2024 Edition Primary

Background

Tanzania contains some of Africa’s most iconic national parks and famous paleoanthropological sites, and its diverse cultural heritage reflects the multiple ethnolinguistic groups that live in the country. Its long history of integration into trade networks spanning the Indian Ocean and the African interior led to the development of Swahili as a common language in much of east Africa and the introduction of Islam into the region. A number of independent coastal and island trading posts in what is now Tanzania came under Portuguese control after 1498 when they began to take control of much of the coast and Indian Ocean trade. By 1700, the Sultanate of Oman had become the dominant power in the region after ousting the Portuguese, who were also facing a series of local uprisings. During the next hundred years, Zanzibar -- an archipelago off the coast that is now part of Tanzania -- became a hub of Indian Ocean trade, with Arab and Indian traders establishing and consolidating trade routes with communities in mainland Tanzania that contributed to the expansion of the slave trade. Zanzibar briefly became the capital of the Sultanate of Oman before it split into separate Omani and Zanzibar Sultanates in 1856. Beginning in the mid-1800s, European explorers, traders, and Christian missionaries became more active in the region. The Germans eventually established control over mainland Tanzania -- which they called Tanganyika -- and the British established control over Zanzibar. Tanganyika came under British administration after the German defeat in World War I. Tanganyika gained independence from Great Britain in 1961, and Zanzibar followed in 1963 as a constitutional monarchy. In Tanganyika, Julius NYERERE, a charismatic and idealistic socialist, established a one-party political system that centralized power and encouraged national self-reliance and rural development. In 1964, a popular uprising overthrew the Sultan in Zanzibar and either killed or expelled many of the Arabs and Indians who had dominated the isles for more than 200 years. Later that year, Tanganyika and Zanzibar combined to form the United Republic of Tanzania, but Zanzibar retained considerable autonomy. Their two ruling parties combined to form the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (CCM) party in 1977, which has since won every presidential election. Tanzania held its first multi-party elections in 1995, but CCM candidates have continued to dominate politics. The ruling party has claimed victory in four contentious elections since 1995, despite international observers' claims of voting irregularities. In 2001, 35 people died in Zanzibar when soldiers fired on protestors. John MAGUFULI won the 2015 and 2020 presidential elections, and the CCM won over two-thirds of the seats in Parliament in both elections. MAGUFULI died in 2021 while in office and was succeeded by his vice president, Samia Suluhu HASSAN.

Area

land

885,800 sq km

note

note: includes the islands of Mafia, Pemba, and Zanzibar

total

947,300 sq km

water

61,500 sq km

Area - comparative

more than six times the size of Georgia; slightly larger than twice the size of California

Climate

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Coastline

1,424 km

Elevation

highest point

Kilimanjaro (highest point in Africa) 5,895 m

lowest point

Indian Ocean 0 m

mean elevation

1,018 m

Geographic coordinates

6 00 S, 35 00 E

Geography - note

Kilimanjaro is the highest point in Africa and one of only three mountain ranges on the continent that has glaciers (the others are Mount Kenya in Kenya and the Ruwenzori Mountains on the Uganda-Democratic Republic of the Congo border); Tanzania is bordered by three of the largest lakes on the continent: Lake Victoria (the world's second-largest freshwater lake) in the north, Lake Tanganyika (the world's second deepest) in the west, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) in the southwest

Irrigated land

1,840 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Burundi 589 km; Democratic Republic of the Congo 479 km; Kenya 775 km; Malawi 512 km; Mozambique 840 km; Rwanda 222 km; Uganda 391 km; Zambia 353 km

total

4,161 km

Land use

agricultural land

43.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 14.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 27.1% (2018 est.)

forest

37.3% (2018 est.)

other

19% (2018 est.)

Location

Eastern Africa, bordering the Indian Ocean, between Kenya and Mozambique

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Victoria (shared with Uganda and Kenya) - 62,940 sq km; Lake Tanganyika (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and Zambia) - 32,000 sq km; Lake Malawi (shared with Mozambique and Malawi) - 22,490

salt water lake(s)

Lake Rukwa - 5,760 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding on the central plateau during the rainy season; droughtvolcanism: limited volcanic activity; Ol Doinyo Lengai (2,962 m) has emitted lava in recent years; other historically active volcanoes include Kieyo and Meru

Natural resources

hydropower, tin, phosphates, iron ore, coal, diamonds, gemstones (including tanzanite, found only in Tanzania), gold, natural gas, nickel

Population distribution

the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this population distribution map

Terrain

plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Age structure

0-14 years

41.2% (male 14,039,292/female 13,740,439)

15-64 years

55.4% (male 18,677,388/female 18,708,390)

65 years and over

3.4% (2024 est.) (male 975,224/female 1,321,388)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

0.74 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

6.6 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

7.81 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.09 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

32.5 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Child marriage

men married by age 18

3.9% (2016 est.)

women married by age 15

5.2%

women married by age 18

30.5%

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

12.1% (2022)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

38.4% (2015/16)

Current health expenditure

3.8% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

59.5% (2023 est.)

Death rate

5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Demographic profile

Tanzania has the largest population in East Africa and the lowest population density; more than a third of the population is urban. Tanzania’s youthful population – over 60% of the population is under 25 as of 2020 – is growing rapidly because of the high total fertility rate of 4.4 children per woman, as of 2022. Progress in reducing the birth rate has stalled, sustaining the country’s nearly 3% annual growth rate. The maternal mortality rate has improved since 2000, yet it remains very high because of early and frequent pregnancies, inadequate maternal health services, and a lack of skilled birth attendants – problems that are worse among poor and rural women. Tanzania has made strides in reducing under-5 and infant mortality rates, but a recent drop in immunization threatens to undermine gains in child health. Malaria is a leading killer of children under 5, while HIV is the main source of adult mortality. For Tanzania, most migration is internal, rural to urban movement, while some temporary labor migration from towns to plantations takes place seasonally for harvests. Tanzania was Africa’s largest refugee-hosting country for decades, hosting hundreds of thousands of refugees from the Great Lakes region, primarily Burundi, over the last fifty years. However, the assisted repatriation and naturalization of tens of thousands of Burundian refugees between 2002 and 2014 dramatically reduced the refugee population. Tanzania is increasingly a transit country for illegal migrants from the Horn of Africa and the Great Lakes region who are heading to southern Africa for security reasons and/or economic opportunities. Some of these migrants choose to settle in Tanzania.

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

5.9

potential support ratio

20.4 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

87.7

youth dependency ratio

81.9

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 59.4% of population

improved: total

total: 72% of population

improved: urban

urban: 95.1% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 40.6% of population

unimproved: total

total: 28% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 4.9% of population

Education expenditures

3.3% of GDP (2021 est.)

Ethnic groups

mainland - African 99% (of which 95% are Bantu consisting of more than 130 tribes), other 1% (consisting of Asian, European, and Arab); Zanzibar - Arab, African, mixed Arab and African

Gross reproduction rate

2.1 (2024 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.7 beds/1,000 population

Infant mortality rate

female

26.9 deaths/1,000 live births

male

32.3 deaths/1,000 live births

total

29.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Languages

Languages

Kiswahili or Swahili (official), Kiunguja (name for Swahili in Zanzibar), English (official, primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education), Arabic, many local languages

major-language sample(s)

The World Factbook, Chanzo cha Lazima Kuhusu Habari ya Msingi. (Kiswahili)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

72.6 years

male

69 years

total population

70.8 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write Kiswahili (Swahili), English, or Arabic

female

78.2% (2021)

male

85.5%

total population

81.8%

Major urban areas - population

262,000 Dodoma (legislative capital) (2018), 7.776 million DAR ES SALAAM (administrative capital), 1.311 million Mwanza, 800,000 Zanzibar (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

238 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

female

19.4 years

male

18.8 years

total

19.1 years (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

19.9 years (2022 est.)

note

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 15-49

Nationality

adjective

Tanzanian

noun

Tanzanian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

8.4% (2016)

Physician density

0.05 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population

female

33,770,217 (2024 est.)

male

33,691,904

total

67,462,121

Population distribution

the largest and most populous East African country; population distribution is extremely uneven, but greater population clusters occur in the northern half of country and along the east coast as shown in this population distribution map

Population growth rate

2.72% (2024 est.)

Religions

Christian 63.1%, Muslim 34.1%, folk religion 1.1%, Buddhist <1%, Hindu <1%, Jewish <1%, other <1%, unspecified 1.6% (2020 est.)

note

note: Zanzibar is almost entirely Muslim

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 29.2% of population

improved: total

total: 50.4% of population

improved: urban

urban: 89.4% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 70.8% of population

unimproved: total

total: 49.6% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 10.6% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

9 years (2021)

male

9 years

total

9 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.02 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.74 male(s)/female

at birth

1.03 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

3.4% (2020 est.)

male

14% (2020 est.)

total

8.7% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

4.27 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

37.4% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

31 regions; Arusha, Dar es Salaam, Dodoma, Geita, Iringa, Kagera, Kaskazini Pemba (Pemba North), Kaskazini Unguja (Zanzibar North), Katavi, Kigoma, Kilimanjaro, Kusini Pemba (Pemba South), Kusini Unguja (Zanzibar Central/South), Lindi, Manyara, Mara, Mbeya, Mjini Magharibi (Zanzibar Urban/West), Morogoro, Mtwara, Mwanza, Njombe, Pwani (Coast), Rukwa, Ruvuma, Shinyanga, Simiyu, Singida, Songwe, Tabora, Tanga

Capital

etymology

Dodoma, in the native Gogo language, means "it has sunk"; supposedly, one day during the rainy season, an elephant drowned in the area; the villagers in that place were so struck by what had occurred, that ever since the locale has been referred to as the place where "it (the elephant) sunk"

geographic coordinates

6 48 S, 39 17 E

name

Dodoma; note - Dodoma was designated the national capital in 1996; Dar es Salaam, the original national capital, is the country's largest city and commercial center 

time difference

UTC+3 (8 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Tanzania; if a child is born abroad, the father must be a citizen of Tanzania

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by the National Assembly; passage of amendments to constitutional articles including those on sovereignty of the United Republic, the authorities and powers of the government, the president, the Assembly, and the High Court requires two-thirds majority vote of the mainland Assembly membership and of the Zanzibar House of Representatives membership; House of Representatives approval of other amendments is not required; amended several times, last in 2017

history

several previous; latest adopted 25 April 1977; note - drafting of a new constitution by the National Assembly in 2014 had stalled, and not until 2021, when President HASSAN expressed the need for broad government reform was there a renewed mandate for a new constitution; a task force drafted and submitted a report in October 2202 with broad government reform recommendations, including a six-pronged approach to a new constitution; the president as recently as mid-2023 reaffirmed her commitment to a new constitution; Tanzania's political opposition in early 2024, called for protests rallying countrywide support for action on this issue

Country name

conventional long form

United Republic of Tanzania

conventional short form

Tanzania

etymology

the country's name is a combination of the first letters of Tanganyika and Zanzibar, the two states that merged to form Tanzania in 1964

former

German East Africa, Trust Territory of Tanganyika, Republic of Tanganyika, People's Republic of Zanzibar, United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar

local long form

Jamhuri ya Muungano wa Tanzania

local short form

Tanzania

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Michael A. BATTLE Sr. (since 27 February 2023)

email address and website

DRSACS@state.govhttps://tz.usembassy.gov/

embassy

686 Old Bagamoyo Road, Msasani, P.O. Box 9123, Dar es Salaam

FAX

[255] (22) 229-4721

mailing address

2140 Dar es Salaam Place, Washington, DC  20521-2140

telephone

[255] (22) 229-4000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1232 22nd Street NW, Washington, DC 20037

chief of mission

Ambassador Elsie Sia KANZA (since 1 December 2021)

email address and website

ubalozi@tanzaniaembassy-us.orghttps://us.tzembassy.go.tz/

FAX

[1] (202) 797-7408

telephone

[1] (202) 884-1080

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president from among members of the National Assembly

chief of state

President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 19 March 2021)

election results

2020: John MAGUFULI reelected president; percent of vote - John MAGUFULI (CCM) 84.4%, Tundu LISSU (CHADEMA) 13%, other 2.6%; note - President MAGUFULI died on 17 March 2021 and his Vice President, Samia Suluhu HASSAN, assumed the office of the President on 19 March 20212015: John MAGUFULI elected president; percent of vote - John MAGUFULI (CCM) 58.5%, Edward LOWASSA (CHADEMA) 40%, other 1.5%

elections/appointments

president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 28 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025); prime minister appointed by the president

head of government

President Samia Suluhu HASSAN (since 19 March 2021)

note

note 1: Zanzibar elects a president as head of government for internal matters; elections were held on 28 October 2020; Hussein MWINYI (CCM) 76.3%, Maalim Seif SHARIF (ACT-Wazalendo) 19.9%, other 3.8%note 2: the president is both chief of state and head of governmentnote 3: following the death of President John MAGUFULI in March 2021, then Vice President Samia Suluhu HASSAN assumed the presidency

Flag description

divided diagonally by a yellow-edged black band from the lower hoist-side corner; the upper triangle (hoist side) is green and the lower triangle is blue; the banner combines colors found on the flags of Tanganyika and Zanzibar; green represents the natural vegetation of the country, gold its rich mineral deposits, black the native Swahili people, and blue the country's many lakes and rivers, as well as the Indian Ocean

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

26 April 1964 (Tanganyika united with Zanzibar to form the United Republic of Tanganyika and Zanzibar); 29 October 1964 (renamed United Republic of Tanzania); notable earlier dates: 9 December 1961 (Tanganyika became independent from UK-administered UN trusteeship); 10 December 1963 (Zanzibar became independent from UK)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ACP, AfDB, AU, C, CD, EAC, EADB, EITI, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, SADC, UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Court of Appeal of the United Republic of Tanzania (consists of the chief justice and 14 justices); High Court of the United Republic for Mainland Tanzania (consists of the principal judge and 30 judges organized into commercial, land, and labor courts); High Court of Zanzibar (consists of the chief justice and 10 justices)

judge selection and term of office

Court of Appeal and High Court justices appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Service Commission for Tanzania, a judicial body of high level judges and 2 members appointed by the national president; Court of Appeal and High Court judges serve until mandatory retirement at age 60, but terms can be extended; High Court of Zanzibar judges appointed by the national president after consultation with the Judicial Commission of Zanzibar; judges can serve until mandatory retirement at age 65

subordinate courts

Resident Magistrates Courts; Kadhi courts (for Islamic family matters); district and primary courts

Legal system

English common law; judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation

Legislative branch

description

unicameral National Assembly or Parliament (Bunge) (393 seats; 264 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote, 113 women indirectly elected by proportional representation vote, 5 indirectly elected by simple majority vote by the Zanzibar House of Representatives, 10 appointed by the president, and 1 seat reserved for the attorney general; members serve 5-year terms)

election results

National Assembly - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - CCM 350, Chadema 20, ACT-Wazalendo 4, CUF 3; composition - men 246, women 147, percentage women 37.4%

elections

Tanzania National Assembly - last held on 28 October 2020 (next to be held in October 2025)

National anthem

lyrics/music

collective/Enoch Mankayi SONTONGA

name

"Mungu ibariki Afrika" (God Bless Africa)

note

note: adopted 1961; the anthem, which is also a popular song in Africa, shares the same melody with that of Zambia but has different lyrics; the melody is also incorporated into South Africa's anthem

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Ngorongoro Conservation Area (m); Ruins of Kilwa Kisiwani and Songo Mnara (c); Serengeti National Park (n); Selous Game Reserve (n); Kilimanjaro National Park (n); Stone Town of Zanzibar (c); Kondoa Rock-Art Sites (c)

total World Heritage Sites

7 (3 cultural, 3 natural, 1 mixed)

National holiday

Union Day (Tanganyika and Zanzibar), 26 April (1964)

National symbol(s)

Uhuru (Freedom) torch, giraffe; national colors: green, yellow, blue, black

Political parties

Alliance for Change and Transparency (Wazalendo) or ACT-WazalendoCivic United Front (Chama Cha Wananchi) or CUFParty of Democracy and Development (Chama Cha Demokrasia na Maendeleo) or CHADEMARevolutionary Party of Tanzania (Chama Cha Mapinduzi) or CCM

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

cassava, maize, sweet potatoes, sugarcane, bananas, milk, rice, vegetables, beans, sunflower seeds (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

1.6% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on food

27.9% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$8.926 billion (2014 est.)

note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

revenues

$9.114 billion (2014 est.)

Credit ratings

Moody's rating

B2 (2020)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Current account balance

Current account balance 2020

-$1.459 billion (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

-$2.388 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

-$5.384 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Debt - external

Debt - external 2022

$15.913 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: present value of external debt in current US dollars

Economic overview

emerging lower middle-income East African economy; resource-rich and growing tourism; strong post-pandemic recovery from hospitality, electricity, mining, and transit sectors; declining poverty; stable inflation; gender-based violence economic and labor force disruptions

Exchange rates

Currency

Tanzanian shillings (TZS) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2017

2,228.857 (2017 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

2,263.782 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

2,288.207 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

2,294.146 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

2,297.764 (2021 est.)

Exports

Exports 2020

$8.555 billion (2020 est.)

Exports 2021

$9.874 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$11.986 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

gold, raw copper, refined copper, copper ore, coconuts/Brazil nuts/cashews (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

India 27%, UAE 11%, South Africa 9%, Kenya 5%, Rwanda 5% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

17.8% (2023 est.)

government consumption

8.1% (2023 est.)

household consumption

53.8% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-20% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

42% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

-1.7% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

23.7% (2023 est.)

industry

27.7% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

28.9% (2023 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$79.158 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018

40.5 (2018 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

33.1% (2018 est.)

lowest 10%

2.9% (2018 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

Imports 2020

$9.151 billion (2020 est.)

Imports 2021

$11.61 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$16.674 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, refined copper, garments, fertilizers, plastics (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

China 30%, India 18%, UAE 11%, Democratic Republic of the Congo 5%, Saudi Arabia 2% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

3.9% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine); mining (diamonds, gold, and iron), salt, soda ash; cement, oil refining, shoes, apparel, wood products, fertilizer

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

3.69% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

4.35% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

3.8% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

31.219 million (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Population below poverty line

26.4% (2018 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

Public debt 2017

37% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$212.79 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$222.506 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$234.05 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

4.32% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

4.57% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

5.19% (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$3,500 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$3,500 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$3,600 (2023 est.)

Remittances

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

0.79% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

0.92% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

0.42% of GDP (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2016

$4.351 billion (2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2017

$5.888 billion (2017 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2018

$5.05 billion (2018 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

11.47% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

2.81% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

2.61% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

2.61% (2023 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

4.4% (2023 est.)

male

2.6% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

3.5% (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

1.762 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas

3.547 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

7.494 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

12.804 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Coal

consumption

802,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

exports

1.71 million metric tons (2022 est.)

imports

100 metric tons (2022 est.)

production

2.511 million metric tons (2022 est.)

proven reserves

1.41 billion metric tons (2022 est.)

Electricity

consumption

7.931 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports

148.53 million kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

1.677 million kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

1.238 billion kWh (2022 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

36%

electrification - total population

45.8% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

74.7%

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

0.8% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

fossil fuels

67.4% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity

31.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar

0.5% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

3.221 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

1.808 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

production

1.808 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

proven reserves

6.513 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

58,000 bbl/day (2022 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

2 (2020 est.)

total

1,135,608 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

according to statistics from the Tanzania Communications Regulatory Authority (TCRA), Tanzania had 45 television stations as of 2020; 13 of those stations provided national content services (commercially broadcasting free-to-air television); there are 196 radio stations, most operating at the district level, but also including 5 independent nationally broadcasting stations and 1 state-owned national radio station; international broadcasting is available through satellite television which is becoming increasingly widespread; there are 3 major satellite TV providers (2020)

Internet country code

.tz

Internet users

percent of population

32% (2021 est.)

total

20.48 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line telephone network is 2 connections per 100 persons; mobile-cellular service is 92 telephones per 100 persons (2022)

general assessment

Tanzania’s telecom sector enjoys effective competition, particularly in the mobile segment; the government has encouraged foreign participation to promote economic growth and social development, and policy reforms have led to the country having one of the most liberal telecom sectors in Africa; the government has sought to increase broadband penetration by a range of measures, including the reduction in VAT charged on the sale of smartphones and other devices, and reductions in the cost of data; the MNOs became the leading ISPs following the launch of mobile broadband services based on 3G and LTE technologies; operators are hoping for revenue growth in the mobile data services market, given that the voice market is almost entirely prepaid; the MNOs have invested in network upgrades, which in turn has supported m-mobile data use, as well as m-money transfer services and banking services. Together, these have become a fast-developing source of revenue; the landing of the first international submarine cables in the country some years ago revolutionized the telecom market, which up to that point had entirely depended on expensive satellite connections; following the signing of infrastructure investment agreements with mobile network operators, the government plans to extend its national ICT broadband backbone to 99 or 185 districts by 2024 and to all districts by 2030 (2022)

international

country code - 255; landing points for the EASSy, SEACOM/Tata TGN-Eurasia, and SEAS fiber-optic submarine cable system linking East Africa with the Middle East; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (1 Indian Ocean, 1 Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

(2022 est.) less than 1

total subscriptions

85,000 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

92 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

60.192 million (2022 est.)

Airports

206 (2024)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

5H

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 4, container ship 17, general cargo 170, oil tanker 58, other 132

total

381 (2023)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

390,000 (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

1,481,557 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

91

number of registered air carriers

11 (2020)

Pipelines

311 km gas, 891 km oil, 8 km refined products (2013)

Ports

key ports

Chake Chake, Dar Es Salaam, Tanga, Zanzibar

medium

1

ports with oil terminals

4

small

3

total ports

8 (2024)

very small

4

Railways

broad gauge

2,707 km (2022) 1.000 m guage

narrow gauge

969 km (2022) 1.067 m gauge

standard gauge

421 km (2022)

total

4,097 km (2022)

Roadways

paved

11,201 km

total

145,203 km

unpaved

134,002 km (2022)

Waterways

1,594 km (2022) (Lake Tanganyika 673 km, Lake Victoria 337 km, and Lake Nyasa (Lake Malawi) 584 km are the principal avenues of commerce with neighboring countries; the rivers are not navigable)

Military - note

the TDPF’s primary concerns are maritime piracy and smuggling, border security, terrorism, animal poaching, and spillover from instability in neighboring countries, particularly Mozambique and the Democratic Republic of the Congo (DRC); it participates in multinational training exercises, regional peacekeeping deployments, and has ties with a variety of foreign militaries, including those of China, India, and the US; it has contributed troops to the UN’s Force Intervention Brigade in the DRC; the TPDF also participated in the former Southern African Development Community intervention force in Mozambique, which assisted the Mozambique military in combating fighters affiliated with the Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS); the regional force withdrew in 2024, but the TPDF continues to maintain troops in Mozambique as part of a separate bilateral security agreement; since 2020, the TPDF has reinforced the border with Mozambique following several cross-border attacks by ISIS fighters (2024)

Military and security forces

Tanzania People's Defense Forces (TPDF or Jeshi la Wananchi la Tanzania, JWTZ): Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force, National Building Army (Jeshi la Kujenga Taifa, JKT), People's Militia (Reserves)Ministry of Home Affairs: Tanzania Police Force (2024)

note

note 1: the National Building Army (aka National Services) is a paramilitary organization under the Defense Forces that provides six months of military and vocational training to individuals as part of their two years of public service; after completion of training, some graduates join the regular Defense Forces while the remainder become part of the People's (or Citizen's) Militianote 2: the Tanzania Police Force includes the Police Field Force (aka Field Force Unit), a special police division with the responsibility for controlling unlawful demonstrations and riots

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 25,000 active-duty personnel (21,000 Land Forces; 1,000 Naval Forces; 3,000 Air Force) (2023)

Military deployments

520 Central African Republic (MINUSCA); 850 Democratic Republic of the Congo (MONUSCO; note - the MONUSCO mission is in the process of drawing down forces); 125 Lebanon (UNIFIL); approximately 300 Mozambique (under bi-lateral agreement to assist with combatting an insurgency) (2024)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the TPDF's inventory includes mostly Chinese and Russian/Soviet-era weapons and equipment (2024)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2019

1.1% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; 6-year commitment (2-year contracts afterwards); selective conscription for 2 years of public service (2024)

Illicit drugs

significant transit country for illicit drugs in East Africa; international drug trafficking organizations and courier networks transit illicit drugs through mainland Tanzania to markets in within Africa, Europe and North America; cultivates cannabis and khat for domestic consumption and regional and international distribution; domestic drug use continues increasing including methamphetamine heroin use (2023)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin)

89,163 (Democratic Republic of the Congo), 112,779 (Burundi) (2024)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham - Mozambique (ISIS-M)

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in the Terrorism reference guide

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

11.97 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

59.08 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

15.36 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Climate

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Environment - current issues

water pollution; improper management of liquid waste; indoor air pollution caused by the burning of fuel wood or charcoal for cooking and heating is a large environmental health issue; soil degradation; deforestation; desertification; destruction of coral reefs threatens marine habitats; wildlife threatened by illegal hunting and trade, especially for ivory; loss of biodiversity; solid waste disposal

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Food insecurity

severe localized food insecurity

due to localized shortfalls in staple food production - according to the latest analysis, an estimated 990,000 million people were facing severe acute food insecurity between March and May 2023, 839,000 people in 28 mainland districts and 151,000 on Zanzibar Island; the food insecurity situation was mainly driven by a reduced crop production in 2022 due to dry weather conditions and by high food prices (2023)

Geoparks

global geoparks and regional networks

Ngorongoro Lengai (2023)

total global geoparks and regional networks

1

Land use

agricultural land

43.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 14.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 2.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 27.1% (2018 est.)

forest

37.3% (2018 est.)

other

19% (2018 est.)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lake Victoria (shared with Uganda and Kenya) - 62,940 sq km; Lake Tanganyika (shared with Democratic Republic of Congo, Burundi, and Zambia) - 32,000 sq km; Lake Malawi (shared with Mozambique and Malawi) - 22,490

salt water lake(s)

Lake Rukwa - 5,760 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Nile (shared with Rwanda [s], Uganda, South Sudan, Sudan, and Egypt [m]) - 6,650 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Congo (3,730,881 sq km), (Mediterranean Sea) Nile (3,254,853 sq km)Indian Ocean drainage: Zambezi (1,332,412 sq km)

Revenue from coal

0.02% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

2.19% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

96.3 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

4.63 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

30 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

530 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

4.89% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

37.4% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

9,276,995 tons (2012 est.)