1987 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; Gibraltar question with UK; controls two presidios or places of sovereignty (Ceuta, Melilla) on the coast of Morocco

Climate

temperate; clear, hot summers in interior, more moderate and cloudy along coast; cloudy, cold winters in interior, partly cloudy and cool along coast

Coastline

4,964 km

Comparative area

about the size of Arizona and Utah combined

Environment

deforestation; desertification

Extended economic zone

200 nm

Land boundaries

1,899 km total

Land use

31% arable land; 10% permanent crops; 21% meadows and pastures; 81% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 6% irrigated

Special notes

strategic location along approaches to Strait of Gibraltar

Telecommunications

generally adequate, modern facilities; 14.4 million telephones (34.5 per 100 popl.); 193 AM, 406 FM, 1,500 TV stations; 22 coaxial submarine cables; 2 satellite stations with total of 6 antennas

Terrain

large, flat to dissected plateau surrounded by rugged hills

Territorial sea

12 nm

Total area

300 km Bay of Biscay Balearic Sea cy Q © Balearic * Islands Mediterranean North Sea Atlantic Ocean = Strait of Gibrattar Canary Islands. Ceuta, and Malilla ara not shown

504,750 km/?; land area: 499,400 km?

Ethnic divisions

composite of Mediterranean and Nordic types

Infant mortality rate

9.6/1,000 (1983)

Labor force

13.7 million (1986 est.); 52.0% services, 24.4% industry, 16.1% agriculture, 7.5% construction; unemployment, 21.5% (June 1986)

Language

Castilian Spanish; second languages include 17% Catalan, 7% Galician, and 2% Basque

Life expectancy

men 73, women 78

Literacy

97%

Nationality

noun—Spaniard(s); adjective—Spanish

Organized labor

no more than 25% of labor force (1984)

Population

39,000,804 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.54%

Religion

99% Roman Catholic, 1% other sects

Administrative divisions

50 provinces

Branches

executive, with acts of the king subject to countersignature, Prime Minister and his ministers responsible to lower house; bicameral! legislature—Cortes Generales, consisting of more powerful Congress of Deputies (850 members) and Senate (208 members), with possible addition of one to six members from each new autonomous region; judiciary, independent

Capital

Madrid

Dependent areas

Ceuta, Islas Chafarinas, Melilla, Pefién de Alhucemas, Pefién de Vélez de la Gomera

Elections

parliamentary election held 22 June 1986 for four-year term; local elections for municipal and provincial councils held April 1983; regional elections staggered Political parties and leaders: principal national parties, from right to left—Popular Alliance (AP), Antonio Hernandez Mancha; Popular Democratic Party (PDP), Oscar Alzaga; Liberal Party (PL), José Antonio Segurado; Social Democratic Center (CDS), Adolfo Suarez; Spanish Socialist Workers Party (PSOE), Felipe Gonzalez Marquez; Spanish Communist Party (PCE), Gerardo Iglesias; chief regional parties—Convergence and Unity (CiU), Jordi Pujol, in Catalonia; Basque Nationalist Party (PNV), Xabier Arzallus; Basque Solidarity (EA), Carlos Garaicoetxea; Basque Popular Unity (HB), Jon Idigoras; Basque Left (EE), Kepa Aulestia; Andalusian Party (PA), Luis Urufiuela; Independent Canary Group (AIC); Aragon Regional Party (PAR); Valencian Union (UV)

Government leaders

JUAN CARLOS 1, King (since November 1975); Felipe GONZALEZ Marquez, Prime Minister (since December 1982)

Legal system

civil law system, with regional applications; constitution provides for rule of law, established jury system as well as independent constitutional court to rule on constitutionality of laws and serve as court of last resort in protecting liberties and rights granted in constitution; does not accept compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

‘Andean Pact (observer), ASSIMER, Council of Europe, EC, ESRO, FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, 1CO, IDA, 1DB—Inter-American Development Bank, [EA, IFAD, IFC, 1HO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, INTERPOL, IOOC, IPU, ITC, ITU, IWC—International Wheat Council, NATO, OAS (observer), OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO

National holiday

24 June

Official name

Spanish State

Other political or pressure groups

on the extreme left, the Basque Fatherland and Liberty (ETA) and the First of October Antifascist Resistance Group (GRAPO) use terrorism to oppose the government; free labor unions (authorized in April 1977) include the Communist-dominated Workers Commissions (CCOOQ); the Socialist General Union of Workers (UGT), and the smaller independent Workers Syndical Union (USO); the Catholic Church; business and landowning interests; Opus Dei; university students

Suffrage

universal at age 18

Type

parliamentary monarchy

Voting strength

(1986 parliamentary election in lower house—350 seats) PSOE 44%, 184 seats; AP, PDP, and PL in coalition 26%, 105 seats (dissolution of coalition and party defections in 1986—AP 68 seats, PDP 21 seats, PL 12 seats, independent 4 seats); CDS 9%, 19 seats; Communist-led coalition 5%, 18 seats; CiU 5%, 18 seats: Basque Nationalist Party 1%, 1 seat; Popular Unity 1%, 1 seat; Basque Left 1%, 1 seat; Independent Canary Group, 0%, 1 seat; Aragon Regional Party, 0%, 1 seat; Valencian Union 0%, 1 seat; 6%, vote other, no seats Communists; PCE membership has declined from a possible high of 160,000 in 1977 to roughly 60,000 today; the party lost 64% of its voters and 20 deputies in the 1982 election; remaining strength is in labor, where it dominates the Workers Commissions trade union (one of the country’s two major labor centrals), which claims a membership of about 1 million; experienced a modest recovery in 1986 national election, nearly doubling the share of the vote it received in 1982

Agriculture

grains, citrus, fruits, vegetables; virtually self-sufficient in good crop years

Aid

US authorizations, $1.9 billion, including Ex-Im (FY70-85); other Western bilateral (ODA and OOF), $545.0 million (1970-79)

Budget

revenues, $56 billion; expenditures, $67 billion; deficit, $10 billion (1985)

Crude steel

14.2 million metric tons produced (1985), 370 kg per capita

Electric power

41,120,000 kW capacity; 134,380 million kWh produced, 3,440 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$24.0 billion (f.o.b., 1985); iron and steel products, machinery, automobiles, citrus, fruits, vegetables, wine, soybean oil, feed barley, textiles, footwear

Fiscal year

calendar year

Fishing

catch, 1,100,000 metric tons (1985)

GNP

$187.6 billion (1986 est.); 70% private consumption, 138% government consumption, 17% gross fixed capital investment; 0.2% change in stocks; 2% net exports; real growth rate 2.9% (1986); 8.6% inflation (1986)

Imports

$28.0 billion (c.i.f., 1985); fuels (88%), machinery, chemicals, iron and steel, automobiles, corn, soybeans, coffee, tobacco, forest products, hides and skins, cotton, live cattle

Major industries

textiles and apparel (including footwear), food and beverages, metals and metal manufactures, chemicals, shipbuilding, automobiles

Major trade partners

(1985) 42% EC, 81% less developed countries, 11% other developed countries, 11% US, 5% Communist countries

Military transfers

US (FY70-85), $2.4 billion

Monetary conversion rate

136.13 pesetas=US $1 (October 1986)

Natural resources

coal, lignite, iron ore, uranium, mercury, pyrites, fluorspar, gypsum, zinc, lead, tungsten, copper, kaolin, hydroelectric power

Airfields

121 total, 117 usable; 61 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 32 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

142 major transport aircraft

Highways

150,896 km total; 82,070 km national 2,433 km limited-access divided highway, 63,042 km bituminous treated, 17,038 km intermediate bituminous, concrete, or stone block; the remaining 68,326 km are provincial or local roads (bituminous treated, intermediate bituminous, or stone block)

Inland waterways

1,045 km; of minor importance as transport arteries and contribute little to economy

Pipelines

265 km crude oil; 1,862 km refined products; 1,475 km natural gas

Ports

23 major, 175 minor

Railroads

15,430 km total; Spanish National Railways (RENFE) operates 12,691 km 1.668-meter gange, 6,050 km electrified, and 2,295 km double track; FEVE (government-owned narrow-gauge railways) operates 1,821 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge and 44] km electrified; privately owned railways operate 918 km of predominantly 1.000-meter gauge, 512 km electrified, and 56 km double track

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1986, $5.9 billion; 12.3% of the central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 9,597,000; 7,810,000 fit for military service; 337,000 reach military age (20) annually