E Sulu Sea Pacific Ocean 8 00 N 120 00 E Sumatra [island] Indonesia 0 00 N 102 00 E Sumba [island] Indonesia 10 00 S 120 00 E Sunda Islands (Soenda Isles) Indonesia, Malaysia 2 00 S 110 00 E Sunda Strait Indian Ocean 6 00 S 105 45 E Surabaya [US Consulate General] Indonesia 7 15 S 112 45 E Surigao Strait Pacific Ocean 10 15 N 125 23 E Surinam Suriname 4 00 N 56 00 W Suva [US Embassy] Fiji 18 08 S 178 25 E Sverdlovsk (see Yekaterinburg) Russia 56 50 N 60 39 E Swains Island American Samoa 11 3 S 171 15 W Swan Islands Honduras 17 25 S 83 56 W Sydney [US Consulate General] Australia 33 52 S 151 13 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) T Tahiti [island] French Polynesia 17 37 S 149 27 W Taipei Taiwan 25 03 N 121 30 E Taiwan Strait Pacific Ocean 24 00 N 119 00 E Tallinn [US Embassy] Estonia 59 25 N 24 45 E Tanganyika Tanzania 6 00 S 35 00 E Tangier Morocco 35 48 N 5 45 W Tarawa [island] Kiribati 1 25 N 173 00 E Tatar Strait Pacific Ocean 50 00 N 141 00 E Tashkent [US Embassy] Uzbekistan 41 20 N 69 18 E Tasmania [island] Australia 43 00 S 147 00 E Tasman Sea Pacific Ocean 4 30 S 168 00 E Taymyr Peninsula (Poluostrov Taymyr) Russia 76 00 N 104 00 E T'bilisi [US Embassy] Georgia 41 43 N 44 49 E Tegucigalpa [US Embassy] Honduras 14 06 N 87 13 W Tehran [US post not maintained; representation by Swiss Embassy] Iran 35 40 N 51 26 E Tel Aviv [US Embassy] Israel 32 05 N 34 48 E Terre Adelie (Adelie Land) [claimed by France] Antarctica 66 30 S 139 00 E Thailand, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 10 00 N 101 00 E Thessaloniki [US Consulate General] Greece 40 38 N 22 56 E Thimphu Bhutan 27 28 N 89 39 E Thuringia [region] Germany 51 00 N 11 00 E Thurston Island Antarctica 72 20 S 99 00 W Tiberias, Lake Israel 32 48 N 35 35 E Tibet (Xizang) China 32 00 N 90 00 E Tibilisi (see T'bilisi) Georgia 41 43 N 44 49 E Tien Shan [mountains] China, Kyrgyzstan 42 00 N 80 00 E Tierra del Fuego Argentina, Chile 54 00 S 69 00 W Tijuana [US Consulate General] Mexico 32 32 N 117 01 W Timor [island] Indonesia 9 00 S 125 00 E Timor Sea Pacific Ocean 11 00 S 128 00 E Tinian [island] Northern Mariana Islands 15 00 N 145 38 E Tiran, Strait of Indian Ocean 28 00 N 34 27 E Tirane [US Embassy] Albania 41 20 N 19 50 E Tirol [region] Austria, Italy 47 00 N 11 00 E Tobago [island] Trinidad and Tobago 11 15 N 60 40 W Tokyo [US Embassy] Japan 35 42 N 139 46 E Tonkin, Gulf of Pacific Ocean 20 00 N 108 00 E Toronto [US Consulate General] Canada 43 39 N 79 23 W Torres Strait Pacific Ocean 10 25 S 142 10 E Torshavn Faroe Islands 62 01 N 6 46 W Toshkent (see Tashkent) Uzbekistan 41 20 N 69 18 E Transjordan Jordan 31 00 N 36 00 E Transkei South Africa 32 15 S 28 15 E Transylvania [region] Romania 46 30 N 24 00 E Trindade, Ilha de Brazil 20 31 S 29 20 W Tripoli Lebanon 34 26 N 35 51 E Tripoli [US post not maintained; representation by Belgian Embassy] Libya 32 54 N 13 11 E Tristan da Cunha Group Saint Helena 37 04 S 12 19 W Trobriand Islands Papua New Guinea 8 38 S 151 04 E Trucial Coast United Arab Emirates 24 00 N 54 00 E Trucial Oman United Arab Emirates 24 00 N 54 00 E Trucial States United Arab Emirates 24 00 N 54 00 E Truk Islands Federated States of Micronesia 7 25 N 151 47 E Tsugaru Strait Pacific Ocean 41 35 N 141 00 E Tuamotu Islands (Iles Tuamotu) French Polynesia 19 00 S 142 00 W Tubuai Islands (Iles Tubuai) French Polynesia 23 00 S 150 00 W Tunb al Kubra [island] Iran 26 14 N 55 19 E Tunb as Sughra [island] Iran 26 14 N 55 09 E Tunis [US Embassy] Tunisia 36 48 N 10 11 E Turin Italy 45 04 N 7 40 E Turkish Straits Atlantic Ocean 40 40 N 28 00 E Turkmeniya Turkmenistan 40 00 N 60 00 E Turks Island Passage Atlantic Ocean 21 40 N 71 00 W Tuscany [region] Italy 43 25 N 11 00 E Tutuila [island] American Samoa 14 18 S 170 42 W Tyrol, South [region] Italy 46 30 N 10 30 E Tyrrhenian Sea Atlantic Ocean 40 00 N 12 00 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) U Udorn (Udon Thani) [US Consulate] Thailand 17 26 N 102 46 E Ulaanbaatar [US Embassy] Mongolia 47 55 N 106 53 E Ullung-do [island] South Korea 37 29 N 130 52 E Unimak Pass [strait] Pacific Ocean 54 20 N 164 50 W Union of Soviet Socialist Republics (USSR) Armenia, Azerbaijan, Belarus, Estonia, Georgia, Kazakhstan, Kyrgyzstan, Latvia, Lithuania, Moldova, Russia, Tajikistan, Turkmenistan, Ukraine, Uzbekistan United Arab Republic (UAR) Egypt, Syria Upper Volta Burkina Faso 13 00 N 2 00 W Ural Mountains Kazakhstan, Russia 60 00 N 60 00 E Ussuri River China, Russia 48 28 N 135 02 E Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) V Vaduz Liechtenstein 47 09 N 9 31 E Vakhan (Wakhan Corridor) Afghanistan 37 00 N 73 00 E Valletta [US Embassy] Malta 35 54 N 14 31 E Valley, The Anguilla 18 13 N 63 04 W Vancouver [US Consulate General] Canada 49 16 N 123 07 W Vancouver Island Canada 49 45 N 126 00 W Van Diemen Strait (Osumi Strait) Pacific Ocean 31 00 N 131 00 E Vatican City [US Embassy] Holy See 41 54 N 12 27 E Velez de la Gomera, Penon de Spain 35 11 N 4 18 W Venda South Africa 23 00 S 31 00 E Verde Island Passage Pacific Ocean 13 34 N 120 51 E Victoria Hong Kong 22 17 N 114 09 E Victoria Seychelles 4 38 S 55 27 E Vienna [US Embassy, US Mission to International Organizations in Vienna (UNVIE)] Austria 48 12 N 16 22 E Vientiane [US Embassy] Laos 17 58 N 102 36 E Vilnius [US Embassy] Lithuania 54 41 N 25 19 E Viti Levu [island] Fiji 18 00 S 178 00 E Vladivostok [US Consulate General] Russia 43 10 N 131 56 E Volcano Islands Japan 25 00 N 141 00 E Vostok Island Kiribati 10 06 S 152 23 W Vrangelya, Ostrov (Wrangel Island) Russia 71 14 N 179 36 W Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) W Wakhan Corridor (see Vakhan) Afghanistan 37 00 N 73 00 E Wales [region] United Kingdom 52 30 N 3 30 W Wallis Islands Wallis and Futuna 13 17 S 176 10 W Walvis Bay Namibia 22 59 S 14 31 E Warsaw [US Embassy] Poland 52 15 N 21 00 E Washington, DC [US Mission to the Organization of American States (OAS)] United States 38 53 N 77 02 W Weddell Sea Atlantic Ocean 72 00 S 45 00 W Wellington [US Embassy] New Zealand 41 28 S 174 51 E West Frisian Islands Netherlands 53 26 N 5 30 E West Germany (Federal Republic of Germany) Germany 53 22 N 5 20 E West Island Cocos (Keeling) Islands 12 10 S 96 55 E West Korea Strait (Western Channel) Pacific Ocean 34 40 N 129 00 E West Pakistan Pakistan 30 00 N 70 00 E West Siberian Plain Russia 60 00 N 75 00 E Western Channel (West Korea Strait) Pacific Ocean 34 40 N 129 00 E Western Samoa Samoa 13 35 S 172 20 W Wetar Strait Pacific Ocean 8 20 S 126 30 E White Sea Arctic Ocean 65 30 N 38 00 E Willemstad Netherlands Antilles 12 06 N 68 56 W Windhoek [US Embassy] Namibia 22 34 S 17 06 E Windward Passage Atlantic Ocean 20 00 N 73 50 W Wrangel Island (Ostrov Vrangelya) Russia 71 14 N 179 36 W Name Entry in The World Factbook Latitude (deg min) Longitude (deg min) Y Yalu River China, North Korea 39

Appendixes

This section includes Factbook-related material by topic.

Area

This entry includes three subfields. Total area is the sum of all land and water areas delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines. Land area is the aggregate of all surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, excluding inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers). Water area is the sum of all water surfaces delimited by international boundaries and/or coastlines, including inland water bodies (lakes, reservoirs, rivers).

Area-comparative

This entry provides an area comparison based on total area equivalents. Most entities are compared with the entire US or one of the 50 states based on area measurements (1990 revised) provided by the US Bureau of the Census. The smaller entities are compared with Washington, DC (178 sq km, 69 sq mi) or The Mall in Washington, DC (0.59 sq km, 0.23 sq mi, 146 acres).

Attn.

Office of Public Affairs Washington, DC 20505

Birth rate

This entry gives the average annual number of births during a year per 1,000 population at midyear; also known as crude birth rate. The birth rate is usually the dominant factor in determining the rate of population growth. It depends on both the level of fertility and the age structure of the population.

Budget

This entry includes revenues, total expenditures, and capital expenditures.

Climate

This entry includes a brief description of typical weather regimes throughout the year.

Coastline

This entry gives the total length of the boundary between the land area (including islands) and the sea.

Communications

This category deals with the means of exchanging information and includes the radio, telephone, and television entries.

Communications-note

This entry includes miscellaneous communications information of significance not included elsewhere.

Constitution

This entry includes the dates of adoption, revisions, and major amendments.

Country map

Most versions of the Factbook provide a country map in color. The maps were produced from the best information available at the time of preparation. Names and/or boundaries may have changed subsequently.

Country name

This entry includes all forms of the country's name approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (Italy is used as an example): conventional long form (Italian Republic), conventional short form (Italy), local long form (Repubblica Italiana), local short form (Italia), former (Kingdom of Italy), as well as the abbreviation. Also see the Terminology note.

Currency

This entry identifies the national medium of exchange and its basic subunit.

Current issues

This entry at the beginning of a country profile briefly characterizes major geographic, social, political, and military developments in the past 12 months and may include a statement about one or two key future trends. This entry appears for only a few countries at the present time, but may be added to more countries in the future.

Data code

This entry gives the official US Government digraph that precisely identifies every land entity without overlap, duplication, or omission. AF, for example, is the data code for Afghanistan. This two-letter country code is a standardized geopolitical data element promulgated in the Federal Information Processing Standards Publication (FIPS) 10-4 by the National Institute of Standards and Technology at the US Department of Commerce and maintained by the Office of the Geographer and Global Issues at the US Department of State. The data code is used to eliminate confusion and incompatibility in the collection, processing, and dissemination of area-specific data and is particularly useful for interchanging data between databases. Appendix F cross-references various country codes and Appendix G does the same thing for hydrographic codes.

Data codes-country

This information is presented in Appendix F: Cross-Reference List of Country Data Codes which includes the US Government approved Federal Information Processing Standards (FIPS) codes, the International Organization for Standardization (ISO) codes, and Internet codes for land entities.

Data codes-hydrographic

This information is presented in Appendix G: Cross-Reference List of Hydrographic Data Codes which includes the International Hydrographic Organization (IHO) codes, Aeronautical Chart and Information Center (ACIC; now National Imagery and Mapping Agency or NIMA) codes, and Defense Intelligence Agency (DIA) codes for hydrographic entities. The US Government has not yet approved a standard for hydrographic data codes similar to the FIPS 10-4 standard for country data codes.

Dates of information

The information cutoff date was 1 January 1998, although a few important changes after that date have been included. Most demographic statistics are estimates for 1998.

Death rate

This entry gives the average annual number of deaths during a year per l,000 population at midyear; also known as crude death rate. The death rate, while only a rough indicator of the mortality situation in a country, accurately indicates the current mortality impact on population growth. This indicator is significantly affected by age distribution, and most countries will eventually show a rise in the overall death rate, in spite of continued decline in mortality at all ages, as declining fertility results in an aging population.

Debt-external

This entry gives the total amount of public foreign financial obligations.

Dependency status

This entry describes the formal relationship between a particular nonindependent entity and an independent state.

Dependent areas

This entry contains an alphabetical listing of all nonindependent entities associated in some way with a particular independent state.

Diplomatic representation

The US Government has diplomatic relations with 184 independent states, including 178 of the 185 UN members (excluded UN members are Bhutan, Cuba, Iran, Iraq, North Korea, former Yugoslavia, and the US itself). In addition, the US has diplomatic relations with 6 independent states that are not in the UN-Holy See, Kiribati, Nauru, Switzerland, Tonga, and Tuvalu. Diplomatic representation from the US: This entry includes the chief of mission, embassy address, mailing address, telephone number, FAX number, branch office locations, consulate general locations, and consulate locations. Diplomatic representation in the US: This entry includes the chief of the foreign mission, chancery address, telephone number, FAX number, consulate general locations, consulate locations, honorary consulate general locations, and honorary consulate locations.

Disputes-international

quadripoint with Botswana, Namibia, and Zambia is in disagreement

This entry includes a wide variety of situations that range from traditional bilateral boundary disputes to unilateral claims of one sort or another. Information regarding disputes over international terrestrial and maritime boundaries has been reviewed by the US Department of State. References to other situations involving borders or frontiers may also be included, such as resource disputes, geopolitical questions, or irredentist issues; however, inclusion does not necessarily constitute official acceptance or recognition by the US Government.

Economic aid

This entry refers to bilateral commitments of official development assistance (ODA) and other official flows (OOF). ODA is defined as financial assistance, which is concessional in character, has the main objective to promote economic development and welfare of LDCs, and contains a grant element of at least 25%. OOF transactions are also official government assistance, but with a main objective other than economic development and with a grant element less than 25%. OOF transactions include official export credits (such as Ex-Im Bank credits), official equity and portfolio investment, and debt reorganization by the official sector that does not meet concessional terms. Aid is considered to have been committed when agreements are initialed by the parties involved and constitute a formal declaration of intent. The entry is separated into two components-donor and recipient.

Economy

This category includes the entries dealing with the size, development, and management of productive resources, i.e., land, labor, and capital.

Economy-overview

This entry briefly describes the type of economy, including the degree of market orientation, the level of economic development, the most important natural resources, and the unique areas of specialization. It also characterizes major economic events and policy changes in the most recent 12 months and may include a statement about one or two key future macroeconomic trends.

Electricity-capacity

This entry gives the maximum designed potential for electricity production expressed in kilowatts.

Electricity-consumption per capita

This entry gives the figure for annual electricity generation plus imports, minus exports, and divided by total population for the same year expressed in kilowatt hours.

Electricity-production

This entry gives the annual amount of electricity actually generated expressed in kilowatt hours.

Elevation extremes

This entry includes both the highest point and the lowest point.

Entities

Some of the independent states, dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, and governments included in this publication are not independent, and others are not officially recognized by the US Government. "Independent state" refers to a people politically organized into a sovereign state with a definite territory. "Dependencies" and "areas of special sovereignty" refer to a broad category of political entities that are associated in some way with an independent state. "Country" names used in the table of contents or for page headings are usually the short-form names as approved by the US Board on Geographic Names and may include independent states, dependencies, and areas of special sovereignty, or other geographic entities. There are a total of 266 separate geographic entities in The World Factbook that may be categorized as follows: INDEPENDENT STATES 191 Afghanistan, Albania, Algeria, Andorra, Angola, Antigua and Barbuda, Argentina, Armenia, Australia, Austria, Azerbaijan, The Bahamas, Bahrain, Bangladesh, Barbados, Belarus, Belgium, Belize, Benin, Bhutan, Bolivia, Bosnia and Herzegovina, Botswana, Brazil, Brunei, Bulgaria, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Canada, Cape Verde, Central African Republic, Chad, Chile, China, Colombia, Comoros, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Costa Rica, Cote d'Ivoire, Croatia, Cuba, Cyprus, Czech Republic, Denmark, Djibouti, Dominica, Dominican Republic, Ecuador, Egypt, El Salvador, Equatorial Guinea, Eritrea, Estonia, Ethiopia, Fiji, Finland, France, Gabon, The Gambia, Georgia, Germany, Ghana, Greece, Grenada, Guatemala, Guinea, Guinea-Bissau, Guyana, Haiti, Holy See, Honduras, Hungary, Iceland, India, Indonesia, Iran, Iraq, Ireland, Israel, Italy, Jamaica, Japan, Jordan, Kazakhstan, Kenya, Kiribati, North Korea, South Korea, Kuwait, Kyrgyzstan, Laos, Latvia, Lebanon, Lesotho, Liberia, Libya, Liechtenstein, Lithuania, Luxembourg, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia, Madagascar, Malawi, Malaysia, Maldives, Mali, Malta, Marshall Islands, Mauritania, Mauritius, Mexico, Federated States of Micronesia, Moldova, Monaco, Mongolia, Morocco, Mozambique, Namibia, Nauru, Nepal, Netherlands, NZ, Nicaragua, Niger, Nigeria, Norway, Oman, Pakistan, Palau, Panama, Papua New Guinea, Paraguay, Peru, Philippines, Poland, Portugal, Qatar, Romania, Russia, Rwanda, Saint Kitts and Nevis, Saint Lucia, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines, Samoa, San Marino, Sao Tome and Principe, Saudi Arabia, Senegal, Serbia and Montenegro, Seychelles, Sierra Leone, Singapore, Slovakia, Slovenia, Solomon Islands, Somalia, South Africa, Spain, Sri Lanka, Sudan, Suriname, Swaziland, Sweden, Switzerland, Syria, Tajikistan, Tanzania, Thailand, Togo, Tonga, Trinidad and Tobago, Tunisia, Turkey, Turkmenistan, Tuvalu, Uganda, Ukraine, UAE, UK, US, Uruguay, Uzbekistan, Vanuatu, Venezuela, Vietnam, Yemen, Zambia, Zimbabwe OTHER 1 Taiwan DEPENDENCIES AND AREAS OF SPECIAL SOVEREIGNTY 6 Australia-Ashmore and Cartier Islands, Christmas Island, Cocos (Keeling) Islands, Coral Sea Islands, Heard Island and McDonald Islands, Norfolk Island 1 China-Hong Kong 2 Denmark-Faroe Islands, Greenland 16 France-Bassas da India, Clipperton Island, Europa Island, French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Glorioso Islands, Guadeloupe, Juan de Nova Island, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Tromelin Island, Wallis and Futuna 2 Netherlands-Aruba, Netherlands Antilles 3 New Zealand-Cook Islands, Niue, Tokelau 3 Norway-Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard 1 Portugal-Macau 15 UK-Anguilla, Bermuda, British Indian Ocean Territory, British Virgin Islands, Cayman Islands, Falkland Islands, Gibraltar, Guernsey, Jersey, Isle of Man, Montserrat, Pitcairn Islands, Saint Helena, South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands, Turks and Caicos Islands 14 US-American Samoa, Baker Island, Guam, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Navassa Island, Northern Mariana Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Puerto Rico, Virgin Islands, Wake Island MISCELLANEOUS 6 Antarctica, Gaza Strip, Paracel Islands, Spratly Islands, West Bank, Western Sahara OTHER ENTITIES 4 oceans-Arctic Ocean, Atlantic Ocean, Indian Ocean, Pacific Ocean 1 World 266 Total

Environment-current issues

This entry lists the most pressing and important environmental problems.

Environment-international agreements

This entry separates country participation in international environmental agreements into two levels-party to and signed but not ratified. Agreements are listed in alphabetical order by the abbreviated form of the full name.

Environmental agreements

This information is presented in Appendix D: Selected International Environmental Agreements, which includes the name, abbreviation, date opened for signature, date entered into force, objective, and parties by category.

Ethnic groups

This entry provides a rank ordering of ethnic groups starting with the largest and sometimes includes the percent of total population.

Exchange rates

This entry provides the official value of a country's monetary unit at a given date or over a given period of time, as expressed in units of local currency per US dollar and as determined by international market forces or official fiat.

Executive branch

This entry includes several subfields. Chief of state includes the name and title of the titular leader of the country who represents the state at official and ceremonial functions but may not be involved with the day-to-day activities of the government. Head of government includes the name and title of the administrative leader who is designated to manage the day-to-day activities of the government. Cabinet includes the official name for this body of advisers and the method for selection of members. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes the percent of vote for each candidate in the last election. In the UK, the monarch is the chief of state, and the prime minister is the head of government. In the US, the President is both the chief of state and the head of government.

Exports

This entry includes three subfields. Total value is the total US dollar amount of exports on an f.o.b. basis. Commodities is a rank ordering of exported products starting with the most important and sometimes includes the percent of dollar value. Partners is a rank ordering of trading partners starting with the most important and sometimes includes the percent of dollar value.

FAX

[1] (703) 482-1739 @PURCHASING INFORMATION The Central Intelligence Agency (CIA) prepares The World Factbook in printed, CD-ROM, and Internet versions. US Government officials may obtain information about availability of the Factbook directly from their own organizations or through liaison channels to the CIA. Other users may obtain sales information about printed copies and CD-ROMs from the following: Superintendent of Documents P.O. Box 371954 Pittsburgh, PA 15250-7954

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[1] (202) 707-0380 The Internet version may be accessed through the following World-Wide

Fiscal year

This entry identifies the beginning and ending months for a country's accounting period of 12 months, which often is the calendar year but may begin in any month. FY93/94 refers to the fiscal year that began in calendar year 1993 and ended in calendar year 1994. All yearly references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as a noncalendar fiscal year (FY).

Flag description

This entry provides a written flag description produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time the entry was written. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags.

Flag graphic

Most versions of the Factbook include a color flag at the beginning of the country profile. The flag graphics were produced from actual flags or the best information available at the time of preparation. The flags of independent states are used by their dependencies unless there is an officially recognized local flag. Some disputed and other areas do not have flags.

GDP

This entry gives the gross domestic product (GDP) or value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year. GDP dollar estimates in the Factbook are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations. See the note on GDP methodology for more information.

GDP methodology

In the Economy section, GDP dollar estimates for all countries are derived from purchasing power parity (PPP) calculations rather than from conversions at official currency exchange rates. The PPP method involves the use of standardized international dollar price weights, which are applied to the quantities of final goods and services produced in a given economy. The data derived from the PPP method provide a better comparison of economic well-being between countries. The division of a GDP estimate in domestic currency by the corresponding PPP estimate in dollars gives the PPP conversion rate. When converted at PPP rates, $1,000 will buy the same market basket of goods in any country. Whereas PPP estimates for OECD countries are quite reliable, PPP estimates for developing countries are often rough approximations. Most of the GDP estimates are based on extrapolation of PPP numbers published by the UN International Comparison Program (UNICP) and by Professors Robert Summers and Alan Heston of the University of Pennsylvania and their colleagues. In contrast, currency exchange rates depend on a variety of international and domestic financial forces that often have little relation to domestic output. In developing countries with weak currencies the exchange rate estimate of GDP in dollars is typically one-fourth to one-half the PPP estimate. Furthermore, exchange rates may suddenly go up or down by 10% or more because of market forces or official fiat whereas real output has remained unchanged. On 12 January 1994, for example, the 14 countries of the African Financial Community (whose currencies are tied to the French franc) devalued their currencies by 50%. This move, of course, did not cut the real output of these countries by half. One important caution: the proportion of, say, defense expenditures as a percentage of GDP in local currency accounts may differ substantially from the proportion when GDP accounts are expressed in PPP terms, as, for example, when an observer tries to estimate the dollar level of Russian or Japanese military expenditures.

GDP-composition by sector

This entry gives the percentage contribution of agriculture, industry, and services to total GDP.

GDP-per capita

This entry shows GDP on a purchasing power parity basis divided by population as of 1 July for the same year.

GDP-real growth rate

This entry gives GDP growth on an annual basis adjusted for inflation and expressed as a percent.

Geographic coordinates

This entry includes rounded latitude and longitude figures for the purpose of finding the approximate geographic center of an entity and is based on the Gazetteer of Conventional Names, Third Edition, August 1988, US Board on Geographic Names and on other sources.

Geographic names

This information is presented in Appendix H: Cross-Reference List of Geographic Names which indicates where various geographic names-including alternate names, former names, political or geographical portions of larger entities, and the location of all US Foreign Service Posts-can be found in The World Factbook. Spellings are normally, but not always, those approved by the US Board on Geographic Names (BGN). Alternate names are included in parentheses, while additional information is included in brackets.

Geography

This category includes the entries dealing with the natural environment and the effects of human activity.

Geography-note

This entry includes miscellaneous geographic information of significance not included elsewhere.

GNP

Gross national product (GNP) is the value of all final goods and services produced within a nation in a given year, plus income earned by its citizens abroad, minus income earned by foreigners from domestic production. The Factbook uses GDP rather than GNP to measure national production.

Government

This category includes the entries dealing with the system for the adoption and administration of public policy.

Government type

This entry gives the basic form of government (e.g., republic, constitutional monarchy, federal republic, parliamentary democracy, military dictatorship).

Government-note

This entry includes miscellaneous government information of significance not included elsewhere.

Gross domestic product

see GDP

Gross national product

see GNP

Gross world product

see GWP

GWP

This entry gives the gross world product (GWP) or aggregate value of all final goods and services produced worldwide in a given year.

Heliports

This entry gives the total number of established helicopter takeoff and landing sites (which may or may not have fuel or other services).

Highways

This entry includes the total length of the highway system as well as the length of the paved and unpaved components.

Historical perspective

This entry at the beginning of a country profile contains a brief summary of the background information necessary to understand the current situation in a country. The entry appears for only a few countries at the present time, but may be added to more countries in the future.

Illicit drugs

significant transit point for African cannabis and South Asian heroin, mandrax, and methamphetamines destined for the South African and European markets @NOTES AND DEFINITIONS There have been some significant changes in this edition. The country name Western Samoa has been changed to Samoa. The spelling of Kazakhstan includes the letter "h" once again; the spelling Kazakstan is no longer used. Introduction is a category with two entries-Current issues and Historical perspective-that appears in only a few country profiles at this time. In the future, this category may be added to more countries.

This entry gives information on the five categories of illicit drugsnarcotics, stimulants, depressants (sedatives), hallucinogens, and cannabis. These categories include many drugs legally produced and prescribed by doctors as well as those illegally produced and sold outside of medical channels. Cannabis (Cannabis sativa) is the common hemp plant, which provides hallucinogens with some sedative properties, and includes marijuana (pot, Acapulco gold, grass, reefer), tetrahydrocannabinol (THC, Marinol), hashish (hash), and hashish oil (hash oil). Coca (mostly Erythroxylum coca) is a bush with leaves that contain the stimulant used to make cocaine. Coca is not to be confused with cocoa, which comes from cacao seeds and is used in making chocolate, cocoa, and cocoa butter. Cocaine is a stimulant derived from the leaves of the coca bush. Depressants (sedatives) are drugs that reduce tension and anxiety and include chloral hydrate, barbiturates (Amytal, Nembutal, Seconal, phenobarbital), benzodiazepines (Librium, Valium), methaqualone (Quaalude), glutethimide (Doriden), and others (Equanil, Placidyl, Valmid). Drugs are any chemical substances that effect a physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral change in an individual. Drug abuse is the use of any licit or illicit chemical substance that results in physical, mental, emotional, or behavioral impairment in an individual. Hallucinogens are drugs that affect sensation, thinking, self-awareness, and emotion. Hallucinogens include LSD (acid, microdot), mescaline and peyote (mexc, buttons, cactus), amphetamine variants (PMA, STP, DOB), phencyclidine (PCP, angel dust, hog), phencyclidine analogues (PCE, PCPy, TCP), and others (psilocybin, psilocyn). Hashish is the resinous exudate of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Heroin is a semisynthetic derivative of morphine. Mandrax is a trade name for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Marijuana is the dried leaves of the cannabis or hemp plant (Cannabis sativa). Methaqualone is a pharmaceutical depressant, referred to as mandrax in Southwest Asia. Narcotics are drugs that relieve pain, often induce sleep, and refer to opium, opium derivatives, and synthetic substitutes. Natural narcotics include opium (paregoric, parepectolin), morphine (MS-Contin, Roxanol), codeine (Tylenol with codeine, Empirin with codeine, Robitussan AC), and thebaine. Semisynthetic narcotics include heroin (horse, smack), and hydromorphone (Dilaudid). Synthetic narcotics include meperidine or Pethidine (Demerol, Mepergan), methadone (Dolophine, Methadose), and others (Darvon, Lomotil). Opium is the brown, gummy exudate of the incised, unripe seedpod of the opium poppy. Opium poppy (Papaver somniferum) is the source for the natural and semisynthetic narcotics. Poppy straw concentrate is the alkaloid derived from the mature, dried opium poppy. Qat (kat, khat) is a stimulant from the buds or leaves of Catha edulis that is chewed or drunk as tea. Quaaludes is the North American slang term for methaqualone, a pharmaceutical depressant. Stimulants are drugs that relieve mild depression, increase energy and activity, and include cocaine (coke, snow, crack), amphetamines (Desoxyn, Dexedrine), phenmetrazine (Preludin), methylphenidate (Ritalin), and others (Cylert, Sanorex, Tenuate).

Imports

This entry includes three subfields. Total value is the total US dollar amount of imports on a c.i.f. or f.o.b. basis. Commodities is a rank ordering of imported products starting with the most important and sometimes includes the percent of dollar value. Partners is a rank ordering of trading partners starting with the most important and sometimes includes the percent of dollar value.

Independence

For most countries, this entry gives the date that sovereignty was achieved, and from what nation, empire, or trusteeship. For the other countries, the date given may not represent ''independence'' in the strict sense, but rather some significant nationhood event such as traditional founding date, date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, fundamental change in the form of government, or state succession. Dependent areas include the notation ''none'' followed by the nature of their dependency status. Also see the Terminology note.

Industrial production growth rate

This entry gives the annual percentage increase in industrial production (includes manufacturing, mining, and construction).

Industries

This entry provides a rank ordering of industries starting with the largest by value of annual output.

Infant mortality rate

This entry gives the number of deaths of infants under one year old in a given year per 1,000 live births occurring in the same year. The infant mortality rate is often used an indicator of the level of health in a country.

Inflation rate-consumer price index

This entry furnishes the annual percent change in consumer prices compared with the previous year's consumer prices.

International disputes

see Disputes-international

International organization participation

This entry lists in alphabetical order by abbreviation those international organizations in which the subject country is a member or participates in some other way.

International organizations

This information is presented in Appendix C: International Organizations and Groups which includes the name, abbreviation, address, telephone, FAX, date established, aim, and members by category.

Internet

This is a provisional compilation that generally agrees with the ISO 3166 two-character alphabetic codes. Entity FIPS 10-4 ISO 3166 ISO 3166 ISO 3166 Internet Comment Afghanistan AF AF AFG 004 AF Albania AL AL ALB 008 AL Algeria AG DZ DZA 012 DZ American Samoa AQ AS ASM 016 AS Andorra AN AD AND 020 AD Angola AO AO AGO 024 AO Anguilla AV AI AIA 660 AI Antarctica AY AQ ATA 010 AQ ISO defines as the territory south of 60 degrees south latitude Antigua and Barbuda AC AG ATG 028 AG Argentina AR AR ARG 032 AR Armenia AM AM ARM 051 AM Aruba AA AW ABW 533 AW Ashmore and Cartier AT -- -- -- -- ISO includes with Australia Australia AS AU AUS 036 AU ISO includes Ashmore and Cartier Islands,Coral Sea Islands Austria AU AT AUT 040 AT Azerbaijan AJ AZ AZE 031 AZ The Bahamas BF BS BHS 044 BS Bahrain BA BH BHR 048 BH Baker Island FQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Bangladesh BG BD BGD 050 BD Barbados BB BB BRB 052 BB Bassas da India BS -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Belarus BO BY BLR 112 BY Belgium BE BE BEL 056 BE Belize BH BZ BLZ 084 BZ Benin BN BJ BEN 204 BJ Bermuda BD BM BMU 060 BM Bhutan BT BT BTN 064 BT Bolivia BL BO BOL 068 BO Bosnia and Herzegovina BK BA BIH 070 BA Botswana BC BW BWA 072 BW Bouvet Island BV BV BVT 074 BV Brazil BR BR BRA 076 BR British Indian Ocean Territory IO IO IOT 086 IO British Virgin Islands VI VG VGB 092 VG Brunei BX BN BRN 096 BN Bulgaria BU BG BGR 100 BG Burkina Faso UV BF BFA 854 BF Burma BM MM MMR 104 MM ISO uses the name Myanmar Burundi BY BI BDI 108 BI Cambodia CB KH KHM 116 KH Cameroon CM CM CMR 120 CM Canada CA CA CAN 124 CA Cape Verde CV CV CPV 132 CV Cayman Islands CJ KY CYM 136 KY Central African Republic CT CF CAF 140 CF Chad CD TD TCD 148 TD Chile CI CL CHL 152 CL China CH CN CHN 156 CN see also Taiwan Christmas Island KT CX CXR 162 CX Clipperton Island IP -- -- -- -- ISO includes with French Polynesia Cocos (Keeling) Islands CK CC CCK 166 CC Colombia CO CO COL 170 CO Comoros CN KM COM 174 KM Congo, Democratic Republic of the CG ZR ZAR 180 ZR formerly Zaire Congo, Republic of the CF CG COG 178 CG Cook Islands CW CK COK 184 CK Coral Sea Islands CR -- -- -- -- ISO includes with Australia Costa Rica CS CR CRI 188 CR Cote d'Ivoire IV CI CIV 384 CI Croatia HR HR HRV 191 HR Cuba CU CU CUB 192 CU Cyprus CY CY CYP 196 CY Czech Republic EZ CZ CZE 203 CZ Denmark DA DK DNK 208 DK Djibouti DJ DJ DJI 262 DJ Dominica DO DM DMA 212 DM Dominican Republic DR DO DOM 214 DO East Timor -- TP TMP 626 TP FIPS includes with Indonesia Ecuador EC EC ECU 218 EC Egypt EG EG EGY 818 EG El Salvador ES SV SLV 222 SV Equatorial Guinea EK GQ GNQ 226 GQ Eritrea ER ER ERI 232 ER Estonia EN EE EST 233 EE Ethiopia ET ET ETH 231 ET Europa Island EU -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Falkland Islands (Islas Malvinas) FA FK FLK 238 FK Faroe Islands FO FO FRO 234 FO Fiji FJ FJ FJI 242 FJ Finland FI FI FIN 246 FI France FR FR FRA 250 FR France, Metropolitan -- FX FXX 249 FX ISO limits to the European part of France, excluding French Guiana, French Polynesia, French Southern and Antarctic Lands, Guadeloupe, Martinique, Mayotte, New Caledonia, Reunion, Saint Pierre and Miquelon, Wallis and Futuna French Guiana FG GF GUF 254 GF French Polynesia FP PF PYF 258 PF ISO includes Clipperton Island French Southern and Antarctic Lands FS TF ATF 260 -- FIPS 10-4 does not include the French-claimed portion of Antarctica (Terre Adelie) Gabon GB GA GAB 266 GA The Gambia GA GM GMB 270 GM Gaza Strip GZ -- -- -- -- Georgia GG GE GEO 268 GE Germany GM DE DEU 276 DE Ghana GH GH GHA 288 GH Gibraltar GI GI GIB 292 GI Glorioso Islands GO -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Greece GR GR GRC 300 GR Greenland GL GL GRL 304 GL Grenada GJ GD GRD 308 GD Guadeloupe GP GP GLP 312 GP Guam GQ GU GUM 316 GU Guatemala GT GT GTM 320 GT Guernsey GK -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the United Kingdom Guinea GV GN GIN 324 GN Guinea-Bissau PU GW GNB 624 GW Guyana GY GY GUY 328 GY Haiti HA HT HTI 332 HT Heard Island and McDonald Islands HM HM HMD 334 HM Holy See (Vatican City) VT VA VAT 336 VA Honduras HO HN HND 340 HN Hong Kong HK HK HKG 344 HK Howland Island HQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Hungary HU HU HUN 348 HU Iceland IC IS ISL 352 IS India IN IN IND 356 IN Indonesia ID ID IDN 360 ID Iran IR IR IRN 364 IR Iraq IZ IQ IRQ 368 IQ Ireland EI IE IRL 372 IE Israel IS IL ISR 376 IL Italy IT IT ITA 380 IT Jamaica JM JM JAM 388 JM Jan Mayen JN -- -- -- -- ISO includes with Svalbard Japan JA JP JPN 392 JP Jarvis Island DQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Jersey JE -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the United Kingdom Johnston Atoll JQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Jordan JO JO JOR 400 JO Juan de Nova Island JU -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Kazakhstan KZ KZ KAZ 398 KZ Kenya KE KE KEN 404 KE Kingman Reef KQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Kiribati KR KI KIR 296 KI Korea, North KN KP PRK 408 KP Korea, South KS KR KOR 410 KR Kuwait KU KW KWT 414 KW Kyrgyzstan KG KG KGZ 417 KG Laos LA LA LAO 418 LA Latvia LG LV LVA 428 LV Lebanon LE LB LBN 422 LB Lesotho LT LS LSO 426 LS Liberia LI LR LBR 430 LR Libya LY LY LBY 434 LY Liechtenstein LS LI LIE 438 LI Lithuania LH LT LTU 440 LT Luxembourg LU LU LUX 442 LU Macau MC MO MAC 446 MO Macedonia, The Former Yugoslav Republic of MK MK MKD 807 MK Madagascar MA MG MDG 450 MG Malawi MI MW MWI 454 MW Malaysia MY MY MYS 458 MY Maldives MV MV MDV 462 MV Mali ML ML MLI 466 ML Malta MT MT MLT 470 MT Man, Isle of IM -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the United Kingdom Marshall Islands RM MH MHL 584 MH Martinique MB MQ MTQ 474 MQ Mauritania MR MR MRT 478 MR Mauritius MP MU MUS 480 MU Mayotte MF YT MYT 175 YT Mexico MX MX MEX 484 MX Micronesia, Federated States of FM FSM 583 FM Midway Islands MQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Miscellaneous (French) -- -- -- -- ISO includes Bassas da India, Europa Island, Glorioso Islands, Juan de Nova Island, Tromelin Island Moldova MD MD MDA 498 MD Monaco MN MC MCO 492 MC Mongolia MG MN MNG 496 MN Montenegro* MW -- -- -- -- see footnote at end of table Montserrat MH MS MSR 500 MS Morocco MO MA MAR 504 MA Mozambique MZ MZ MOZ 508 MZ Myanmar -- -- -- -- -- see Burma Namibia WA NA NAM 516 NA Nauru NR NR NRU 520 NR Navassa Island BQ -- -- -- -- Nepal NP NP NPL 524 NP Netherlands NL NL NLD 528 NL Netherlands Antilles NT AN ANT 530 AN New Caledonia NC NC NCL 540 NC New Zealand NZ NZ NZL 554 NZ Nicaragua NU NI NIC 558 NI Niger NG NE NER 562 NE Nigeria NI NG NGA 566 NG Niue NE NU NIU 570 NU Norfolk Island NF NF NFK 574 NF Northern Mariana Islands CQ MP MNP 580 MP Norway NO NO NOR 578 NO Oman MU OM OMN 512 OM Pakistan PK PK PAK 586 PK Palau PS PW PLW 585 PW Palmyra Atoll LQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Panama PM PA PAN 591 PA Papua New Guinea PP PG PNG 598 PG Paracel Islands PF -- -- -- -- Paraguay PA PY PRY 600 PY Peru PE PE PER 604 PE Philippines RP PH PHL 608 PH Pitcairn Islands PC PN PCN 612 PN Poland PL PL POL 616 PL Portugal PO PT PRT 620 PT Puerto Rico RQ PR PRI 630 PR Qatar QA QA QAT 634 QA Reunion RE RE REU 638 RE Romania RO RO ROM 642 RO Russia RS RU RUS 643 RU Rwanda RW RW RWA 646 RW Saint Helena SH SH SHN 654 SH Saint Kitts and Nevis SC KN KNA 659 KN Saint Lucia ST LC LCA 662 LC Saint Pierre and Miquelon SB PM SPM 666 PM Saint Vincent and the Grenadines VC VC VCT 670 VC Samoa WS WS WSM 882 WS -- San Marino SM SM SMR 674 SM Sao Tome and Principe TP ST STP 678 ST Saudi Arabia SA SA SAU 682 SA Senegal SG SN SEN 686 SN Serbia* SR -- -- -- -- see footnote at end of table Serbia and Montenegro* -- -- -- -- -- see footnote at end of table Seychelles SE SC SYC 690 SC Sierra Leone SL SL SLE 694 SL Singapore SN SG SGP 702 SG Slovakia LO SK SVK 703 SK Slovenia SI SI SVN 705 SI Solomon Islands BP SB SLB 090 SB Somalia SO SO SOM 706 SO South Africa SF ZA ZAF 710 ZA South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands SX GS SGS 239 GS Spain SP ES ESP 724 ES Spratly Islands PG -- -- -- -- Sri Lanka CE LK LKA 144 LK Sudan SU SD SDN 736 SD Suriname NS SR SUR 740 SR Svalbard SV SJ SJM 744 SJ ISO includes Jan Mayen Swaziland WZ SZ SWZ 748 SZ Sweden SW SE SWE 752 SE Switzerland SZ CH CHE 756 CH Syria SY SY SYR 760 SY Taiwan TW TW TWN 158 TW Tajikistan TI TJ TJK 762 TJ Tanzania TZ TZ TZA 834 TZ Thailand TH TH THA 764 TH Togo TO TG TGO 768 TG Tokelau TL TK TKL 772 TK Tonga TN TO TON 776 TO Trinidad and Tobago TD TT TTO 780 TT Tromelin Island TE -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the Miscellaneous (French) Indian Ocean Islands Tunisia TS TN TUN 788 TN Turkey TU TR TUR 792 TR Turkmenistan TX TM TKM 795 TM Turks and Caicos Islands TK TC TCA 796 TC Tuvalu TV TV TUV 798 TV Uganda UG UG UGA 800 UG Ukraine UP UA UKR 804 UA United Arab Emirates TC AE ARE 784 AE United Kingdom UK GB GBR 826 UK/GB ISO includes Guernsey, Isle of Man, Jersey United States US US USA 840 US United States Minor Outlying Islands -- UM UMI 581 UM ISO includes Baker Island, Howland Island, Jarvis Island, Johnston Atoll, Kingman Reef, Midway Islands, Palmyra Atoll, Wake Island Uruguay UY UY URY 858 UY Uzbekistan UZ UZ UZB 860 UZ Vanuatu NH VU VUT 548 VU Venezuela VE VE VEN 862 UE Vietnam VM VN VNM 704 VN Virgin Islands VQ VI VIR 850 VI Virgin Islands (UK) -- -- -- -- -- see British Virgin Islands Virgin Islands (US) -- -- -- -- -- see Virgin Islands Wake Island WQ -- -- -- -- ISO includes with the US Minor Outlying Islands Wallis and Futuna WF WF WLF 876 WF West Bank WE -- -- -- -- Western Sahara WI EH ESH 732 EH Western Samoa -- -- -- -- -- see Samoa World -- -- -- -- -- the Factbook uses the W data code from DIAM 65--18 Geopolitical Data Elements and Related Features, Data Standard No. 3, December 1994, published by the Defense Intelligence Agency Yemen YM YE YEM 887 YE Yugoslavia* -- YU YUG 891 YU see footnote at end of table Zaire -- -- -- -- -- see Democratic Republic of the Congo Zambia ZA ZM ZWB 894 ZM Zimbabwe ZI ZW ZWE 716 ZW Serbia and Montenegro have asserted the formation of a joint independent state,but this entity has not been formally recognized as a state by the US; the US view is that the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) has dissolved and that none of the successor republics represents its continuation. @APPENDIXES

Introduction

This category includes two entries-Current issues and Historical perspective. At present it appears in only a few country profiles, but may be added to others in the future.

Irrigated land

This entry gives the number of square kilometers of land area that is artificially supplied with water.

Judicial branch

This entry contains the name(s) of the highest court(s) and a brief description of the selection process for members.

Labor force

This entry contains the total labor force figure and a rank ordering of component parts by occupation.

Land boundaries

This entry contains the total length of all land boundaries and the individual lengths for each of the contiguous border countries.

Land use

This entry contains the percentage shares of total land area for five different types of land use. Arable land-land cultivated for crops that are replanted after each harvest like wheat, maize, and rice. Permanent crops-land cultivated for crops that are not replanted after each harvest like citrus, coffee, and rubber. Permanent pastures-land permanently used for herbaceous forage crops. Forests and woodland-land under dense or open stands of trees. Otherany land type not specifically mentioned above, such as urban areas, roads, desert, etc.

Languages

This entry provides a rank ordering of languages starting with the largest and sometimes includes the percent of total population speaking that language.

Legal system

This entry contains a brief description of the legal system's historical roots, role in government, and acceptance of International Court of Justice (ICJ) jurisdiction.

Legislative branch

This entry contains information on the structure (unicameral, bicameral, tricameral), formal name, number of seats, and term of office. Elections includes the nature of election process or accession to power, date of the last election, and date of the next election. Election results includes the percent of vote and/or number of seats held by each party in the last election.

Life expectancy at birth

This entry contains the average number of years to be lived by a group of people born in the same year, if mortality at each age remains constant in the future. The entry includes total population as well as the male and female components. Life expectancy at birth is also a measure of overall quality of life in a country and summarizes the mortality at all ages. It can also be thought of as indicating the potential return on investment in human capital and is necessary for the calculation of various actuarial measures.

Literacy

This entry includes a definition of literacy and Census Bureau percentages for the total population, males, and females. There are no universal definitions and standards of literacy. Unless otherwise specified, all rates are based on the most common definition-the ability to read and write at a specified age. Detailing the standards that individual countries use to assess the ability to read and write is beyond the scope of the Factbook. Information on literacy, while not a perfect measure of educational results, is probably the most easily available and valid for international comparisons. Low levels of literacy, and education in general, can impede the economic development of a country in the current rapidly changing, technology-driven world.

Location

This entry identifies the country's regional location, neighboring countries, and adjacent bodies of water.

Map references

This entry includes the name of the Factbook reference map on which a country may be found. The entry on Geographic coordinates may be helpful in finding some smaller countries.

Maritime claims

This entry includes the following claims: contiguous zone, continental shelf, exclusive economic zone, exclusive fishing zone, extended fishing zone, none (usually for a landlocked country), other (unique maritime claims like Libya's Gulf of Sidra Closing Line or North Korea's Military Boundary Line), and territorial sea. The proximity of neighboring states may prevent some national claims from being extended the full distance.

Merchant marine

Merchant marine may be defined as all ships engaged in the carriage of goods; all commercial vessels (as opposed to all nonmilitary ships), which excludes tugs, fishing vessels, offshore oil rigs, etc.; or a grouping of merchant ships by nationality or register. This entry contains information in two subfields-total and ships by type. Total includes the total number of ships (1,000 GRT or over), total DWT for those ships, and total GRT for those ships. Ships by type includes a listing of barge carriers, bulk cargo ships, cargo ships, combination bulk carriers, combination ore/oil carriers, container ships, intermodal ships, liquefied gas tankers, livestock carriers, multifunction large-load carriers, oil tankers, passenger ships, passenger-cargo ships, railcar carriers, refrigerated cargo ships, roll-on/roll-off cargo ships, short-sea passenger ships, specialized tankers, tanker tug-barges, and vehicle carriers. A captive register is a register of ships maintained by a territory, possession, or colony primarily or exclusively for the use of ships owned in the parent country; it is also referred to as an offshore register, the offshore equivalent of an internal register. Ships on a captive register will fly the same flag as the parent country, or a local variant of it, but will be subject to the maritime laws and taxation rules of the offshore territory. Although the nature of a captive register makes it especially desirable for ships owned in the parent country, just as in the internal register, the ships may also be owned abroad. The captive register then acts as a flag of convenience register, except that it is not the register of an independent state. A flag of convenience register is a national register offering registration to a merchant ship not owned in the flag state. The major flags of convenience (FOC) attract ships to their registers by virtue of low fees, low or nonexistent taxation of profits, and liberal manning requirements. True FOC registers are characterized by having relatively few of the registered ships actually owned in the flag state. Thus, while virtually any flag can be used for ships under a given set of circumstances, an FOC register is one where the majority of the merchant fleet is owned abroad. It is also referred to as an open register. A flag state is the nation in which a ship is registered and which holds legal jurisdiction over operation of the ship, whether at home or abroad. Maritime legislation of the flag state determines how a ship is crewed and taxed and whether a foreign-owned ship may be placed on the register. An internal register is a register of ships maintained as a subset of a national register. Ships on the internal register fly the national flag and have that nationality but are subject to a separate set of maritime rules from those on the main national register. These differences usually include lower taxation of profits, use of foreign nationals as crew members, and, usually, ownership outside the flag state (when it functions as an FOC register). The Norwegian International Ship Register and Danish International Ship Register are the most notable examples of an internal register. Both have been instrumental in stemming flight from the national flag to flags of convenience and in attracting foreign-owned ships to the Norwegian and Danish flags. A merchant ship is a vessel that carries goods against payment of freight; it is commonly used to denote any nonmilitary ship but accurately restricted to commercial vessels only. A register is the record of a ship's ownership and nationality as listed with the maritime authorities of a country; also, it is the compendium of such individual ships' registrations. Registration of a ship provides it with a nationality and makes it subject to the laws of the country in which registered (the flag state) regardless of the nationality of the ship's ultimate owner.

Military

This category includes the entries dealing with a country's military structure, manpower, and expenditures.

Military branches

This entry lists the names of the ground, naval, air, marine, and other defense or military-type forces.

Military expenditures-dollar figure

This entry gives current military expenditures in US dollars; the figure is calculated by multiplying the estimated defense spending in percentage terms by the gross domestic product (GDP) calculated on an exchange rate basis not purchasing power parity (PPP) terms. The figure should be treated with caution because of different price patterns and accounting methods among nations, as well as wide variations in the strength of their currencies.

Military expenditures-percent of GDP

This entry gives current military expenditures as an estimated percent of gross domestic product (GDP).

Military manpower-availability

This entry gives the total numbers of males and females age 15-49 and assumes that every individual is fit to serve. Military manpower-fit for military service: This entry gives the number of males and females age 15-49 fit for military service. This is a more refined measure of potential military manpower availability which tries to correct for the health situation in the country and reduces the maximum potential number to a more realistic estimate of the actual number fit to serve.

Military manpower-military age

This entry gives the minimum age at which an individual may volunteer for military service or be subject to conscription.

Military manpower-reaching military age annually

This entry gives the number of draft-age males and females entering the military manpower pool in any given year and is a measure of the availability of draft-age young adults.

Military-note

This entry includes miscellaneous military information of significance not included elsewhere.

Money figures

All money figures are expressed in contemporaneous US dollars unless otherwise indicated.

National capital

This entry gives the location of the seat of government.

National holiday

This entry gives the primary national day of celebrationusually independence day.

Nationality

This entry provides the identifying terms for citizens-noun and adjective.

Natural hazards

This entry lists potential natural disasters.

Natural resources

This entry lists a country's mineral, petroleum, hydropower, and other resources of commercial importance.

Net migration rate

This entry includes the figure for the difference between the number of persons entering and leaving a country during the year per 1,000 persons (based on midyear population). An excess of persons entering the country is referred to as net immigration (e.g., 3.56 migrants/1,000 population); an excess of persons leaving the country as net emigration (e.g., -9.26 migrants/1,000 population). The net migration rate indicates the contribution of migration to the overall level of population change. High levels of migration can cause problems such as increasing unemployment and potential ethnic strife (if people are coming in) or reducing the labor force, perhaps in certain key sectors (if people are leaving).

Note

the numbers for GDP and other economic data can not be chained together from successive volumes of the Factbook because of changes in the US dollar measuring rod, revisions of data by statistical agencies, use of new or different sources of information, and changes in national statistical methods and practices. For statistical series on GDP and other economic variables, see the Handbook of International Economic Statistics available from the same sources as The World Factbook.

Information for the US and US dependencies was compiled from material in the public domain and does not represent Intelligence Community estimates. The Handbook of International Economic Statistics, published annually in September by the Central Intelligence Agency, contains detailed economic information for the Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) countries, the successor nations to the Soviet Union, and selected other countries. The Handbook can be obtained wherever the Factbook is available. @APPENDIXES

The Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY) ceases to exist. None of the successor states of the former Yugoslavia, including Serbia and Montenegro, have been permitted to participate solely on the basis of the membership of the former Yugoslavia in the United Nations General Assembly and Economic and Social Council and their subsidiary bodies and in various United Nations specialized agencies. The United Nations, however, permits the seat and nameplate of the SFRY to remain, permits the SFRY mission to continue to function, and continues to fly the flag of the former Yugoslavia. For a variety of reasons, a number of other organizations have not yet taken action with regard to the membership of the former Yugoslavia. The World Factbook therefore continues to list Yugoslavia under international organizations where the SFRY seat remains or where no action has yet been taken. @APPENDIXES

At this time, only three countries-Burma, Liberia, and the US-have not adopted the International System of Units (SI, or metric system) as their official system of weights and measures. Although use of the metric system has been sanctioned by law in the US since 1866, it has been slow in displacing the American adaptation of the British Imperial System known as the US Customary System. The US is the only industrialized nation that does not mainly use the metric system in its commercial and standards activities, but there is increasing acceptance in science, medicine, government, and many sectors of industry. @APPENDIXES

People

This category includes the entries dealing with the characteristics of the people and their society.

People-note

This entry includes miscellaneous demographic information of significance not included elsewhere.

Pipelines

This entry gives the lengths and types of pipelines for transporting products like natural gas, crude oil, or petroleum products. Political parties and leaders: This entry includes a listing of significant political organizations and their leaders. Political pressure groups and leaders: This entry includes a listing of organizations with leaders involved in politics, but not standing for legislative election.

Population

This entry gives an estimate from the US Bureau of the Census based on statistics from population censuses, vital statistics registration systems, or sample surveys pertaining to the recent past and on assumptions about future trends. The total population presents one overall measure of the potential impact of the country on the world and within its region. Note: starting with the 1993 Factbook, demographic estimates for some countries (mostly African) have taken into account the effects of the growing incidence of AIDS infections. In 1998 these countries are Botswana, Brazil, Burkina Faso, Burma, Burundi, Cambodia, Cameroon, Central African Republic, Democratic Republic of the Congo, Republic of the Congo, Cote d'Ivoire, Ethiopia, Guyana, Haiti, Honduras, Kenya, Lesotho, Malawi, Namibia, Nigeria, Rwanda, South Africa, Swaziland, Tanzania, Thailand, Uganda, Zambia, and Zimbabwe.

Population growth rate

The average annual percent change in the population, resulting from a surplus (or deficit) of births over deaths and the balance of migrants entering and leaving a country. The rate may be positive or negative. Also known as growth rate or average annual rate of growth. The growth rate is a factor in determining how great a burden would be imposed on a country by the changing needs of its people for infrastructure (e.g., schools, hospitals, housing, roads), resources (e.g., food, water, electricity), and jobs. Rapid population growth can be seen as threatening by neighboring countries. Ports and harbors: This entry lists the major ports and harbors selected on the basis of overall importance to each country. This is determined by evaluating a number of factors (e.g., dollar value of goods handled, gross tonnage, facilities, military significance).

Radio broadcast stations

This entry includes the total number of AM, FM, and shortwave broadcast stations.

Radios

This entry gives the total number of radio receivers.

Railways

This entry includes the total length of the railway network and component parts by gauge: broad, dual, narrow, standard, and other.

Reference maps

This section includes world, regional, and special or current interest maps.

Religions

This entry includes a rank ordering of religions starting with the largest and sometimes includes the percent of total population.

Sex ratio

This entry includes the number of males for each female in five age groups-at birth, under 15 years, 15-64 years, 65 years and over, and for the total population. Sex ratio at birth has recently emerged as an indicator of certain kinds of sex discrimination in some countries. For instance, high sex ratios at birth in some Asian countries are now attributed to sex-selective abortion and infanticide due to a strong preference for sons. This will affect future marriage patterns and fertility patterns. Eventually it could cause unrest among young adult males who are unable to find partners. The sex ratio at birth for the World is 1.06 (1998 est.).

Suffrage

This entry gives the age at enfranchisement and whether the right to vote is universal or restricted.

Telephone

[1] (703) 482-0623

[1] (202) 512-1800

[1] (703) 605-6000

[1] (202) 707-9527

Telephone numbers

All telephone numbers in the Factbook consist of the country code in brackets, the city or area code (where required) in parentheses, and the local number. The one component that is not presented is the international access code, which varies from country to country. For example, an international direct dial telephone call placed from the US to Madrid, Spain, would be as follows: 011 [34] (1) 577-xxxx where 011 is the international access code for station-to-station calls (01 is for calls other than station-to-station calls), [34] is the country code for Spain, (1) is the city code for Madrid, 577 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number. An international direct dial telephone call placed from another country to the US would be as follows: international access code + [1] (202) 939-xxxx, where [1] is the country code for the US, (202) is the area code for Washington, DC, 939 is the local exchange, and xxxx is the local telephone number.

Telephone system

This entry includes a brief characterization of the system with details on the domestic and international components. The following terms and abbreviations are used throughout the entry: Arabsat-Arab Satellite Communications Organization (Riyadh, Saudi Arabia). Autodin-Automatic Digital Network (US Department of Defense). CB-citizen's band mobile radio communications. cellular telephone system-the telephones in this system are radio transceivers, with each instrument having its own private radio frequency and sufficient radiated power to reach the booster station in its area (cell), from which the telephone signal is fed to a regular telephone exchange. Central American Microwave System-a trunk microwave radio relay system that links the countries of Central America and Mexico with each other. coaxial cable-a multichannel communication cable consisting of a central conducting wire, surrounded by and insulated from a cylindrical conducting shell; a large number of telephone channels can be made available within the insulated space by the use of a large number of carrier frequencies. Comsat-Communications Satellite Corporation (US). DSN-Defense Switched Network (formerly Automatic Voice Network or Autovon); basic general-purpose, switched voice network of the Defense Communications System (US Department of Defense). Eutelsat-European Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Paris). fiber-optic cable-a multichannel communications cable using a thread of optical glass fibers as a transmission medium in which the signal (voice, video, etc.) is in the form of a coded pulse of light. HF-high-frequency; any radio frequency in the 3,000to 30,000-kHz range. Inmarsat-International Mobile Satellite Organization (London); provider of global mobile satellite communications for commercial, distress, and safety applications at sea, in the air, and on land. Intelsat-International Telecommunications Satellite Organization (Washington, DC). Intersputnik-International Organization of Space Communications (Moscow); first established in the former Soviet Union and the East European countries, it is now marketing its services worldwide with earth stations in North America, Africa, and East Asia. landline-communication wire or cable of any sort that is installed on poles or buried in the ground. Marecs-Maritime European Communications Satellite used in the Inmarsat system on lease from the European Space Agency. Marisat-satellites of the Comsat Corporation that participate in the Inmarsat system. Medarabtel-the Middle East Telecommunications Project of the International Telecommunications Union (ITU) providing a modern telecommunications network, primarily by microwave radio relay, linking Algeria, Djibouti, Egypt, Jordan, Libya, Morocco, Saudi Arabia, Somalia, Sudan, Syria, Tunisia, and Yemen; it was initially started in Morocco in 1970 by the Arab Telecommunications Union (ATU) and was known at that time as the Middle East Mediterranean Telecommunications Network. microwave radio relay-transmission of long distance telephone calls and television programs by highly directional radio microwaves that are received and sent on from one booster station to another on an optical path. NMT-Nordic Mobile Telephone; an analog cellular telephone system that was developed jointly by the national telecommunications authorities of the Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden). Orbita-a Russian television service; also the trade name of a packet-switched digital telephone network. radiotelephone communications-the two-way transmission and reception of sounds by broadcast radio on authorized frequencies using telephone handsets. satellite communication system-a communication system consisting of two or more earth stations and at least one satellite that provides long distance transmission of voice, data, and television; the system usually serves as a trunk connection between telephone exchanges; if the earth stations are in the same country, it is a domestic system. satellite earth station-a communications facility with a microwave radio transmitting and receiving antenna and required receiving and transmitting equipment for communicating with satellites. satellite link-a radio connection between a satellite and an earth station permitting communication between them, either one-way (down link from satellite to earth station-television receive-only transmission) or two-way (telephone channels). SHF-super-high-frequency; any radio frequency in the 3,000to 30,000-MHz range. shortwave-radio frequencies (from 1.605 to 30 MHz) that fall above the commercial broadcast band and are used for communication over long distances. Solidaridad-geosynchronous satellites in Mexico's system of international telecommunications in the Western Hemisphere. Statsionar-Russia's geostationary system for satellite telecommunications. submarine cable-a cable designed for service under water. TAT-Trans-Atlantic Telephone; any of a number of high-capacity submarine coaxial telephone cables linking Europe with North America. telefax-facsimile service between subscriber stations via the public switched telephone network or the international Datel network. telegraph-a telecommunications system designed for unmodulated electric impulse transmission. telex-a communication service involving teletypewriters connected by wire through automatic exchanges. tropospheric scatter-a form of microwave radio transmission in which the troposphere is used to scatter and reflect a fraction of the incident radio waves back to earth; powerful, highly directional antennas are used to transmit and receive the microwave signals; reliable over-the-horizon communications are realized for distances up to 600 miles in a single hop; additional hops can extend the range of this system for very long distances. trunk network-a network of switching centers, connected by multichannel trunk lines. UHF-ultra-high-frequency; any radio frequency in the 300to 3,000-MHz range. VHF-very-high-frequency; any radio frequency in the 30to 300-MHz range.

Telephones

This entry gives the total number of subscribers.

Television-broadcast stations

This entry gives the total number of separate broadcast stations plus any repeater stations.

Televisions

This entry gives the total number of television sets.

Terminology

Due to the highly structured nature of the Factbook database, some collective generic terms have to be used. For example, the word Country in the Country name entry refers to a wide variety of dependencies, areas of special sovereignty, uninhabited islands, and other entities in addition to the traditional countries or independent states. Military is also used as an umbrella term for various civil defense, security, and defense activities in many entries. The Independence entry includes the usual colonial independence dates and former ruling states as well as other significant nationhood dates such as the traditional founding date or the date of unification, federation, confederation, establishment, or state succession that are not strictly independence dates. Dependent areas have the nature of their dependency status noted in this same entry. The National Capital entry includes the first-order administrative seat for ''nations'' or independent states as well as dependencies and other Factbook entities.

Terrain

This entry contains a brief description of the topography.

Total fertility rate

This entry gives a figure for the average number of children that would be born per woman if all women lived to the end of their childbearing years and bore children according to a given fertility rate at each age. The total fertility rate is a more direct measure of the level of fertility than the crude birth rate, since it refers to births per woman. This indicator shows the potential for population growth in the country. High rates will also place some limits on the labor force participation rates for women. Large numbers of children born to women indicate large family sizes that might limit the capacity of the families to educate their children.

Transnational Issues

This category includes only two entries at the present time-Disputes-international and Illicit drugs-that deal with current issues going beyond national boundaries.

Transportation

This category includes the entries dealing with the movement of people or material.

Transportation-note

This entry includes miscellaneous transportation information of significance not included elsewhere.

Unemployment rate

This entry contains the percent of the labor force that is without jobs. Substantial underemployment might be noted.

United Nations System

This information is presented in Appendix B: United Nations System as a chart, table, or text (depending on the version of the Factbook) that shows the organization of the UN in detail.

Waterways

This entry gives the total length and individual names of navigable rivers, canals, and other inland bodies of water. Weights and measures: This information is presented in Appendix E: Weights and Measures and includes mathematical notations (mathematical powers and names), metric interrelationships (prefix; symbol; length, weight, or capacity; area; volume), and standard conversion factors.

Web uniform resource locator (URL)

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Years

All year references are for the calendar year (CY) unless indicated as fiscal year (FY). The calendar year is an accounting period of 12 months from 1 January to 31 December. The fiscal year is an accounting period of 12 months other than 1 January to 31 December. FY93/94 refers to the fiscal year that began in calendar year 1993 and ended in calendar year 1994.