2020 Edition

Background

The Tajik people came under Russian imperial rule in the 1860s and 1870s, but Russia's hold on Central Asia weakened following the Revolution of 1917. At that time, bands of indigenous guerrillas (known as "basmachi") fiercely contested Bolshevik control of the area, which was not fully reestablished until 1925. Tajikistan was first established as an autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic within the Uzbek Soviet Socialist Republic in 1924, but in 1929 the Soviet Union made Tajikistan as a separate republic and transferred to it much of present-day Sughd Province. Ethnic Uzbeks form a substantial minority in Tajikistan, and ethnic Tajiks an even larger minority in Uzbekistan. Tajikistan became independent in 1991 after the breakup of the Soviet Union, and the country experienced a civil war among political, regional, and religious factions from 1992 to 1997. Despite Tajikistan's general elections for both the presidency (once every seven years) and legislature (once every five years), observers note an electoral system rife with irregularities and abuse, and results that are neither free nor fair. President Emomali RAHMON, who came to power in 1992 during the civil war and was first elected president in 1994, used an attack planned by a disaffected deputy defense minister in 2015 to ban the last major opposition party in Tajikistan. RAHMON further strengthened his position by having himself declared "Founder of Peace and National Unity, Leader of the Nation," with limitless terms and lifelong immunity through constitutional amendments ratified in a referendum. The referendum also lowered the minimum age required to run for president from 35 to 30, which made RAHMON's first-born son Rustam EMOMALI, the mayor of the capital city of Dushanbe, eligible to run for president in 2020. RAHMON orchestrated EMOMALI's selection in 2020 as chairman of the Majlisi Milli (the upper chamber of Tajikistan's parliament), positioning EMOMALI as next in line of succession for the presidency. RAHMON opted to run in the presidential election later that year and received 91% of the vote. The country remains the poorest of the former Soviet republics. Tajikistan became a member of the WTO in 2013, but its economy continues to face major challenges, including dependence on remittances from Tajikistani migrant laborers in Russia and Kazakhstan, pervasive corruption, the opiate trade, and destabilizing violence emanating from neighboring Afghanistan. Tajikistan has endured several domestic security incidents since 2010, including armed conflict between government forces and local strongmen in the Rasht Valley and between government forces and informal leaders in Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Oblast. Tajikistan suffered its first ISIS-claimed attack in 2018, when assailants attacked a group of Western bicyclists, killing four. Friction between forces on the border between Tajikistan and the Kyrgyz Republic flared up in 2021, culminating in fatal clashes between border forces in 2021 and 2022.

Area

land

141,510 sq km

total

144,100 sq km

water

2,590 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Wisconsin

Climate

mid-latitude continental, hot summers, mild winters; semiarid to polar in Pamir Mountains

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Qullai Somoniyon 7,495 m

lowest point

Syr Darya (Sirdaryo) 300 m

mean elevation

3,186 m

Geographic coordinates

39 00 N, 71 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; highest point, Qullai Ismoili Somoni (formerly Communism Peak), was the tallest mountain in the former USSR

Irrigated land

5,681 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Afghanistan 1,357 km; China 477 km; Kyrgyzstan 984 km; Uzbekistan 1,312 km

total

4,130 km

Land use

agricultural land

27.9% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 6.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.5% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 20.4% (2023 est.)

forest

3.1% (2023 est.)

other

69% (2023 est.)

Location

Central Asia, west of China, south of Kyrgyzstan

Major rivers (by length in km)

Syr Darya (shared with Kyrgyzstan [s], Uzbekistan, and Kazakhstan [m]) - 3,078 km; Amu Darya river source (shared with Turkmenistan, Afghanistan, and Uzbekistan [m]) - 2,620 km note: [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Internal (endorheic basin) drainage

Tarim Basin (1,152,448 sq km), (Aral Sea Basin) Amu Darya (534,739 sq km), Syr Darya (782,617 sq km)

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

earthquakes; floods

Natural resources

hydropower, some petroleum, uranium, mercury, brown coal, lead, zinc, antimony, tungsten, silver, gold

Population distribution

the population is concentrated at lower elevations, with perhaps as many as 90% living in valleys; overall density increases from east to west

Terrain

mountainous region dominated by the Alay Mountains in the north and the Pamirs in the southeast; western Fergana Valley in north, Kofirnihon and Vakhsh Valleys in southwest

Age structure

0-14 years

36.9% (male 1,953,472/female 1,877,192)

15-64 years

59.3% (male 3,086,964/female 3,071,642)

65 years and over

3.9% (2024 est.) (male 181,382/female 223,411)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

0.38 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

0.45 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

0.85 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

25.31 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15

0.1% (2017)

women married by age 18

8.7% (2017)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

5.2% (2023 est.)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

68% (2020 est.)

Death rate

4.45 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

6.9 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

14.5 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

68.5 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

61.5 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 76.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 81.9% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 95.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 23.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 18.1% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 4.4% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

5.4% of GDP (2023 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

19.3% national budget (2024 est.)

Ethnic groups

Tajik 84.3% (includes Pamiri and Yagnobi), Uzbek 13.8%, other 2% (includes Kyrgyz, Russian, Turkmen, Tatar, Arab) (2014 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

1.71 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

8% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

6.4% of national budget (2022 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.3 beds/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

18.9 deaths/1,000 live births

male

24.3 deaths/1,000 live births

total

20.3 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Tajik (official) 84.4%, Uzbek 11.9%, Kyrgyz 0.8%, Russian 0.5%, other 2.4% (2010 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Китоби Фактҳои Ҷаҳонӣ, манбаи бебадали маълумоти асосӣ (Tajik) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

73.8 years

male

70.1 years

total population

71.9 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

94.6% (2017 est.)

Major urban areas - population

987,000 DUSHANBE (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

14 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

23.2 years

male

22.3 years

total

22.8 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

23.2 years (2017 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Tajikistani

noun

Tajikistani(s)

Net migration rate

-1.94 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

14.2% (2016)

Physician density

1.87 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

female

5,270,956

male

5,322,920

total

10,593,876 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

1.89% (2025 est.)

Religions

Muslim 98% (Sunni 95%, Shia 3%) other 2% (2014 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 99.6% of population (2022 est.)

improved: total

total: 99.4% of population (2022 est.)

improved: urban

urban: 98.9% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: rural

rural: 0.4% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0.6% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.1% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

11 years (2024 est.)

male

12 years (2024 est.)

total

12 years (2024 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.81 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1.01 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total fertility rate

3.52 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

2.73% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

28.2% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

2 provinces (viloyatho, singular - viloyat), 1 autonomous province* (viloyati mukhtor), 1 capital region** (viloyati poytakht), and 1 area referred to as Districts Under Republic Administration***; Dushanbe**, Khatlon (Bokhtar), Kuhistoni Badakhshon [Gorno-Badakhshan]* (Khorugh), Nohiyahoi Tobei Jumhuri***, Sughd (Khujand)

Capital

etymology

the name means Monday in Persian; today's city was originally at the crossroads where a large bazaar was held on Mondays, or the second day (du) after Saturday (shambe)

geographic coordinates

38 33 N, 68 46 E

name

Dushanbe

time difference

UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Tajikistan

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years or 3 years of continuous residence prior to application

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the president of the republic or by at least one third of the total membership of both houses of the Supreme Assembly; adoption of any amendment requires a referendum, which includes approval of the president or approval by at least two-thirds majority of the Assembly of Representatives; passage in a referendum requires participation of an absolute majority of eligible voters and an absolute majority of votes; constitutional articles, including Tajikistan’s form of government, its territory, and its democratic nature, cannot be amended

history

several previous; latest adopted 6 November 1994

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Tajikistan

conventional short form

Tajikistan

etymology

the Persian suffix -ostan means "land," so the country name means "Land of the Tajik [people];" the name Tajik comes from the Sanskrit tajika, a name originally used to distinguish Arabs from Turks and derived from the Tay, an Arab people

former

Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic

local long form

Jumhurii Tojikiston

local short form

Tojikiston

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Manuel P. MICALLER Jr. (since 9 March 2023)

email address and website

DushanbeConsular@state.gov https://tj.usembassy.gov/

embassy

109-A Ismoili Somoni Avenue (Zarafshon district), Dushanbe 734019

FAX

[992] (37) 229-20-50

mailing address

7090 Dushanbe Place, Washington DC 20521-7090

telephone

[992] (37) 229-20-00

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1005 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20037

chief of mission

Ambassador-designate Zavqi ZAVQIZODA (since 14 November 2025)

email address and website

tajemus@mfa.tj https://mfa.tj/en/washington

FAX

[1] (202) 223-6091

telephone

[1] (202) 223-6090

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president, approved by the Supreme Assembly

chief of state

President Emomali RAHMON (since 16 November 1994; head of state and Supreme Assembly Chairman since 20 November 1992)

election results

2020: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 92.1%, Rustam LATIFZODA (APT) 3.1%, other 4.8% 2013: Emomali RAHMON reelected president; percent of vote - Emomali RAHMON (PDPT) 84%, Ismoil TALBAKOV CPT) 5%, other 11%

election/appointment process

president directly elected by simple-majority popular vote for a 7-year term (two-term limit), but as the "Leader of the Nation," president has no term limit; prime minister appointed by the president

expected date of next election

2027

head of government

Prime Minister Qohir RASULZODA (since 23 November 2013)

most recent election date

11 October 2020

Flag

description: three horizontal stripes of red (top), a wider stripe of white, and green; a gold crown under seven five-pointed gold stars is in the center of the white stripe meaning: red stands for the sun, victory, and the unity of the nation; white for purity, cotton, and mountain snows; green for Islam and nature's bounty; the crown symbolizes the Tajik people; the stars represent the number seven, which is considered a symbol of perfection and the embodiment of happiness

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

9 September 1991 (from the Soviet Union)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, CICA, CIS, CSTO, EAEC, EAPC, EBRD, ECO, EITI (candidate country), FAO, G-77, GCTU, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM (observer), OIC, OPCW, OSCE, PFP, SCO, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the chairman, deputy chairmen, and 34 judges organized into civil, family, criminal, administrative offense, and military chambers); Constitutional Court (consists of the court chairman, deputy chairman, and 5 judges); High Economic Court (consists of 16 judicial positions)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court, Constitutional Court, and High Economic Court judges nominated by the president and approved by the National Assembly; judges of all 3 courts appointed for 10-year renewable terms with no term limits, but the last appointment must occur before the age of 65

subordinate courts

regional and district courts; Dushanbe City Court; viloyat (province-level) courts; Court of Gorno-Badakhshan Autonomous Region

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

legislative structure

bicameral

legislature name

Supreme Council (Majlisi Oli)

Legislative branch - lower chamber

chamber name

House of Representatives (Majlisi namoyandogon)

electoral system

mixed system

expected date of next election

March 2030

most recent election date

3/2/2025

number of seats

63 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan (PDPT) (49); Agrarian Party of Tajikistan (APT) (7); Party of Economic Reforms of Tajikistan (PERT) (5); Other (2)

percentage of women in chamber

28.6%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

Legislative branch - upper chamber

chamber name

National Assembly (Majlisi milli)

expected date of next election

March 2030

most recent election date

3/28/2025

number of seats

33 (25 indirectly elected; 8 appointed)

percentage of women in chamber

30.3%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1994; after the fall of the Soviet Union, Tajikistan kept the music of its Soviet-era anthem, but adopted new lyrics

lyrics/music

Gulnazar KELDI/Sulaimon YUDAKOV

title

"Surudi milli" (National Anthem)

National color(s)

red, white, green

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Proto-urban Site of Sarazm (c); Tajik National Park (Mountains of the Pamirs) (n); Silk Roads: Zarafshan-Karakum Corridor (c); Tugay forests of the Tigrovaya Balka Nature Reserve (n); Cultural Heritage Sites of Ancient Khuttal (c)

total World Heritage Sites

5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day (or National Day), 9 September (1991)

National symbol(s)

arc of seven five-pointed stars over a crown, Marco Polo sheep

Political parties

Agrarian Party of Tajikistan or APT Democratic Party or DPT Party of Economic Reforms or PERT People's Democratic Party of Tajikistan or PDPT Socialist Party of Tajikistan or SPT

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

potatoes, milk, wheat, watermelons, onions, tomatoes, carrots/turnips, cotton, vegetables, grapes (2023)

Budget

expenditures

$3.036 billion (2023 est.)

revenues

$2.911 billion (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2022

$1.635 billion (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$584.022 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance 2024

$887.016 million (2024 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2023

$3.024 billion (2023 est.)

Economic overview

lower-middle-income Central Asian economy; large infrastructure projects, including Rogun Dam, and a push towards green development and digitalization driving growth; strong metal mining, electricity, and manufacturing industries; challenges include land scarcity, climate vulnerability, and complex bureaucratic processes for investors

Exchange rates

Currency

Tajikistani somoni (TJS) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

10.322 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

11.309 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

11.031 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

10.845 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

10.799 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2022

$1.753 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$2.105 billion (2023 est.)

Exports 2024

$1.618 billion (2024 est.)

Exports - commodities

gold, precious metal ore, aluminum, lead ore, antimony (2023)

Exports - partners

Switzerland 31%, Kazakhstan 18%, China 17%, Uzbekistan 10%, Turkey 8% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

17.2% (2023 est.)

government consumption

10.7% (2023 est.)

household consumption

89.6% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-48.4% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

28.3% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

3.4% (2023 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

22.9% (2023 est.)

industry

33.6% (2023 est.)

services

34.7% (2023 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$14.205 billion (2024 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015

34 (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

26.4% (2015 est.)

lowest 10%

3% (2015 est.)

Imports

Imports 2022

$5.261 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$5.931 billion (2023 est.)

Imports 2024

$6.907 billion (2024 est.)

Imports - commodities

garments, footwear, cars, wheat, vehicle parts/accessories (2023)

Imports - partners

China 57%, Kazakhstan 13%, Uzbekistan 8%, Turkey 6%, UAE 4% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

9.9% (2023 est.)

Industries

aluminum, cement, coal, gold, silver, antimony, textile, vegetable oil

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

7.3% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

3.9% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

7.7% (2019 est.)

Labor force

2.78 million (2024 est.)

Population below poverty line

20.4% (2023 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2016

42% of GDP (2016 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$42.905 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$46.467 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2024

$50.37 billion (2024 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2022

8% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

8.3% (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2024

8.4% (2024 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2022

$4,200 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$4,500 (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2024

$4,800 (2024 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2022

49.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

37.8% of GDP (2023 est.)

Remittances 2024

47.9% of GDP (2024 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$2.499 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$3.847 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$3.304 billion (2023 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

10.8% (of GDP) (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2022

11.7% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

11.6% (2023 est.)

Unemployment rate 2024

11.7% (2024 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

23.3% (2024 est.)

male

30% (2024 est.)

total

27.1% (2024 est.)

Coal

consumption

2.297 million metric tons (2023 est.)

exports

475,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

imports

147,000 metric tons (2023 est.)

production

2.394 million metric tons (2023 est.)

proven reserves

4.075 billion metric tons (2023 est.)

Electricity

consumption

15.275 billion kWh (2023 est.)

exports

3.101 billion kWh (2023 est.)

imports

714.025 million kWh (2023 est.)

installed generating capacity

6.481 million kW (2023 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

3.94 billion kWh (2023 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

100%

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

electrification - urban areas

99%

Electricity generation sources

fossil fuels

7.4% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

hydroelectricity

92.6% of total installed capacity (2023 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2023

16.192 million Btu/person (2023 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

43.767 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

imports

24.196 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

production

18.476 million cubic meters (2023 est.)

proven reserves

5.663 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil estimated reserves

12 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

31,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

total petroleum production

300 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

(2022 est.) less than 1

total

6,000 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media

state-run broadcaster has 9 national TV and 10 radio stations, and 4 regional stations; 31 independent TV and 20 independent radio stations broadcast locally and regionally; Russian and other foreign stations available via cable and satellite (2016)

Internet country code

.tj

Internet users

percent of population

57% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

5 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

502,000 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

119 (2023 est.)

total subscriptions

7.92 million (2023 est.)

Airports

19 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

EY

Heliports

1 (2025)

Railways

broad gauge

680 km (2014) 1.520-m gauge

total

680 km (2014)

Military - note

the military's primary concerns are terrorism, border security, territorial defense, and regional security, particularly in neighboring Afghanistan; Russia is traditionally Tajikistan’s most important security partner and thousands of Russian troops are stationed in the country, primarily at the 201st military base, which Moscow has leased until at least 2042; Russia and Tajikistan have a joint air defense system, and they conduct periodic joint exercises; Tajikistan has been a member of the Russian-led Collective Security Treaty Organization (CSTO) since 1994 and contributes troops to CSTO's rapid reaction force; Tajikistan also cooperates on security matters with China, including joint military training Tajikistan is the only former Soviet republic that did not form its armed forces from old Soviet Army units following the collapse of the USSR in 1991; rather, Russia retained command of the Soviet units there while the Tajik government raised a military from scratch; the first ground forces were officially created in 1993 from groups that fought for the government during the Tajik Civil War (2025)

Military and security forces

Armed Forces of the Republic of Tajikistan: Ground Forces, Mobile Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces Tajik National Guard (TNG); Ministry of Internal Affairs: Internal Troops of Tajikistan; State Committee on National Security: Border Troops (aka Tajik Border Service) (2025)

Military and security service personnel strengths

estimated 10,000 active Armed Forces; estimated 5-10,000 active paramilitary National Guard, Border Service, and Internal Troops personnel (2025)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military is equipped with mostly older Russian and Soviet-era armaments; it also has smaller amounts of items from suppliers such as China, Türkiye, and the US (2025)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2020

1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.2% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military Expenditures 2023

2% of GDP (2023 est.)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.8% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory (men only) or voluntary (men and women) military service; up to a 24-month service obligation for conscripts based on education level (2025)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

238 (2024 est.)

refugees

15,191 (2024 est.)

stateless persons

4,466 (2024 est.)

Terrorist group(s)

Islamic State of Iraq and ash-Sham (ISIS)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

4.676 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from consumed natural gas

86,000 metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

3.855 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

total emissions

8.616 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2023 est.)

Environmental issues

air pollution from motor vehicles and industry; water pollution from agricultural runoff and untreated industrial waste and sewage; poor management of water resources; soil erosion; increasing levels of soil salinity

International environmental agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Particulate matter emissions

53.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Total renewable water resources

21.91 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

7.378 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

industrial

1.61 billion cubic meters (2022 est.)

municipal

912 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

1.787 million tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

13.9% (2022 est.)