1981 Edition

Area

164,206 km8; 28% arable land and tree crops, 23% range and esparto grass, 6% forest, 43% desert, waste, or urban

766,640 km2; 35% cropland, 25% meadows and pastures, 23% forested, 17% other

Budget

(1980 prelim.) total revenue and grants $2.4 billion; current expenditures $1.7 billion; development expenditures, including capital transfers and net lending, $881 million

Coastline

1,143 km (includes offshore islands)

7,200 km

Fiscal year

calendar year

Land boundaries

1,408 km

2,574 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (fishing 12 nm exclusive fisheries zone follows the 50-meter isobath for part of the coast, maximum 65 nm)

6 nm except in Black Sea where it is 12 nm (fishing 12 nm)

Major trade partners

exports — France, Italy, West Germany, Greece Tourism and foreign worker remittances: $622 million (1980)

Monetary conversion rate

0.51 Tunisian dinar (TD)= US$1

Ethnic divisions

98% Arab, 1% European, less than 1% Jewish

85% Turkish, 12% Kurd, 3% other

Labor force

4 million, 40% agriculture; 15%-25% unemployed; shortage of skilled labor

17.14 million; 58% agriculture, 13% industry, 29% service; surplus of unskilled labor (1980)

Language

Arabic (official), Arabic and French (commerce)

Turkish, Kurdish, Arabic

Literacy

about 50%

62%

Nationality

noun — Tunisian(s); adjective — Tunisian

noun — Turk(s); adjective — Turkish

Organized labor

25% of labor force; General Union of Tunisian Workers (UGTT), quasi-independent of Destourian Socialist Party

10-15% of labor force

Population

6,842,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.7%

48,105,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.2%

Religion

98% Muslim, 1% Christian, 1% Jewish

99% Muslim (mostly Sunni), 1% other (mostly Christian and Jewish)

Branches

executive dominant; unicameral legislative largely advisory; judicial, patterned on French and Koranic systems

the 12 September military takeover resulted in the dissolution of Parliament and Prime Minister Demirel's government; the generals substituted a five-man National Security Council to serve as the executive branch and appointed a civilian Cabinet headed by retired Adm. Bulend Ulusu to run the country until a new constitution is promulgated and civilian rule restored; the Constituent Assembly established in October 1981 now serves as the legislative branch of government; highest court for ordinary criminal and civil cases is Court of Cassation, which hears appeals directly from criminal, commercial, basic, and peace courts

Capital

Tunis

Ankara

Communists

a small number of nominal Communists, mostly students; Tunisian Communist Party legalized in July

strength and support negligible

Elections

national elections held every five years; last elections 1 November 1981 Political party and leader: Destourian Socialist Party, led by Habib Bourguiba, is official ruling party Voting strength (1981 election): over 95% Destourian Socialist Party; 3.23% Social Democrats, under 1% Popular United Movement, under 1% Communist Party

Republican People's Party won a plurality in June 1977; the Justice Party formed a minority government in October 1979; inability to elect a permanent president in 1980 contributed in part to the military decision to take over the government Political parties and leaders: the military government disbanded all political parties after it took over on 12 September 1980 and has detained some political leaders; the commanders might allow political activity after the proposed constitution is submitted to a referendum and approved by the citizens; Justice Party (JP), Suleyman Demirel; Republican People's Party (RPP), Bulent Ecevit; National Salvation Party (NSP), Necmettin Erbakan; Democratic Party (DP), Faruk Sukan; Republican Reliance Party (RRP), Turhan Feyzioglu; Nationalist Action Party (NAP), Alpaslan Turkes; Communist Party illegal

Government leaders

President Habib BOURGUIBA; Prime Minister Mohamed MZALI

Head of State, Gen. Kenan EVREN (Chairman, National Security Council); Prime Minister Adm. Bulend ULUSU

Legal system

based on French civil law system and Islamic law; constitution patterned on Turkish and US constitutions adopted 1959; some judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court in joint session; legal education at Institute of Higher Studies and Superior School of Law of the University of Tunis

derived from various continental legal systems; constitution adopted 1961, but is now being revised by an assembly selected by the military government that took over on 12 September 1980; legal education at Universities of Ankara and Istanbul; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

Member of

AFDB, Arab League, AIOEC, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, ISCON, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC (associate member), ECOSOC, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IOOC, IPU, ISCON, ITC, ITU, NATO, OECD, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 1 June

Republic Day, 29 October TURKEY (Continued)

Official name

Republic of Tunisia

Republic of Turkey

Other political or pressure groups

military forced resignation of Demirel government in March 1971 and directly intervened in the political process in September 1980; an active radical left and right contributed to violence that took more than 3,000 lives in 1978-80; left-right violence brought the country to virtual civil war and prompted the military to intervene in September 1980

Political subdivisions

17 governorates (provinces)

67 provinces

Suffrage

universal over age 21

universal over age 21

Type

republic

republic

Agriculture

main crops — cereals (barley and wheat), olives, grapes, citrus fruits, and vegetables

main products — cotton, tobacco, cereals, sugar beets, fruits, nuts, and livestock products; self-sufficient in food in average years

Budget

(FY80) revenues $12.4 billion, expenditures $14.2 billion, deficit $1.8 billion

Crude steel

1.7 million tons produced (1980), 27 kg per capita

Electric power

814,900 kW capacity (1980); 2.428 billion kWh produced (1980), 371 kWh per capita

6,389,200 kW capacity (1980); 23.330 billion kWh produced (1980), 506 kWh per capita

Exports

$2.2 billion (f.o.b., 1980); 51% crude petroleum, 14% phosphates, 8% textiles

$2,910 million (f.o.b., 1980); cotton, tobacco, fruits, nuts, metals, livestock products, textiles and clothing

Fiscal year

1 March-28 February

GDP

$8.5 billion (1980 prelim.), $980 per capita; 60% private consumption, 15.3% government consumption, 27.6%- investment; average annual growth (1975-80), 7.1%

GNP

$58.7 billion (1980), $1,300 per capita; -1.1% real growth 1980, 6% average annual real growth 1970-79

Imports

$1.1 billion (c.i.f., 1980) TURKEY

$7,667 million (c.i.f., 1980); crude oil, machinery, transport equipment, metals, mineral fuels, fertilizers, chemicals

Major industries

textiles, food processing, mining (coal, chromite, copper, boron minerals), steel, petroleum

Major sectors

agriculture; industry — mining (phosphate), energy (petroleum, natural gas), manufacturing (food processing and textiles), services (transport, telecommunications, tourism, government)

Major trade partners

(1980) exports— 20.8% West Germany, 7.5% Italy, 6.1% USSR, 5.6% France, 4.6% Iraq; imports— 15.0% Iraq, 10.9% West Germany, 5.8% US, 4.8% France, 4.5% Switzerland

Monetary conversion rate

76.04 Turkish liras=US$l (1980)

Airfields

29 total, 26 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 10 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

121 total, 99 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways over 3,660 m, 26 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 23 with runways 1,220-2,439 m DEFENSE FORCES

Civil air

15 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in

23 major transport aircraft, including 3 leased in and 1 leased out

Highways

17,140 km total; 7,940 km bituminous, 660 km gravel; 2,000 km improved earth; 6,540 km unimproved earth

59,615 km total; 26,915 km bituminous; 23,000 km gravel or crushed stone; 2,200 km improved earth; 7,500 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

approx. 1,600 km

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $261 million; 9% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,590,000; 887,000 fit for military service; about 77,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 11,717,000; 6,932,000 fit for military service; about 494,000 reach military age (20) annually TUVALU (formerly Ellice Islands) Pacific Ocean

Pipelines

797 km crude7 oil; 10 km refined products; 372 km natural gas .

1,288 km crude oil; 2,145 km refined products

Ports

4 major, 8 minor

10 major, 35 minor

Railroads

2,089 km total; 503 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 1,586 km meter gauge (1.000 m)

8,138 km standard gauge (1.435 m); 204 km double track; 104 km electrified

Telecommunications

the system is above the African average; facilities consist of open-wire lines, multiconductor cable, or radio relay; key centers are Safaqis, Susah, Bizerte, and Tunis; 145,000 telephones (2.3 per 100 popl.); 4 AM, 3 FM, and 1 1 TV stations; 3 submarine cables DEFENSE FORCES