1985 Edition

Agriculture

rice, corn, barley, wheat, potatoes, fruit, spices

main crops — potatoes, corn, rice, sugarcane, coca, yucca, bananas, coffee; imports significant quantities of wheat

Airfields

2 total; 1 usable; 1 with permanentsurface runways 1,220-2,439 m

485 total, 427 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 119 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

The Bermuda Regiment S« rfgiima! map Mil Land 46,620 km2; the size of Vermont and New Hampshire combined; 70% forest; 15% agricultural; 15% desert, waste, urban

appointed ministersand indirectly elected National Assembly consisting of village elders, monastic representatives, and all district and senior government administrators

Royal Bhutan Army

executive; bicameral legislature (National Congress — Senate and Chamber of Deputies); Congress began meeting again in October 1982; judiciary

Bolivian Army, Bolivian Navy, Bolivian Air Force (literally, the Army of the Nation, the Navy of the Nation, the Air Force of the Nation)

Budget

total receipts, $53.6 million; expenditures, $63.9 million (FY83/84 est.)

$284 million revenues, $965 million expenditures (1983 est.)

Capital

Thimphu

La Paz (seat of government); Sucre (legal capital and seat of judiciary)

Civil air

no major transport aircraft

56 major transport aircraft

Communists

no overt Communist presence

Elections

popular elections on village level held every three years

presidential elections on 29 June 1980 were won by the UDP coalition candidate, Hernan Siles Zuazo; however, before the planned August inauguration, the government was overthrown by the military; a series of military leaders followed; in September 1982 the military moved to return the government to civilian rule; the 1980-elected congress met on 1 October and selected the winner of the 1980 presidential election, Hernan Siles Zuazo, to head the government; Siles was inaugurated on 10 October 1982 Political parties and leaders: all major parties have experienced problems with internal divisions but are now trying to prepare for the June 1985 elections. Nationalist Revolutionary Movement of the Left (MNRI), Hernan Siles Zuazo; Nationalist Revolutionary Movement (MNR), Victor Paz Estenssoro; Movement of the Revolutionary Left (MIR), Jaime Paz Zamora; Bolivian Botswana Communist Revolutionary Party (PRIN), Juan Lechin Oquendo; National Democratic Action (ADN), Hugo Banzer Suarez; Bolivian Socialist Falange (FSB)

Electric power

15,700 kW capacity (1984); 9 million kWh produced (1984), 6 kWh per capita Bhutan (continued) Bolivia

490,000 kW capacity (1984); 1.9 billion kWh produced (1984), 315 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

60% Bhote, 25% ethnic Nepalese, 15% indigenous or migrant tribes

30% Quechua, 25% Aymara, 25-30% mixed, 5-15% European

94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% European

Exports

$16.7 million (FY82/83); agricultural and forestry products, coal

$778 million (f.o.b., 1983); natural gas, tin, silver, tungsten, zinc, antimony, lead, bismuth, gold, coffee, sugar, cotton

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

calendar year Communications

Freight carried

not available, very light traffic

GDP

$150 million (FY82/83), $1 10 per capita; 1.4% real growth in FY82/83

GNP

$4.9 billion (1983 est.), $833 per capita; 80% private consumption, 12% public consumption, 8% gross domestic investment, —2.4% current account balance; 1983 est. growth, —12%

Government leader

Jigme Singye WANGCHUCK, King (since 1972)

Hernan SILES Zuazo, President (since October 1982)

Highways

1,304 km total; 418 km surfaced, 515 km improved, 371 km unimproved earth

38,830 km total; 1,300 km paved, 6,700 km gravel, 30,836 km improved and unimproved earth

Imports

total imports $58.5 million (FY82/83); imports from India $45.2 million (FY82/83); textiles, cereals, vehicles, fuels, machinery

$503 million (c.i.f., 1983); foodstuffs, chemicals, capital goods, pharmaceuticals, transportation

Inland waterways

officially estimated to be 10,000 km of commercially navigable waterways

Labor force

95% agriculture, 1% industry and commerce (1983); massive lack of skilled labor Government

1.7 million (1983); 47% agriculture, 23% services, 19% industry and commerce, 11% government

about 400,000 total; 1 03,600 formal sector employees (1980-81); most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture; 40,000 formal sector employees spend at least six to nine months per year as wage earners in South Africa (1980); 12% unemployment (1983)

Land boundaries

about 870 km People

6,083 km People

3,774 km People

Language

Bhotes speak various Tibetan dialects— most widely spoken dialect is Dzongkha (official); Nepalese speak various Nepalese dialects

Spanish, Quechua, and Aymara (all official)

English (official), Setswana vernacular

Legal system

based on Indian law and English common law; in 1964 the monarch assumed full power — no constitution existed beforehand; a Supreme Court hears appeals from district administrators; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Spanish law and Code Napoleon; constitution adopted 1967; constitution in force except where contrary to dispositions dictated by governments since 1969; legal education at University of San Andres and several others; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Literacy

5%

est. 75%

about 24% in English; about 35% in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school graduates

Major industries

cement, chemical products, mining, distilling, food processing, handicrafts

mining, smelting, petroleum refining, food processing, textiles, and clothing

Major trade partner

India

Major trade partners

exports — Argentina 48%, US 21%, EC 17%, Communist bloc 8%; imports— US 31%, EC 19%, Argentina 12%, Japan 11%, Brazil 10%, Communist bloc 10% (1983 prelim.)

Member of

ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IMF, NAM, UNESCO, UPU, UN, WHO Economy

FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB— Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAIA and Andean Sub-Regional Group (created in May 1969 within LAIA, formerly LAFTA), NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy

Military budget

estimated for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $76.0 million; 12.3% of central government budget > iep'ese"ta!<on is Tshabong Land 600,372 km2; slightly smaller than Texas; about 6% arable; less than 1% cultivated; mostly desert

Military manpower

males 15-49, 350,000; 188,000 fit for military service; about 17,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 1,380,000; 903,000 fit for military service; 63,000 reach military age (19) annually

Monetary conversion rate

both ngultrums and Indian rupees are legal tender; 12.092 ngultrums=12.092 Indian rupees=US$l (October 1984)

9,000 pesos=US$l (December 1983)

National holiday

17 December

Independence Day, 6 August

Nationality

noun — Bhutanese (sing., pi.); adjective — Bhutanese

noun — Bolivian(s); adjective Bolivian

noun — Motswana (sing.), Batswana (pi.); adjective — Botswana

Official name

Kingdom of Bhutan

Republic of Bolivia

Organized labor

150,000-200,000, concentrated in mining, industry, construction, and transportation Government

16 trade unions organized

Other political or pressure groups

Buddhist clergy, Indian merchant community, ethnic Nepalese organizations

Pipelines

crude oil, 1,670 km; refined products, 1,495 km; natural gas, 580 km

Political parties

no legal parties

Political subdivisions

4 regions (east, central, west, south), further divided into 17 districts

nine departments with limited autonomy

Population

1,4 17,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.1%

6, 195,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 2.6%

1,068,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.3%

Ports

none (Bolivian cargo moved through Arica and Antofagasta, Chile, and Matarani, Peru)

Railroads

3,675 km total; 3,538 km meter gauge (1.000 m) and 32 km 0.760-meter gauge, all government owned, single track; 105 km meter gauge (1.000 m) privately owned

Religion

75% Lamaistic Buddhism, 25% Buddhist-influenced Hinduism

95% Roman Catholic; active Protestant minority, especially Methodist

40% indigenous beliefs, 15% Christian

Suffrage

each family has one vote

universal and compulsory at age 18 if married, 21 if single

Supply

dependent on India See rrgmnil map IV Land 1,098,581 km2; the size of Texas and California combined; 45% urban, desert, waste, or other; 40% forest; 11% pasture and meadow; 2% cultivated and fallow; 2% inland water

Telecommunications

facilities inadequate; 1,300 telephones (0.1 per lOOpopl.); 11,000 est. radio sets; no TV sets; 20 AM stations; no TV stations Defense Forces

radio-relay system being expanded; improved international services; 144,300 telephones (2.6 per 100 pop!.); 143 AM, 29 FM, 43 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT station Defense Forces

Type

monarchy; special treaty relationship with India

republic

Voting strength

(1980 elections) UDP Democratic Popular Unity Front, a coalition of the MNRI, MIR, and PCB 38.5%; MNR 20.5%; ADN 16.8%