1988 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; maritime dispute with USSR

separated from Israel by 1949 Armistice Line; Golan Heights is Israeli occupied; Hatay question with Turkey; periodic disputes with Iraq over Euphrates water rights; potential dispute over water development plans by Turkey for the Tigris and Euphrates rivers

none; maritime dispute with Malawi

Climate

temperate in south with cold, cloudy winters and cool partly cloudy summers; subarctic in north

temperate, but varies with altitude; cold, cloudy, rainy /snowy winters; cool to warm, cloudy, humid summers with occasional showers

mostly dry desert with hot, dry, sunny summers (June to August) and mild, rainy winters (December to February) along coast

varies from tropical along coast to temperate in highlands

Coastline

3,218 km

193 km

1,424 km

Comparative area

about the size of California

about twice the size of New Jersey

about the size of North Dakota

about twice the size of California

Continental shelf

200 meters or to deptb of exploitation

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Environment

water pollution; acid rain

dominated by Alps

deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

lack of water and tsetse fly limit agriculture; recent droughts affecting marginal agriculture; Kilimanjaro is highest point in Africa

Ethnic divisions

total population — 65% German, 18% French, 10% Italian, 1% Romansch, 5% other; Swiss nationals — 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other

90.3% Arab; 9.7% Kurds, Armenians, and other

mainland — 99% native African consisting of well over 100 tribes; 1% Asian, European, and Arab; Zanzibar — almost all Arab

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

Infant mortality rate

9/1,000 (1985)

57/1,000 (1984)

103/1,000 (1984)

Labor force

3.05 million, about 706,000 foreign workers, mostly Italian; 42% services, 39% industry and crafts, 11% government, 7% agriculture and forestry, 1% other; 0.9% unemployed (1985)

2.4 million; 36% miscellaneous services, 32% agriculture, 32% industry (including construction); majority unskilled; shortage of skilled labor

208,680 in paid employment (1983); 90% agriculture, 10% industry and commerce

Land boundaries

2,196 km total

1,884 km total

2,196 km total (excludes 2,156 km occupied area)

3,883 km total

Land use

7% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 2% meadows and pastures; 64% forest and woodland; 27% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

10% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures; 26% forest and woodland; 23% other; includes 1% irrigated

28% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 46 meadows and pastures; 3% forest and woodland; 20% other; includes 3% irrigated

5% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 40% meadows and pastures; 47% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

Language

total population — 65% German, 18% French, 12% Italian, 1% Romansch, 4% other; Swiss nationals — 74% German, 20% French, 4% Italian, 1% Romansch, 1% other

Arabic (official), Kurdish, Armenian, Aramaic, Circassian; French and English widely understood

Swahili and English (official); English primary language of commerce, administration, and higher education; Swahili widely understood and generally used for communication between ethnic groups; first language of most people is one of the local languages; primary education is generally in Swahili

Life expectancy

men 70.3, women 76.2

men 64.9, women 67.6

52

Literacy

99%

47%

79%

Nationality

noun — Swiss (sing. & pi.); adjective — Swiss

noun — Syrian(s); adjective — Syrian

noun — Tanzanian(s); adjective— Tanzanian

Organized labor

20% of labor force

5% of labor force

15% of labor force

Population

6,572,739 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.32%

11,147,763 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.69%

23,502,472 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.28%

Religion

49% Catholic, 48% Protestant, 0.3% Jewish Switzerland (continued)

74% Sunni Muslim; 16% Alawite, Druze, and other Muslim sects; 10% Christian (various sects)

mainland— 33% Christian, 33% Muslim, 33% indigenous beliefs; Zanzibar— almost all Muslim

Special notes

strategic location along Danish Straits linking Baltic and North Seas

landlocked; crossroads of northern and southern Europe

none

none

Terrain

mostly flat or gently rolling lowlands; mountains in west

mostly mountains (Alps in south, Jura in northwest) with central plateau of rolling hills and plains

primarily semiarid and desert plain; narrow coastal plain; mountains in west

plains along coast; central plateau; highlands in north, south

Territorial sea

12 nm

35 nm

50 nm

Total area

449,960 km2; land area: 411,620km2

41,290 km2; land area: 39,770 km2

185,180 km2; land area: 184,050 km2 (including 1,295 km2 of Israeli-occupied territory)

945,090 km2; land area: 886,040 km2

Ethnic divisions

homogeneous white population; small Lappish minority; est. 12% foreign born or first generation immigrants (Finns, Yugoslavs, Danes, Norwegians, Greeks)

Infant mortality rate

7/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

4.41 million (1984); 32.8% private services; 30.0% government services; 22.0% mining and manufacturing; 5.9% construction; 5.0% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 0.9% electricity, gas, and waterworks; 2.8% unemployed (1985 average)

Language

Swedish, small Lappand Finnish-speaking minorities; immigrants speak native languages

Life expectancy

men 75, women 81

Literacy

99%

Nationality

noun — Swede(s); adjective — Swedish

Organized labor

90% of labor force (1985 est.)

Population

8,383,026 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.15%

Religion

93.5% Evangelical Lutheran, 1.0% Roman Catholic, 5.5% other

Administrative divisions

24 counties, 284 municipalities (townships)

23 cantons (3 divided into half cantons)

13 provinces and city of Damascus

25 regions — 20 on mainland, 5 on Zanzibar

Branches

legislative authority rests with unicameral parliament (Riksdag); executive power vested in Cabinet, responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 6 superior courts, 108 lower courts

bicameral parliament (National Council, Council of States) has legislative authority; federal council (Bundesrat) has executive authority; justice left chiefly to cantons

executive powers vested in President and Council of Ministers; power rests in unicameral legislative (People's Council); seat of power is the Ba'th Party Regional (Syrian) Command

President Ali Hassan Mwinyi has full executive authority on the mainland; National Assembly dominated by the Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party); National Assembly consists of 233 members, 72 from Zanzibar, of whom 10 are directly elected, 65 appointed from the mainland, and 96 directly elected from the mainland (these numbers are slated to be changed when amendments to the Constitution are approved)

Capital

Stockholm

Bern

Damascus

Dar es Salaam

Communists

VPK and SKP; VPK, the major Communist party, is reported to have roughly 17,800 members; in the 1985 election, the VPK attracted 293,543 votes; in addition, there are 4 other active Communist parties, including the SKP, for which membership figures are not available; in the 1985 elections, these parties obtained an additional 16,000 votes

about 5,000 members

mostly sympathizers, numbering about 5,000

a few Communist sympathizers, especially on Zanzibar

Elections

every three years; next scheduled for September 1988 Political parties and leaders: Moderate (conservative), Carl Bildt; Center, Olaf Johansson; Liberal People's Party, Bengt Westerberg; Social Democratic, Ingvar Carlsson; Left Party-Communist (VPK), Lars Werner; Swedish Communist Party (SKP), Roland Pettersson; Communist Workers' Party, Rolf Hagel

held every four years; next elections scheduled for 1987 Political parties and leaders: Social Democratic Party (SPS), Helmuth Hubacher, chairman; Radical Democratic Party (FDP), Bruno Hunziker, president; Christian Democratic People's Party (CVP), Flavio Cotti, president; Swiss People's Party (SVP), Adolf Ogi, president; Workers' Party (PdA), Armand Magnin, secretary general; National Action Party (NA), Hans Zwicky, chairman; Independents' Party (LdU), Dr. Franz Jaeger, president; Republican Movement (Rep), Dr. James Schworzenboch, Franz Baumgartner, leaders; Liberal Party (LPS), Gilbert Coutau, president; Evangelical People's Party (EVP), Max Diik, president; Progressive Organizations of Switzerland (POCH), Georg Degen, secretary; Federation of Ecology Parties (GP), Laurent Rebeaud, president; Autonomous Socialist Party (PSA), Werner Carobbio, secretary

People's Council election held November 1983; presidential election held February 1985 Syria (continued) Tanzania Political parties and leaders: ruling party is the Arab Socialist Resurrectionist (Ba'th) Party; the Progressive National Front is dominated by Ba'thists but includes independents and members of the Syrian Arab Socialist Party (ASP), Arab Socialist Union (ASU), Socialist Unionist Movement, and Syrian Communist Party (SCP)

Government leader

Lt. Gen. Hafiz alASSAD, President (since February 1971)

Government leaders

CARL XVI Gustaf, King (since September 1973); Ingvar CARLSSON, Prime Minister (since March 1986)

Pierre AUBERT, President (1987 — presidency rotates annually); Otto STICK, Vice President (term runs concurrently with that of President)

Ali Hassan MWINYI, President (since November 1985); Joseph Sinde WARIOBA, Prime Minister (since November 1985)

Legal system

civil law system influenced by customary law; a new constitution was adopted in 1975; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

civil law system influenced by customary law; constitution adopted 1874, amended since; judicial review of legislative acts, except with respect to federal decrees of general obligatory character; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on Islamic law and civil law system; special religious courts; constitution promulgated in 1973; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on English common law; permanent constitution adopted 1977 (Zanzibar has its own constitution but remains subject to provisions of the union constitution); judicial review of legislative acts limited to matters of interpretation; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IDE— InterAmerican Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITU, IWC— Internationa! Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EFTA, ELDO (observer), ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDB — Inter-American Development Bank, IEA, IFAD, ILO, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OECD, UNESCO, UPU, World Confederation of Labor, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO; permanent observer status at the UN

Arab League, FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO

AfDB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

no national holiday; King's birthday, 30 April, celebrated as such by Swedish embassies

National Day, 1 August

Independence Day, 17 April

Union Day, 26 April; Independence Day, 9 December

Official name

Kingdom of Sweden

Swiss Confederation

Syrian Arab Republic

United Republic of Tanzania

Other political or pressure groups

nonBa'th parties have little effective political influence; Communist Party ineffective; greatest threat to Assad regime lies in factionalism in the military; conservative religious leaders; Muslim Brotherhood

Suffrage

universal but not compulsory over age 18; after three years of legal residence immigrants may vote in county and municipal but not national elections

universal over age 20

universal at age 18

universal adult over age 18 Political party and leader: Chama Cha Mapinduzi (Revolutionary Party), only political party, dominated by Nyerere; has considerable power over domestic policies and the enforcement of them

Type

constitutional monarchy

federal republic

republic; under leftwing military regime since March 1963

republic

Voting strength

(1985 election) 45.0% Social Democratic, 21.3% Moderate Coalition, 12.5% Center (includes votes for Christian Democratic Alliance), 14.3% Liberal, 5.4% Communist, 1.5% other

(1983 election) 23.4% FDP, 22.8% SPS, 20.5% CVP, 11.1% SVP, 3.5% NA, 2.9% GP

(October 1985 national elections) close to 7 million registered voters; Mwinyi received 92.2% of over 5 million votes cast

Agriculture

animal husbandry predominates, with milk and dairy products accounting for 37% of farm income; main crops — grains, sugar beets, potatoes; 100% self-sufficient in grains and potatoes, 85% self-sufficient in sugar beets Switzerland

dairy farming predominates; less than 50% self-sufficient; food shortages— fish, refined sugar, fats and oils (other than butter), grains, eggs, fruits, vegetables, meat

cotton, wheat, barley, tobacco; sheep and goat raising; selfsufficient in most foods in years of good weather

cotton, coffee, sisal on mainland; cloves and coconuts on Zanzibar

Aid

donor — ODA and OOF economic aid commitments (1970-84), $6 billion

donor — ODA and OOF economic aid committed (1970-84), $1.6 billion

Budget

(1985/86) revenues $35.87 billion, expenditures $42.3 billion, deficit $7.7 billion

receipts, $8.50 billion; expenditures, $8.7 billion; deficit, $0.20 billion (1985)

1985 — revenues $6.3 billion (excluding aid payments); expenditures $10.9 billion

(1984/85) revenues, $891.8 million; current expenditures, $1.017 billion; development expenditures, $359.5 million

Crude steel

4.8 million metric tons produced (1985), 575 kg per capita

Electric power

39,016,000 kW capacity; 150,500 million kWh produced, 18,010 kWh per capita (1986)

17,690,000 kW capacity; 57,330 million kWh produced, 8,870 kWh per capita (1986)

2,296,000 kW capacity; 8,050 million kWh produced, 740 kWh per capita (1986)

379,000 kW capacity; 830 million kWh produced, 37 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$30.5 billion (f.o.b., 1985); machinery, motor vehicles, paper products, pulp and wood, iron and steel products, chemicals, petroleum and petroleum products

$27.4 billion (f.o.b., 1985); machinery and equipment, chemicals, precision instruments, metal products, textiles, foodstuffs

$1.6 billion (f.o.b., 1985); petroleum, textiles and textile products, tobacco, fruits and vegetables, cotton

$255 million (f.o.b., 1985); coffee, cotton, sisal, cashew nuts, meat, cloves, tobacco, tea, coconut products

External debt

$2.8 billion (1983); debt service ratio 68.1% (1984 — not including IMF)

Fiscal year

1 July-30 June

calendar year

calendar year

1 July-30 June

Fishing

catch 285,000 metric tons (1984); exports $74 million, imports $195.0 million (1985)

GDP

$99 billion, $11,850 per capita; 50.8% private consumption, 27.8% government consumption, 13.1% private investment; 5.9% public investment; —0.2% change in stock building; 0.2% net exports of goods and services; growth rate, 2.2%; average exchange rate 8.61 kronors=US$l (1985)

$21.46 billion (1985), $2,040 per capita; real GDP growth rate -3% (1984)

$4.2 billion (1984), $210 per capita; real growth rate, 0.8% (1984 est.)

GNP

$97.1 billion, $14,030 per capita; 58% consumption, 22% investment, 13% government, 0% net foreign balance; real growth rate 3.2% (1985); annual average exchange rate 2.46 Swiss francs (SF)=US$1 (1985)

Imports

$28.5 billion (c.i.f., 1985); machinery, petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, motor vehicles, foodstuffs, iron and steel, clothing

$30.7 billion (c.i.f., 1985); machinery and transportation equipment, metals and metal products, foodstuffs, chemicals, textile fibers and yarns

$3.6 billion (f.o.b., 1985); petroleum, machinery and metal products, textiles, fuels, foodstuffs

$1.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); manufactured goods, machinery and transport equipment, cotton piece goods, crude oil, foodstuffs

Major industries

iron and steel, precision equipment (bearings, radio and telephone parts, armaments), wood pulp and paper products, processed foods, motor vehicles

machinery, chemicals, watches, textiles, precision instruments

textiles, food processing, beverages, tobacco; petroleum — 210,000 b/d production (1986), 229,000 b/d refining capacity

primarily agricultural processing (sugar, beer, cigarettes, sisal twine), diamond mine, oil refinery, shoes, cement, textiles, wood products

Major trade partners

exports — EC 47.0% (FRG 11.4%, UK 9.9%, Denmark 8.3%), US 11.7%, Norway 10.5%; imports— EC 53.9% (FRG 17.9%, UK 14.1%, Denmark 6.8%), US 8.4%, less developed countries 7.6%

59% EC, 21% other developed, 17% less developed countries, 3% Communist

exports — Romania, Italy, France, USSR; imports— Iran, FRG, Italy, Libya

exports — FRG, UK, US; imports— FRG, UK, US, Iran

Monetary conversion rate

7.0 kronors=US$l (November 1986)

1.69 Swiss francs (SF)=US$1 (November 1986)

3.925 Syrian pounds = US$1 (official rate, February 1986); several other rates are sanctioned by the government, including a promotional rate for specific transactions and others guided by supply and demand

45 Tanzanian shillings=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

zinc, iron, lead, copper, silver, gold, forests, hydroelectric power

hydroelectric power (potential), timber, salt

crude oil, phosphates, chrome and manganese ores, asphalt, iron ore, rock salt, marble, gypsum

hydroelectric power potential, large unexploited iron and coal, gemstone and gold mines, natural gas, nickel

Shortages

coal, petroleum, textile fibers, potash, salt, oils and fats, tropical products

practically all important raw materials except hydroelectric energy

Airfields

265 total, 261 usable; 137 with permanent-surface runways; 10 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 89 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

73 total, 71 usable; 42 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 6 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Syria

99 total, 94 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 5 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

100 total, 92 usable; 12 with permanent-surface runways; 3 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Royal Swedish Army, Royal Swedish Air Force, Royal Swedish Navy

Army, Air Force

Syrian Arab Army, Syrian Arab Air Force, Syrian Arab Navy

Tanzanian People's Defense Force includes Army, Navy, and Air Force; paramilitary Police. Field Force Unit; Militia

Civil air

65 major transports

89 major transport aircraft

26 major transport aircraft

7 major transport aircraft

Highways

97,400 km (51,899 km paved, 20,659 km gravel, 24,842 km unimproved earth)

62,145 km total (all paved), of which 18,620 km are canton and 1,057 km are national highways (740 km autobahn); 42,468 km are communal roads

16,939 km total; 12,051 km paved, 2,625 km gravel or crushed stone, 2,263 km improved earth

total 81,900 km, 3,600 km paved; 5,600 km gravel or crushed stone; remainder improved and unimproved earth

Inland waterways

2,052 km navigable for small steamers and barges

65 km; Rhine River (Basel to Rheinfelden, Schaffhausen to Bodensee); 12 navigable lakes

672 km; of little importance

several thousand km navigable on Lakes Tanganyika, Victoria, and Nyasa; principal inland ports are Mwanza on Lake Victoria and Kigoma on Lake Tanganyika

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1987, $3.45 billion; 7.9% of central government budget 100 km Schaffhausen Bas Bodensee

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, $2.0 billion; 21.3% of proposed central government budget oundary fepfpsontahon is •ssanly authoritative

Military manpower

males 15-49, 2,095,000; 1,840,000 fit for military service; 57,000 reach military age (19) annually

males 15-49, 1,736,000; 1,502,000 fit for military service; 47,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 2,398,000; 1,341,000 fit for military service; 132,000 reach military age (19) annually Like 300km Sec regional map VII

males 15-49, 4,813,000; 2,772,000 fit for military service

Pipelines

84 km natural gas

314 km crude oil; 1,438 km natural gas

1,304 km crude oil; 515 km refined products

982 km crude oil

Ports

17 major and 30 minor t

1 major (Basel), 2 minor (all inland)

2 major (Tartus, Latakia), 1 petroleum terminal (Baniyas), 2 minor

3 major (Dar es Salaam, Mtwara, Tanga)

Railroads

12,520 km total; Swedish State Railways (SJ)— 11,180 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 6,960 km electrified and 1,152 km double track; 182 km 0.891meter gauge; 117 km rail ferry service; privately owned railways — 511 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 332 km electrified; 371 km 0.891-meter gauge electrified

5,174 km total, of which 2,971 km are government owned (SBB), and 2,203 km are nongovernment owned; the SBB network consists of 2,897 km 1.435meter standard gauge and 74 km 1.000meter narrow gauge track; 1,432 km double track, 99% electrified; the nongovernment network consists of 710 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 1,418 km 1.000meter gauge, and 75 km 0.790-meter gauge track, 100% electrified

1,543 km total; 1,281 km standard gauge, 262 km 1.050-meter narrow gauge

3,555 km total; 960 km 1.067meter gauge; 2,595 km 1.000-meter gauge, 6.4 km double track, 962 km Tazara (Tan-Zam) Railroad 1.067-meter gauge in Tanzania; 115 km 1.000-meter gauge planned by end of decade

Telecommunications

excellent domestic and international facilities; 7.8 million telephones (89.0 per 100 popl.); 5 AM, 361 FM, 877 TV stations; 5 submarine coaxial cables, 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite antennas, 1 Eutelsat antenna Defense Forces

excellent domestic, international, and broadcast services; 5.44 million telephones (78.9 per 100 popl.); 7 AM, 265 FM, 1,340 TV stations; 1 satellite station with 2 Atlantic Ocean and 1 Indian Ocean antennas Defense Forces

fair system currently undergoing significant improvement; 512,600 telephones (4.7 per 100 popl.); 9 AM, no FM, 40 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT station; 1 Intersputnik satellite station under construction; 1 submarine cable; coaxial cable and radio-relay to Iraq, Jordan, Turkey, and Lebanon (inactive) Defense Forces

fair system of open wire, radio relay, and troposcatter; 103,800 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 6 AM, no FM, 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station Defense Forces