1983 Edition

Agriculture

dates, wheat, barley, rice, livestock

main crops — cereals (barley and wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and vegetables

main products— cotton, tobacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and livestock products; self-sufficient in food in average years

Airfields

101 total, 91 usable; 36 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 52 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 13 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

119 total, 93 usable; 59 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Area

434,924 km2; 68% desert, waste, or urban; 18% cultivated; 10% seasonal and other grazing; 4% forest and wood

Branches

Ba'th Party of Iraq has been in power since 1968 coup; unicameral legislature (National Assembly)

Army, Navy, Air Force

exective — President empowered to call new elections, promulgate laws (elected for a seven-year term); unicameral legislature (400-member Grand National Assembly); independent judiciary

Land Forces, Navy, Air Force, Gendarmerie

Budget

public revenue $17 billion, current expenditures $8.9 billion, development expenditures $11.1 billion (1979 est.)

(FY82) revenues $9.6 billion, expenditures $10.2 billion, deficit $0.6 billion (on 10-month basis; in 1982 fiscal year was changed to coincide with calendar year)

Capital

Baghdad

Ankara

Civil air

13 major transport aircraft

23 major transport aircraft

CNP

$30 billion (1983 est), $2,150 per capita

Coastline

58 km People

Communists

est. 2,000 hardcore members

strength and support negligible

Crude steel

2. 1 million tons produced (1982)

Elections

elections — first held since overthrow of monarchy in 1958 — to National Assembly and to Legislative Council for autonomous region held in June and September 1980

according to the 1982 Constitution, elections to the Grand National Assembly to be held every five years; most recent election 6 November 1983 Political parties and leaders: military leaders banned all traditional parties from taking part in the parliamentary election of November 1983 and banned many prominent party leaders from taking part in politics for 10 years; three new parties allowed to take part in the election — Motherland Party, Turgut Ozal; Populist Party, Necdet Calp; Nationalist Democracy Party, Turgut Sunalp; additional parties permitted to take part in local elections in March 1984 — Social Democratic Party, Erdal Inonu; Correct Way Party, Yildirim Avci

Electric power

4,800,000 kW capacity (1983); 12.614 billion kWh produced (1983), 869 kWh per capita

1,000,000 kW capacity (1983); 3.154 billion kWh produced (1983), 449 kWh per capita

7,127,000 kW capacity (1983); 26.986 billion kWh produced (1983), 549 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

75% Arab, 15-20% Kurdish, 10% Turkic, Assyrian, and other

Exports

$10.8 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); from nonoil receipts, $200 million est.

$1.7 billion (f.o.b., 1982); 41% crude petroleum, 20.7% textiles, 17% phosphates and chemicals, 5% olive oil

$5,746 million (f.o.b., 1982); cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock products, textiles and clothing

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

GNP

$8.7 billion (1982 prelim.), $1,183 per capita (1982); 57% private consumption, 16% government consumption, 29% gross fixed capital formation; average annual real growth (1980-83), 4%

$53.8 billion (1982), $1,096 per capita; 4.4% real growth 1982, 4.5% average annual real growth 1971-81

Government leaders

Saddam HUSAYN, President; 'Izzat IBRAHIM, Deputy Chairman of the Revolutionary Command Council

Gen. Kenan EVREN, President; Turgut OZAL, Prime Minister

Highways

20,791 km total; 6,490 km paved, 4,654 km improved earth, 9,656 km unimproved earth

60,761 km total; 36,670 km bituminous; 18,648 km gravel or crushed stone; 2,427 km improved earth; 4,016 km unimproved earth

Imports

$20.1 billion (f.o.b., 1981 est.); 14% from Communist countries (1980)

$2.9 billion (f.o.b., 1982)

$8,843 million (c.i.f., 1982); crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals

Inland waterways

1,015 km; Shatt al-Arab navigable by maritime traffic for about 104 km (closed since September 1980 because of Iran-Iraq war); Tigris and Euphrates navigable by shallow-draft steamers (of little importance)

approx. 1,200 km

Labor force

3.1 million (1977); 30% agriculture, 27% industry, 21% government, 22% other; rural underemployment high, but not serious because low subsistence levels make it easy to care for unemployed; severe shortage of technically trained personnel

Land boundaries

3,668 km (including areas belonging to Iraq and now occupied by Iran during continuing border war) Water

Language

Arabic (official), Kurdish (official in Kurdish regions); Assyrian, Armenian

Legal system

based on Islamic law in special religious courts, civil law system elsewhere; provisional constitution adopted in 1968; judicial review was suspended; legal education at University of Baghdad; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

derived from various continental legal systems; constitution adopted in November 1982; legal education at Universities of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm

Literacy

70%

Major industries

textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum

Major industry

crude petroleum 925,000 b/d (1983 est.); petroleum revenues for 1983 est., $7.6 billion

Major sectors

agriculture; industry — mining (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural gas), manufacturing (food processing and textiles), services (transport, telecommunications, tourism, government)

Major trade partners

exports — France, Italy, Brazil, Japan, Turkey, UK, USSR, other Communist countries; imports — FRG, Japan, France, US, UK, USSR and other Communist countries (1980)

France, Italy, FRG,

(1982) exports — 13.8% Iran, 12.3% FRG, 10.6% Iraq, 6.2% Saudi Arabia, 4.4% US, imports— 15.0% Iraq, 1 1.6% FRG, 10.5% Libya, 9.3% US, 8.6% Iran

Member of

Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy

AfDB, Arab League, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OAU, QIC, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO Economy

ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, QIC, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $2,087 million; 17.1% of central government budget Turks and Caicos Islands UNITED .STATES

Military manpower

males 15-49, 3,426,000; 1,970,000 fit for military service; about 166,000 reach military age (18) annually Atlantic Ocean IBHAII

males 15-49, 12,323,000; 7,293,000 fit for military service; about 516,000 reach military age (20) annually

Monetary conversion rate

.3285 Iraqi dinar=US$l (September 1983)

276 Turkish liras=US$l (4 January 1984)

National holiday

Republic Day, 29 October

National holidays

anniversaries of the 1958 and 1968 revolutions are celebrated 14 July and 17 July; various religious holidays

Nationality

noun — Iraqi(s); adjective — Iraqi

Official name

Republic of Iraq

Republic of Turkey

Organized labor

11% of labor force Government

Pipelines

crude oil, 3,821 km; 725 km refined products; 1,360 km natural gas

1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km refined products

Political or pressure groups

political parties banned, possibly some opposition to regime from disaffected members of the regime, army officers, and religious and ethnic dissidents Iraq (continued) Ireland

Political subdivisions

18 provinces under centrally appointed officials

67 provinces

Population

15,000,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.3%; figures do not take into account the impact of the Iran-Iraq war

Ports

3 major (Basra, Umm Qasr, Al-Faw), none in operation

4 major, 8 secondary, 16 minor

Railroads

1,700 km total; 1,123 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 577 km 1.000-meter gauge; 16 km 1.000-gauge double track

8,193 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; 204 km double track; 204 km electrified

Religion

90% Muslim (55% Shi'a, 40% Sunni), 10% Christian or other

Suffrage

universal adult

universal over age 21

Telecommunications

good network consists of coaxial cables, radio-relay links, and radiocommunication stations; about 500,000 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, and 81 TV stations; 1 satellite station with Atlantic Ocean and Indian Ocean antennas; 1 Intersputnik antenna Defense Forces

fair domestic and international systems; trunk radio-relay network; 1.90 million telephones (4. 2 per 100 popl.); 20 AM, 27 FM, and 181 TV stations; 1 satellite ground station, 1 submarine telephone cable Defense Forces

Type

republic; National Front government consisting of Ba'th Party (BPI) and proadministration Kurds; Communists play no role in government

republic

Voting strength

(1983 election) Grand National Assembly — Motherland Party, 211 seats; Populist Party, 117 seats; Nationalist Democracy Party, 71 seats