1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

Vietnam (three areas); occupied by Vietnam

none; sporadic border dispute with Nigeria

Budget

revenues, $25.0 million; expenditures, $43.00 million (at average 1985 official rate of 7.09 rufiyas=US$l) (1985 est.)

Climate

tropical; rainy, monsoon season (May to October); dry season (December to March); little seasonal temperature variation

varies with terrain from tropical along coast to semiarid and hot in north

subtropical to arid; hot and dry February to June; rainy, humid, and mild June to November; cool and dry November to February

tropical; rainy, warm, cloudy southwest monsoon (mid-May to October); dry, cool northeast monsoon (November to mid-March); southern isthmus always hot and humid

Coastline

443 km

402 km

3,219 km

Comparative area

the size of Missouri

slightly larger than California

larger than California and Texas combined

about the size of Texas

Contiguous zone

24 nm

Continental shelf

200 nm

not specific

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Environment

a land of paddies and forests dominated by Mekong River and Tonle Sap

recent volcanic activity with release of poisonous gases; deforestation; overgrazing; desertification

hot, dust-laden harmattan haze common during dry seasons; desertification; recent droughts affecting marginal agriculture

air and water pollution; land subsidence in Bangkok area

Ethnic divisions

90% Khmer (Cambodian), 5% Chinese, 5% other minorities

over 200 tribes of widely differing background; 31% Cameroon Highlanders, 19% Equatorial Bantu, 11% Kirdi, 10% Fulani, 8% Northwestern Bantu, 7% Eastern Nigritic, 13% other African, less than 1% nonAfrican

75% Thai, 14% Chinese, 11% other

Extended economic zone

200 nm

200 nm

Fiscal year

calendar year

Infant mortality rate

113/1,000 (1985)

51.4/1,000 (1985)

Labor force

(1983) 74.4% agriculture, 11.4% industry and transport, 14.2% other services

26 million (1984); 73% agriculture, 11% industry and commerce, 10% services, 6% government; 8% unemployment rate

Land boundaries

2,438 km total

4,554 km total

7,459 km total

4,868 km total

Land use

16% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 3% meadows and pastures; 76% forest and woodland; 4% other; includes 1% irrigated

13% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 18% meadows and pastures; 54% forest and woodland; 13% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

2% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 25% meadows and pastures; 7% forest and woodland; 66% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

34% arable land; 4% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 30% forest and woodland; 31% other; includes 7% irrigated

Language

Khmer (official), French

English and French (official), 24 major African language groups

Thai; English is the secondary language of the elite; ethnic and regional dialects

Life expectancy

men 42, women 44.9

44

men 59.5, women 65.1

Literacy

48%

65%

82%

Monetary conversion rate

7.24 Maldivian rufiyas=US$l, official rate; 7.0 Maldivian rufiyas=US$l, market rate (November 1986)

Nationality

noun — Cambodian(s); adjective— Cambodian

noun — Cameroonian(s); adjective— Cameroonian

noun — Thai (sing, and pi.); adjective — Thai

Organized labor

under 45% of wage labor force

Population

6,536,079 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.26%

10,255,332 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.66%

53,645,823 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 1.78%

Religion

95% Theravada Buddhism, 5% other

51% indigenous beliefs, 33% Christian, 16% Muslim

95.5% Buddhist, 4% Muslim, 0.5% other

Special notes

buffer between Thailand and Vietnam

sometimes referred to as the hinge of Africa

landlocked

controls only land route from Asia to Malaysia and Singapore

Terrain

mostly low, flat plains; mountains in southwest and north

diverse with coastal plain in southwest, dissected plateau in center, mountains in west, plains in north

mostly flat to rolling northern plains covered by sand; savanna in south, rugged hills in northeast

central plain; eastern plateau (Khorat); mountains elsewhere

Territorial sea

12 nm

50 nm

12 nm

Total area

181,040 km2; land area: 176,520 km2

475,440 km2; land area: 469,440 km2

1,240,000 km2; land area: 1,220,000 km2

514,000 km2; land area: 511,770km2

Total area

400 km Stf rc|ioiul map IX

Ethnic divisions

50% Mande (Bambara, Malinke, Sarakole), 17% Peul, 12% Voltaic, 6% Songhai, 5% Tuareg and Moor

Infant mortality rate

180/1,000

Labor force

3.1 million (1981); 80% agriculture, 19% services, 1% industry and commerce

Language

French (official); Bambara spoken by about 80% of the population

Life expectancy

42

Literacy

10%

Nationality

noun — Malian(s); adjective — Malian

Organized labor

National Union of Malian Workers (UNTM) is umbrella organization over 13 national unions

Population

8,422,810 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.80%

Religion

90% Muslim, 9% indigenous beliefs, 1% Christian

Administrative divisions

20 provinces

7 regions, capital district

72 centrally controlled provinces

Branches

PRK — unicameral legislature (National Assembly); highest authority of the land is technically the Council of State, whose chairman serves as the country's president; Council of Ministers oversees implementation of party policies— chairman is equivalent of premier

until 1979 executive authority exercised by Military Committee of National Liberation (MCNL) composed of 11 army officers; now Cabinet composed of civilians and army officers; unicameral legislature (National Council); judiciary

King is head of state with nominal powers; bicameral legislature (National Assembly — Senate appointed by King, elected House of Representatives); judiciary relatively independent except in important political subversion cases

Capital

Phnom Penh

Bamako

Bangkok

Communists

a few Communists and some sympathizers (no legal Communist party)

strength of illegal Communist Party is probably less than 1,000; Communist insurgents throughout Thailand total an estimated 1,000

Elections

constitutional elections took place June 1979

last held July 1986

Government leader

Gen. Moussa TRAORE, President (led Mali as President of MCNL during 1968-79; President since 1979)

Government leaders

PRK— HENG SAMRIN, President (since January 1979); HUN SEN, Prime Minister; CGDK— Prince NORODOM SIHANOUK, President (since July 1982); SON SANN, Prime Minister (since July 1982); KHIEU SAMPHAN, Vice President (since July 1982)

BHUMIBOL ADULYADEJ, King (since June 1946); Gen. (Ret.) PREM TINSULANONDA, Prime Minister (since March 1980)

Legal system

no information

based on French civil law system and customary law; constitution adopted 1974, came into full effect in 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in Constitutional Section of Court of State; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on civil law system, with influences of common law; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

ADB, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, Mekong Committee (inactive), NAM, UN, UNE SCO, UPU, VVFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO for CGDK; none for PRK

ADB, ANRPC, ASEAN, ASPAC, Association of Tin Producing Countries, Colombo Plan, GATT, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, IRC, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

17 April for both regimes

Independence Day, 22 September

King's Birthday, 5 December

Official name

People's Republic of Kampuchea (PRK; proVietnamese, in Phnom Penh); the three resistance groups function collectively as the Coalition Government of Democratic Kampuchea (CGDK)

United Republic of

Republic of Mali

Kingdom of Thailand

Political parties

Social Action Party, Thai Nation Party, Thai People's Party, Thai Citizens Party, Democrat Party, United Democratic Party, United Democracy Party, Community Action Party, People's Party, Progressive Party; other small parties represented in parliament

Suffrage

universal over age 18 Political parties and leaders: PRK — Kampuchean Peoples Revolutionary Party, the Communist party installed by Vietnam in 1979; CGDK — an umbrella organization for three resistance groups, including Democratic Kampuchea under Khieu Samphan, Khmer People's National Liberation Front (KPNLF) under Son Sann, and National United Front for an Independent, Neutral, Peaceful, and Cooperative Cambodia under Prince Norodom Sihanouk

universal over age 21 Political parties and leaders: Democratic Union of Malian People (UDPM) is the sole political party; under civilian leadership

universal at age 20

Type

PRK is Communist; CGDK is nationalist coalition of one Communist and two non-Communist factions

republic; single-party constitutional government

constitutional monarchy

Voting strength

(July 1986 parliamentary election) total number of seats — 347; Democrat Party 100 seats, Thai Nation 63 seats, Social Action 51 seats, United Democratic 38 seats, Thai Citizens 24 seats, National Democracy 3 seats, minor parties 68 seats

Agriculture

mainly subsistence except for rubber plantations; main crops — rice, rubber, corn; food shortages — rice, meat, vegetables, dairy products, sugar, flour

main crops — rice, sugar, corn, rubber, manioc; an illegal producer of opium poppy and cannabis for the international drug trade

Aid

US (FY70-85), $715 million; other Western (1970-84), $265 million

Budget

(FY85) estimate of expenditures, $7.8 billion; revenues $6.0 billion; deficit $1.8 billion

Electric power

125,000 kW capacity; 142 million kWh produced, 20 kWh per capita (1986)

6,400,000 kW capacity; 24,060 million kWh produced, 460 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

probably less than $10 million (1983 est); natural rubber, rice, pepper, wood

$7.1 billion (f.o.b., 1985); textiles and garments, rice, tapioca, rubber, integrated circuits, corn, gems, sugar, tin, canned and frozen seafood, fruit

Fiscal year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 2.2 million metric tons (1984); major fishery export, shrimp, 24,041 metric tons, about $126 million (1985)

GNP

$37.2 billion (1985), $720 per capita; 4.0% real growth in 1985

Imports

probably less than $30 million (1983); international food aid; Soviet bloc economic development aid (post1979)

$9.2 billion (c.i.f., 1985); machinery and transport equipment, fuels and lubricants, base metals, chemicals, and fertilizer

Major industries

rice milling, fishing, wood and wood products, rubber

textiles and garments, agricultural processing, beverages, tobacco, cement, other light manufacturing; tin and tungsten ore mining; world's second largest tungsten producer and third largest tin producer

Major trade partners

exports — US, Japan, the Netherlands, Singapore, Malaysia, Hong Kong; imports — Japan, US, Saudi Arabia, Singapore, Malaysia, FRG; about 1% or less trade with Communist countries

Military transfers

US (FY70-82), $1.2 billion

Monetary conversion rate

4 riels=US$l (1984)

Natural resources

timber, gemstones, some iron ore, manganese, phosphates, hydroelectric power (potential)

tin, rubber, natural gas, tungsten, tantalum, timber, fisheries products

Shortages

fossil fuels

fuel sources, including coal and petroleum; scrap iron; and fertilizer

Trade partners

Vietnam, USSR, Eastern Europe, Japan, India

Airfields

26 total, 13 usable; 8 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

2 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m

Branches

PRK — People's Republic of Kampuchea Armed Forces; resistance forces are the National Army of Democratic Kampuchea (Khmer Rouge), Khmer People's National Liberation Armed Forces, and Sihanoukist National Army

Civil air

1 major transport aircraft

Highways

13,351 km total; 2,622 km bituminous, 7,105 km crushed stone, gravel, or improved earth; and 3,624 km unimproved earth; some roads in disrepair

Male has 9.6 km of coral highways within the city

Inland waterways

3,700 km navigable all year to craft drawing 0.6 meters; 282 km navigable to craft drawing 1.8 meters

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, about $1.8 million Sec regional map VII

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,782,000; 988,000 fit for military service; about 73,000 reach military age (18) annually 300km

Ports

2 major, 5 minor Cameroon

2 minor (Male, Gan)

Railroads

612 km 1.000-meter gauge; government owned

none

Telecommunications

service barely adequate for government requirements and virtually nonexistent for general public; international service limited to Vietnam and other adjacent countries; earth satellite station scheduled for early 1987; radiobroadcasts limited to 1 station; 1 TV station Defense Forces

minimal domestic and international facilities; 1,064 telephones (0.5 per 100 pop!.); 1 TV, 1 FM, 2 AM stations; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station Defense Forces