2013 Edition

Background

Following World War I, France acquired a mandate over the northern portion of the former Ottoman Empire province of Syria. The French administered the area as Syria until granting it independence in 1946. The new country lacked political stability, however, and experienced a series of military coups during its first decades. Syria united with Egypt in February 1958 to form the United Arab Republic. In September 1961, the two entities separated, and the Syrian Arab Republic was reestablished. In November 1970, Hafiz al-ASAD, a member of the socialist Ba'th Party and the minority Alawi sect, seized power in a bloodless coup and brought political stability to the country. In the 1967 Arab-Israeli War, Syria lost the Golan Heights to Israel. During the 1990s, Syria and Israel held occasional peace talks over its return. Following the death of President al-ASAD, his son, Bashar al-ASAD, was approved as president by popular referendum in July 2000. Syrian troops - stationed in Lebanon since 1976 in an ostensible peacekeeping role - were withdrawn in April 2005. During the July-August 2006 conflict between Israel and Hizballah, Syria placed its military forces on alert but did not intervene directly on behalf of its ally Hizballah. In May 2007 Bashar al-ASAD's second term as president was approved by popular referendum. Influenced by major uprisings that began elsewhere in the region, antigovernment protests broke out in the southern province of Dar'a in March 2011 with protesters calling for the repeal of the restrictive Emergency Law allowing arrests without charge, the legalization of political parties, and the removal of corrupt local officials. Since then demonstrations and unrest have spread to nearly every city in Syria, but the size and intensity of protests have fluctuated over time. The government responded to unrest with a mix of concessions - including the repeal of the Emergency Law and approving new laws permitting new political parties and liberalizing local and national elections - and force. However, the government's response has failed to meet opposition demands for ASAD to step down, and the government's ongoing security operations to quell unrest and widespread armed opposition activity have led to extended violent clashes between government forces and oppositionists. International pressure on the ASAD regime has intensified since late 2011, as the Arab League, EU, Turkey, and the United States have expanded economic sanctions against the regime. Lakhdar BRAHIMI, current Joint Special Representative of the United Nations and the League of Arab States on the Syrian crisis, in October 2012 began meeting with regional heads of state to assist in brokering a cease-fire. In December 2012, the National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Opposition Forces was recognized by more than 130 countries as the sole legitimate representative of the Syrian people. Unrest persists in 2013, and the death toll among Syrian Government forces, opposition forces, and civilians has topped 100,000.

Area

185,180 sq km 183,630 sq km 1,550 sq km includes 1,295 sq km of Israeli-occupied territory

total

185,180 sq km

water

1,550 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than North Dakota

Climate

mostly desert; hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast; cold weather with snow or sleet periodically in Damascus

Coastline

193 km

Elevation extremes

unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m Mount Hermon 2,814 m

highest point

Mount Hermon 2,814 m

lowest point

unnamed location near Lake Tiberias -200 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification; water pollution from raw sewage and petroleum refining wastes; inadequate potable water

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands Environmental Modification

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Environmental Modification

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

16.76 cu km/yr (9%/4%/88%) 867.4 cu m/yr (2005)

per capita

867.4 cu m/yr (2005)

total

16.76 cu km/yr (9%/4%/88%)

Geographic coordinates

35 00 N, 38 00 E

Geography - note

the capital of Damascus - located at an oasis fed by the Barada River - is thought to be one of the world's oldest continuously inhabited cities; there are 41 Israeli settlements and civilian land use sites in the Israeli-occupied Golan Heights (2010 est.)

Irrigated land

13,410 sq km (2010)

Land boundaries

2,253 km Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km

border countries

Iraq 605 km, Israel 76 km, Jordan 375 km, Lebanon 375 km, Turkey 822 km

total

2,253 km

Land use

24.9% 5.69% 69.41% (2011)

arable land

24.9%

other

69.41% (2011)

permanent crops

5.69%

Location

Middle East, bordering the Mediterranean Sea, between Lebanon and Turkey

Map references

Middle East

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm

contiguous zone

24 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

dust storms, sandstorms Syria's two historically active volcanoes, Es Safa and an unnamed volcano near the Turkish border have not erupted in centuries

volcanism

Syria's two historically active volcanoes, Es Safa and an unnamed volcano near the Turkish border have not erupted in centuries

Natural resources

petroleum, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum, hydropower

Terrain

primarily semiarid and desert plateau; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west

Total renewable water resources

16.8 cu km (2011)

Age structure

33.9% (male 3,900,073/female 3,707,117) 20.8% (male 2,387,006/female 2,285,496) 36.9% (male 4,214,621/female 4,075,181) 4.6% (male 504,422/female 517,413) 3.9% (male 395,806/female 470,201) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

33.9% (male 3,900,073/female 3,707,117)

15-24 years

20.8% (male 2,387,006/female 2,285,496)

25-54 years

36.9% (male 4,214,621/female 4,075,181)

55-64 years

4.6% (male 504,422/female 517,413)

65 years and over

3.9% (male 395,806/female 470,201) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

23.01 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

192,915 4 % (2006 est.)

percentage

4 % (2006 est.)

total number

192,915

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

10.1% (2009)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

58.3% (2006)

Death rate

3.67 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

64.3 % 57.7 % 6.7 % 15 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

6.7 %

potential support ratio

15 (2013)

total dependency ratio

64.3 %

youth dependency ratio

57.7 %

Drinking water source

urban: 93% of population rural: 86% of population total: 90% of population urban: 7% of population rural: 14% of population total: 10% of population (2010 est.)

rural

14% of population

total

10% of population (2010 est.)

urban

7% of population

Education expenditures

5.1% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic groups

Arab 90.3%, Kurds, Armenians, and other 9.7%

Health expenditures

3.7% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2001 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 200 (2003 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

fewer than 500 (2003 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

14.63 deaths/1,000 live births 16.83 deaths/1,000 live births 12.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

12.31 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

14.63 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian (widely understood); French, English (somewhat understood)

Life expectancy at birth

75.14 years 72.74 years 77.69 years (2013 est.)

female

77.69 years (2013 est.)

total population

75.14 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 84.1% 90.3% 77.7% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

77.7% (2011 est.)

male

90.3%

total population

84.1%

Major urban areas - population

Aleppo 2.985 million; DAMASCUS (capital) 2.527 million; Hims 1.276 million; Hamah 854,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

70 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

22.7 years 22.5 years 22.9 years (2013 est.)

female

22.9 years (2013 est.)

male

22.5 years

total

22.7 years

Nationality

Syrian(s) Syrian

adjective

Syrian

noun

Syrian(s)

Net migration rate

-17.89 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

27.1% (2008)

Physicians density

1.5 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population

22,457,336 (July 2013 est.) approximately 18,900 Israeli settlers live in the Golan Heights (2012)

Population growth rate

0.15% (2013 est.)

Religions

Sunni Muslim (Islam - official) 74%, other Muslim (includes Alawite, Druze) 16%, Christian (various denominations) 10%, Jewish (tiny communities in Damascus, Al Qamishli, and Aleppo)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 96% of population rural: 93% of population total: 95% of population urban: 4% of population rural: 7% of population total: 5% of population (2010 est.)

rural

7% of population

total

5% of population (2010 est.)

urban

4% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

11 years 12 years 11 years (2007)

female

11 years (2007)

male

12 years

total

11 years

Sex ratio

1.06 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 0.97 male(s)/female 0.85 male(s)/female 1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.04 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.97 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.85 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

1.03 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.77 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

19.2% 15.3% 40.2% (2010)

female

40.2% (2010)

total

19.2%

Urbanization

56.1% of total population (2011) 2.36% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.36% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

56.1% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

14 provinces (muhafazat, singular - muhafazah); Al Hasakah, Al Ladhiqiyah (Latakia), Al Qunaytirah, Ar Raqqah, As Suwayda', Dar'a, Dayr az Zawr, Dimashq (Damascus), Halab, Hamah, Hims (Homs), Idlib, Rif Dimashq (Damascus Countryside), Tartus

Capital

Damascus 33 30 N, 36 18 E UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins midnight on the last Friday in March; ends at midnight on the first Friday in November

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins midnight on the last Friday in March; ends at midnight on the first Friday in November

geographic coordinates

33 30 N, 36 18 E

name

Damascus

time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest issued 15 February 2012, passed by referendum 26 February 2012 (2013)

Country name

Syrian Arab Republic Syria Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah Suriyah United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

conventional long form

Syrian Arab Republic

conventional short form

Syria

former

United Arab Republic (with Egypt)

local long form

Al Jumhuriyah al Arabiyah as Suriyah

local short form

Suriyah

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Robert S. FORD (since 7 January 2011); note - on 6 February 2012, the US closed its embassy in Damascus Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus P. O. Box 29, Damascus [963] (11) 3391-4444 [963] (11) 3391-3999

chief of mission

Ambassador Robert S. FORD (since 7 January 2011); note - on 6 February 2012, the US closed its embassy in Damascus

embassy

Abou Roumaneh, Al-Mansour Street, No. 2, Damascus

FAX

[963] (11) 3391-3999

mailing address

P. O. Box 29, Damascus

telephone

[963] (11) 3391-4444

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mounir KOUDMANI 2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 232-6313 [1] (202) 265-4585

chancery

2215 Wyoming Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Mounir KOUDMANI

FAX

[1] (202) 265-4585

telephone

[1] (202) 232-6313

Executive branch

President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006) Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen., Walid al-MUALEM Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011 president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president; note - new Council appointed on 14 April 2011

chief of state

President Bashar al-ASAD (since 17 July 2000); Vice President Farouk al-SHARA (since 21 February 2006); Vice President Najah al-ATTAR (since 23 March 2006)

election results

Bashar al-ASAD approved as president; percent of vote - Bashar al-ASAD 97.6%, other 2.4%

elections

president approved by popular referendum for a second seven-year term (no term limits); referendum last held on 27 May 2007 (next to be held in May 2014); the president appoints the vice presidents, prime minister, and deputy prime ministers

head of government

Prime Minister Wael al-HALQI (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Ministers Fahd Jasim al-FURAYJ, Lt. Gen., Walid al-MUALEM

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of red (top), white, and black; two small, green, five-pointed stars in a horizontal line centered in the white band; the band colors derive from the Arab Liberation flag and represent oppression (black), overcome through bloody struggle (red), to be replaced by a bright future (white); identical to the former flag of the United Arab Republic (1958-1961) where the two stars represented the constituent states of Syria and Egypt; the current design dates to 1980 similar to the flag of Yemen, which has a plain white band, Iraq, which has an Arabic inscription centered in the white band, and that of Egypt, which has a gold Eagle of Saladin centered in the white band

Government type

republic under an authoritarian regime

Independence

17 April 1946 (from League of Nations mandate under French administration)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ABEDA, AFESD, AMF, CAEU, FAO, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, MIGA, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNRWA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO (observer)

Judicial branch

Court of Cassation (organized into civil, criminal, religious, and military divisions, each with 3 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 4 members) Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council or SJC, a judicial management body headed by the minister of justice with 7 members including the national president; judge tenure NA; Supreme Constitutional Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the SJC; judges appointed for 4-year renewable terms courts of first instance; magistrates' courts; religious and military courts; Economic Security Court

highest court(s)

Court of Cassation (organized into civil, criminal, religious, and military divisions, each with 3 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 4 members)

judge selection and term of office

Court of Cassation judges appointed by the Supreme Judicial Council or SJC, a judicial management body headed by the minister of justice with 7 members including the national president; judge tenure NA; Supreme Constitutional Court judges nominated by the president and appointed by the SJC; judges appointed for 4-year renewable terms

subordinate courts

courts of first instance; magistrates' courts; religious and military courts; Economic Security Court

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil and Islamic law (for family courts)

Legislative branch

unicameral People's Assembly or Majlis al-Shaab (250 seats; members elected by popular vote to serve four-year terms) last held on 7 May 2012 (next to be held in 2016) percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA

elections

last held on 7 May 2012 (next to be held in 2016)

National anthem

"Humat ad-Diyar" (Guardians of the Homeland) Khalil Mardam BEY/Mohammad Salim FLAYFEL and Ahmad Salim FLAYFEL adopted 1936, restored 1961; between 1958 and 1961, while Syria was a member of the United Arab Republic with Egypt, the country had a different anthem

lyrics/music

Khalil Mardam BEY/Mohammad Salim FLAYFEL and Ahmad Salim FLAYFEL

name

"Humat ad-Diyar" (Guardians of the Homeland)

National holiday

Independence Day, 17 April (1946)

National symbol(s)

hawk

Political parties and leaders

National Progressive Front or NPF [President Bashar al-ASAD, Dr. Suleiman QADDAH] (includes Arab Socialist Renaissance (Ba'th) Party [President Bashar al-ASAD] Socialist Unionist Democratic Party [Fadlallah Nasr al-DIN] Syrian Arab Socialist Union or ASU [Safwan al-QUDSI] Syrian Communist Party (two branches) [Wissal Farha BAKDASH, Yusuf Rashid FAYSAL] Syrian Social Nationalist Party [As'ad HARDAN] Unionist Socialist Party [Fayez ISMAIL]) Kurdish Azadi Party Kurdish Democratic Accord Party (al Wifaq) Kurdish Democratic Party (al Parti-Ibrahim wing) Kurdish Democratic Party (al Parti-Mustafa wing) Kurdish Democratic Party in Syria or KDP-S Kurdish Democratic Patriotic/National Party Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party or KDPP-Darwish Kurdish Democratic Progressive Party or KDPP-Muhammad Kurdish Democratic Union Party or PYD [Salih Muslim MOHAMMAD] Kurdish Democratic Unity Party Kurdish Democratic Yekiti Party Kurdish Future Party or KFP Kurdish Future Party [Rezan HASSAN] Kurdish Left Party Kurdish Yekiti (Union) Party Syrian Kurdish Democratic Party Syrian Democratic Party [Mustafa QALAAJI]

other parties

Syrian Democratic Party [Mustafa QALAAJI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Free Syrian Army National Coalition of Syrian Revolution and Oppositon Forces or Syrian Oppositon Coalition [Mu'aaz al-KHATIB] (operates in exile in Cairo) Syrian Muslim Brotherhood or SMB [Muhammad Riyad al-SHAQFAH] (operates in exile in London) there are also hundreds of local groups that organize protests and stage armed attacks

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, cotton, lentils, chickpeas, olives, sugar beets; beef, mutton, eggs, poultry, milk

Budget

$5.217 billion $12.59 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$12.59 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$5.217 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-11.4% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

0.75% (31 December 2012 est.) 5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11.7% (31 December 2012 est.) 10.5% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-6.706 billion (2012 est.) $-7.726 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$8.394 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $8.269 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Economy - overview

Despite modest economic growth and reform prior to the outbreak of unrest, Syria's economy continues to suffer the effects of the ongoing conflict that began in 2011. The economy further contracted in 2012 because of international sanctions and reduced domestic consumption and production, and inflation has risen sharply. The government has struggled to address the effects of economic decline, which include dwindling foreign exchange reserves, rising budget and trade deficits, and the decreasing value of the Syrian pound. Prior to the unrest, Damascus began liberalizing economic policies, including cutting lending interest rates, opening private banks, consolidating multiple exchange rates, raising prices on some subsidized items, and establishing the Damascus Stock Exchange. The economy remains highly regulated by the government. Long-run economic constraints include foreign trade barriers, declining oil production, high unemployment, rising budget deficits, and increasing pressure on water supplies caused by heavy use in agriculture, rapid population growth, industrial expansion, and water pollution.

Exchange rates

Syrian pounds (SYP) per US dollar - 64.39 (2012 est.) 48.37 (2011 est.) 11.23 (2010 est.) 46.71 (2009) 46.53 (2008)

Exports

$3.876 billion (2012 est.) $10.29 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

crude oil, minerals, petroleum products, fruits and vegetables, cotton fiber, textiles, clothing, meat and live animals, wheat

Exports - partners

Iraq 58.4%, Saudi Arabia 9.7%, Kuwait 6.4%, UAE 5.5%, Libya 4.1% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

69.4% 17.2% 20.6% 8.4% 13.9% -29.4% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

13.9%

government consumption

17.2%

household consumption

69.4%

imports of goods and services

-29.4%

investment in fixed capital

20.6%

investment in inventories

8.4%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

16.5% 22.8% 60.7% (2012 est.)

agriculture

16.5%

industry

22.8%

services

60.7% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$5,100 (2011 est.) $5,100 (2010 est.) $5,200 (2010 est.) data are in 2011 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

NA% (2012 est.) -2.3% (2011 est.) 3.4% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$64.7 billion (2011 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$107.6 billion (2011 est.) $110.1 billion (2010 est.) $110.9 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2011 US dollars

Gross national saving

12.8% of GDP (2012 est.) 15% of GDP (2011 est.) 26.1% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

NA% NA%

highest 10%

NA%

lowest 10%

NA%

Imports

$10.78 billion (2012 est.) $17.6 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment, electric power machinery, food and livestock, metal and metal products, chemicals and chemical products, plastics, yarn, paper

Imports - partners

Saudi Arabia 22.8%, UAE 11.2%, Iran 8.3%, China 7.3%, Iraq 6.8% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

-32.8% (2012 est.)

Industries

petroleum, textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco, phosphate rock mining, cement, oil seeds crushing, car assembly

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

36.9% (2012 est.) 4.8% (2011 est.)

Labor force

5.327 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

17% 16% 67% (2008 est.)

agriculture

17%

industry

16%

services

67% (2008 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

11.9% (2006 est.)

Public debt

52.4% of GDP (2012 est.) 35.4% of GDP (2011 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$4.793 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $14.44 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$30.17 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $39.36 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$17.41 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $27.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$16.78 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $21.88 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

8.1% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

18% (2012 est.) 14.9% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

63.14 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

152,400 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

182,500 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

2.5 billion bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

35.61 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

1.043 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

89.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

10.8% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

8.323 million kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

43.76 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

9.63 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

250 million cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

7.87 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

240.7 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

258,800 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

36,210 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

104,800 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

253,600 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

state-run TV and radio broadcast networks; state operates 2 TV networks and a satellite channel; roughly two-thirds of Syrian homes have a satellite dish providing access to foreign TV broadcasts; 3 state-run radio channels; first private radio station launched in 2005; private radio broadcasters prohibited from transmitting news or political content (2007)

Internet country code

.sy

Internet hosts

416 (2012)

Internet users

4.469 million (2009)

Telephone system

fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology and expansion of the network to rural areas; the armed insurgency that began in 2011 has led to major disruptions to the network and has caused telephone and Internet outages throughout the country the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000; mobile-cellular service growing with telephone subscribership nearly 60 per 100 persons in 2011 country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Egypt, Lebanon, and Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel (2011)

domestic

the number of fixed-line connections has increased markedly since 2000; mobile-cellular service growing with telephone subscribership nearly 60 per 100 persons in 2011

general assessment

fair system currently undergoing significant improvement and digital upgrades, including fiber-optic technology and expansion of the network to rural areas; the armed insurgency that began in 2011 has led to major disruptions to the network and has caused telephone and Internet outages throughout the country

international

country code - 963; submarine cable connection to Egypt, Lebanon, and Cyprus; satellite earth stations - 1 Intelsat (Indian Ocean) and 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region); coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Iraq, Jordan, Lebanon, and Turkey; participant in Medarabtel (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

4.425 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

12.928 million (2012)

Airports

90 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

5 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

16

914 to 1,523 m

3

over 3,047 m

5

total

29

under 914 m

5 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

48 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

12

total

61

Heliports

6 (2013)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 4, cargo 14, carrier 1 166 (Barbados 1, Belize 4, Bolivia 4, Cambodia 22, Comoros 5, Dominica 4, Georgia 24, Lebanon 2, Liberia 1, Malta 4, Moldova 5, North Korea 4, Panama 34, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9, Sierra Leone 13, Tanzania 23, Togo 6, unknown 1) (2010)

registered in other countries

166 (Barbados 1, Belize 4, Bolivia 4, Cambodia 22, Comoros 5, Dominica 4, Georgia 24, Lebanon 2, Liberia 1, Malta 4, Moldova 5, North Korea 4, Panama 34, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 9, Sierra Leone 13, Tanzania 23, Togo 6, unknown 1) (2010)

total

19

Pipelines

gas 3,170 km; oil 2,029 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Baniyas, Latakia, Tartus

Railways

2,052 km 1,801 km 1.435-m gauge 251 km 1.050-m gauge (2008)

narrow gauge

251 km 1.050-m gauge (2008)

total

2,052 km

Roadways

69,873 km 63,060 km 6,813 km (2010)

total

69,873 km

unpaved

6,813 km (2010)

Waterways

900 km (navigable but not economically significant) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

5,889,837 5,660,751 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

5,660,751 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,889,837

Manpower fit for military service

5,055,510 4,884,151 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

4,884,151 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,055,510

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

256,698 244,712 (2010 est.)

female

244,712 (2010 est.)

male

256,698

Military branches

Syrian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (includes Air Defense Forces) (2013)

Syrian Armed Forces

Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Forces (includes Air Defense Forces) (2013)

Military expenditures

3.6% of GDP (2011)

Military service age and obligation

18 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 18 months; women are not conscripted but may volunteer to serve; re-enlistment obligation 5 years, with retirement after 15 years or age 40 (enlisted) or 20 years or age 45 (NCOs) (2012)

Disputes - international

Golan Heights is Israeli-occupied with the almost 1,000-strong UN Disengagement Observer Force patrolling a buffer zone since 1964; lacking a treaty or other documentation describing the boundary, portions of the Lebanon-Syria boundary are unclear with several sections in dispute; since 2000, Lebanon has claimed Shab'a Farms in the Golan Heights; 2004 Agreement and pending demarcation settles border dispute with Jordan

Illicit drugs

a transit point for opiates, hashish, and cocaine bound for regional and Western markets; weak anti-money-laundering controls and bank privatization may leave it vulnerable to money laundering

Refugees and internally displaced persons

486,946 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA)); 87,741 (Iraq) (2012) 6.5 million (ongoing civil war since 2011) (2013) 221,000 (2012); note - Syria's stateless population is composed of Kurds and Palestinians; stateless persons are prevented from voting, owning land, holding certain jobs, receiving food subsidies or public healthcare, enrolling in public schools, or being legally married to Syrian citizens; in 1962, some 120,000 Syrian Kurds were stripped of their Syrian citizenship, rendering them and their descendants stateless; in 2011, the Syrian Government granted citizenship to thousands of Syrian Kurds as a means of appeasement; however, resolving the question of statelessness is not a priority given Syria's ongoing civil war

IDPs

6.5 million (ongoing civil war since 2011) (2013)

refugees (country of origin)

486,946 (Palestinian Refugees (UNRWA)); 87,741 (Iraq) (2012)

stateless persons

221,000 (2012); note - Syria's stateless population is composed of Kurds and Palestinians; stateless persons are prevented from voting, owning land, holding certain jobs, receiving food subsidies or public healthcare, enrolling in public schools, or being legally married to Syrian citizens; in 1962, some 120,000 Syrian Kurds were stripped of their Syrian citizenship, rendering them and their descendants stateless; in 2011, the Syrian Government granted citizenship to thousands of Syrian Kurds as a means of appeasement; however, resolving the question of statelessness is not a priority given Syria's ongoing civil war

Trafficking in persons

due to Syria's political uprising and violent unrest, hundreds of thousands of Syrians, foreign migrant workers, and refugees have fled the country and are vulnerable to human trafficking; the lack of security and inaccessibility of the majority of the country makes it impossible to conduct a thorough analysis of the ongoing conflict and the scope and magnitude of Syria's human trafficking situation; prior to the uprising, Syria was principally a destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor or sex trafficking; thousands of women - the majority from Indonesia, the Philippines, Somalia, and Ethiopia - were recruited to work as domestic servants but were subsequently subjected to forced labor; Filipina domestic workers continue to be sent to Syria and are vulnerable to forced labor; the Syrian armed forces and opposition forces are using Syrian children in combat and support roles and as human shields; Iraqi women and girls continue to be sexually exploited, and Syrian children still face conditions of forced labor Tier 3 - the government does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government does not demonstrate evidence of increasing efforts to investigate and punish trafficking offenses, provide protective services to victims, inform the public about human trafficking, or provide much-needed anti-trafficking training to law enforcement and social welfare officials; the government does not refer any victims to NGO-operated shelters and has failed to institute procedures for the identification, interview, and referral of trafficking victims; the status of the national plan of action against trafficking is unknown (2013)

current situation

due to Syria's political uprising and violent unrest, hundreds of thousands of Syrians, foreign migrant workers, and refugees have fled the country and are vulnerable to human trafficking; the lack of security and inaccessibility of the majority of the country makes it impossible to conduct a thorough analysis of the ongoing conflict and the scope and magnitude of Syria's human trafficking situation; prior to the uprising, Syria was principally a destination country for women and children subjected to forced labor or sex trafficking; thousands of women - the majority from Indonesia, the Philippines, Somalia, and Ethiopia - were recruited to work as domestic servants but were subsequently subjected to forced labor; Filipina domestic workers continue to be sent to Syria and are vulnerable to forced labor; the Syrian armed forces and opposition forces are using Syrian children in combat and support roles and as human shields; Iraqi women and girls continue to be sexually exploited, and Syrian children still face conditions of forced labor

tier rating

Tier 3 - the government does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking and is not making significant efforts to do so; the government does not demonstrate evidence of increasing efforts to investigate and punish trafficking offenses, provide protective services to victims, inform the public about human trafficking, or provide much-needed anti-trafficking training to law enforcement and social welfare officials; the government does not refer any victims to NGO-operated shelters and has failed to institute procedures for the identification, interview, and referral of trafficking victims; the status of the national plan of action against trafficking is unknown (2013)