2024 Edition Primary

Background

The Slovene lands were part of the Austro-Hungarian Empire until the latter's dissolution at the end of World War I. In 1918, Slovenia became part of the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which was renamed Yugoslavia in 1929. After World War II, Slovenia joined Bosnia and Herzegovina, Croatia, Macedonia, Montenegro, and Serbia as one of the constituent republics in the new Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia (SFRY). In 1990, Slovenia held its first multiparty elections, as well as a referendum on independence. Serbia responded with an economic blockade and military action, but after a short 10-day war, Slovenia declared independence in 1991. Slovenia acceded to both NATO and the EU in the spring of 2004; it joined the euro zone and the Schengen Area in 2007.

Area

land

20,151 sq km

total

20,273 sq km

water

122 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than New Jersey

Climate

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Coastline

46.6 km

Elevation

highest point

Triglav 2,864 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

mean elevation

492 m

Geographic coordinates

46 07 N, 14 49 E

Geography - note

despite its small size, this eastern Alpine country controls some of Europe's major transit routes

Irrigated land

39 sq km (2020)

Land boundaries

border countries

Austria 299 km; Croatia 600 km; Hungary 94 km; Italy 218 km

total

1,211 km

Land use

agricultural land

22.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)

forest

62.3% (2018 est.)

other

14.9% (2018 est.)

Location

south Central Europe, Julian Alps between Austria and Croatia

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding; earthquakes

Natural resources

lignite, lead, zinc, building stone, hydropower, forests

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Terrain

a short southwestern coastal strip of Karst topography on the Adriatic; an alpine mountain region lies adjacent to Italy and Austria in the north; mixed mountains and valleys with numerous rivers to the east

Age structure

0-14 years

14.3% (male 153,852/female 146,628)

15-64 years

62.5% (male 683,573/female 627,788)

65 years and over

23.2% (2024 est.) (male 213,619/female 272,433)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

4.54 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

1.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

11.05 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

5.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

8 births/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current health expenditure

9.5% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

46.4% (2023 est.)

Death rate

10.5 deaths/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

31.9

potential support ratio

3.1 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

55.5

youth dependency ratio

23.6

Drinking water source

improved: total

total: 99.5% of population

improved: urban

urban: NA

unimproved: rural

rural: NA

unimproved: total

total: 0.5% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: NA

Education expenditures

5.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Slovene 83.1%, Serb 2%, Croat 1.8%, Bosniak 1.1%, other or unspecified 12% (2002 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.79 (2024 est.)

Hospital bed density

4.4 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Infant mortality rate

female

1.4 deaths/1,000 live births

male

1.6 deaths/1,000 live births

total

1.5 deaths/1,000 live births (2024 est.)

Languages

Languages

Slovene (official) 87.7%, Croatian 2.8%, Serbo-Croatian 1.8%, Bosnian 1.6%, Serbian 1.6%, Hungarian 0.4% (official, only in municipalities where Hungarian nationals reside), Italian 0.2% (official, only in municipalities where Italian nationals reside), other or unspecified 3.9% (2002 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Svetovni informativni zvezek - neobhoden vir osnovnih informacij. (Slovene)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

85.2 years

male

79.4 years

total population

82.2 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

definition

NA

female

99.7% (2015)

male

99.7%

total population

99.7%

Major urban areas - population

286,000 LJUBLJANA (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

female

47.9 years

male

45 years

total

46.3 years (2024 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

29 years (2020 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Slovenian

noun

Slovene(s)

Net migration rate

1.5 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2024 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.2% (2016)

Physician density

3.28 physicians/1,000 population (2019)

Population

female

1,046,849 (2024 est.)

male

1,051,044

total

2,097,893

Population distribution

a fairly even distribution throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; pockets in the mountainous northwest exhibit less density than elsewhere

Population growth rate

-0.1% (2024 est.)

Religions

Catholic 69%, Orthodox 4%, Muslim 3%, Christian 1%, other 3%, atheist 14%, non-believer/agnostic 4%, refused to answer 2% (2019 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: NA

improved: total

total: 99% of population

improved: urban

urban: NA

unimproved: rural

rural: NA

unimproved: total

total: 1% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: NA

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

18 years (2020)

male

17 years

total

18 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-64 years

1.09 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.78 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Tobacco use

female

19.6% (2020 est.)

male

24.4% (2020 est.)

total

22% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.6 children born/woman (2024 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

56.1% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

200 municipalities (obcine, singular - obcina) and 12 urban municipalities (mestne obcine, singular - mestna obcina) municipalities: Ajdovscina, Ankaran, Apace, Beltinci, Benedikt, Bistrica ob Sotli, Bled, Bloke, Bohinj, Borovnica, Bovec, Braslovce, Brda, Brezice, Brezovica, Cankova, Cerklje na Gorenjskem, Cerknica, Cerkno, Cerkvenjak, Cirkulane, Crensovci, Crna na Koroskem, Crnomelj, Destrnik, Divaca, Dobje, Dobrepolje, Dobrna, Dobrova-Polhov Gradec, Dobrovnik/Dobronak, Dolenjske Toplice, Dol pri Ljubljani, Domzale, Dornava, Dravograd, Duplek, Gorenja Vas-Poljane, Gorisnica, Gorje, Gornja Radgona, Gornji Grad, Gornji Petrovci, Grad, Grosuplje, Hajdina, Hoce-Slivnica, Hodos, Horjul, Hrastnik, Hrpelje-Kozina, Idrija, Ig, Ilirska Bistrica, Ivancna Gorica, Izola/Isola, Jesenice, Jezersko, Jursinci, Kamnik, Kanal ob Soci, Kidricevo, Kobarid, Kobilje, Kocevje, Komen, Komenda, Kosanjevica na Krki, Kostel, Kozje, Kranjska Gora, Krizevci, Kungota, Kuzma, Lasko, Lenart, Lendava/Lendva, Litija, Ljubno, Ljutomer, Log-Dragomer, Logatec, Loska Dolina, Loski Potok, Lovrenc na Pohorju, Luce, Lukovica, Majsperk, Makole, Markovci, Medvode, Menges, Metlika, Mezica, Miklavz na Dravskem Polju, Miren-Kostanjevica, Mirna, Mirna Pec, Mislinja, Mokronog-Trebelno, Moravce, Moravske Toplice, Mozirje, Muta, Naklo, Nazarje, Odranci, Oplotnica, Ormoz, Osilnica, Pesnica, Piran/Pirano, Pivka, Podcetrtek, Podlehnik, Podvelka, Poljcane, Polzela, Postojna, Prebold, Preddvor, Prevalje, Puconci, Race-Fram, Radece, Radenci, Radlje ob Dravi, Radovljica, Ravne na Koroskem, Razkrizje, Recica ob Savinji, Rence-Vogrsko, Ribnica, Ribnica na Pohorju, Rogaska Slatina, Rogasovci, Rogatec, Ruse, Salovci, Selnica ob Dravi, Semic, Sempeter-Vrtojba, Sencur, Sentilj, Sentjernej, Sentjur, Sentrupert, Sevnica, Sezana, Skocjan, Skofja Loka, Skofljica, Slovenska Bistrica, Slovenske Konjice, Smarje pri Jelsah, Smarjeske Toplice, Smartno ob Paki, Smartno pri Litiji, Sodrazica, Solcava, Sostanj, Sredisce ob Dravi, Starse, Store, Straza, Sveta Ana, Sveta Trojica v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Andraz v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Jurij ob Scavnici, Sveti Jurij v Slovenskih Goricah, Sveti Tomaz, Tabor, Tisina, Tolmin, Trbovlje, Trebnje, Trnovska Vas, Trzic, Trzin, Turnisce, Velika Polana, Velike Lasce, Verzej, Videm, Vipava, Vitanje, Vodice, Vojnik, Vransko, Vrhnika, Vuzenica, Zagorje ob Savi, Zalec, Zavrc, Zelezniki, Zetale, Ziri, Zirovnica, Zrece, Zuzemberk urban municipalities: Celje, Koper, Kranj, Krsko, Ljubljana, Maribor, Murska Sobota, Nova Gorica, Novo Mesto, Ptuj, Slovenj Gradec, Velenje

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

likely related to the Slavic root "ljub", meaning "to like" or "to love"; by tradition, the name is related to the Slovene word "ljubljena" meaning "beloved"

geographic coordinates

46 03 N, 14 31 E

name

Ljubljana

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Slovenia; both parents if the child is born outside of Slovenia

dual citizenship recognized

yes, for select cases

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years, the last 5 of which have been continuous

Constitution

amendments

proposed by at least 20 National Assembly members, by the government, or by petition of at least 30,000 voters; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by the Assembly; referendum required if agreed upon by at least 30 Assembly members; passage in a referendum requires participation of a majority of eligible voters and a simple majority of votes cast; amended several times, last in 2016

history

previous 1974 (preindependence); latest passed by Parliament 23 December 1991

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Slovenia

conventional short form

Slovenia

etymology

the country's name means "Land of the Slavs" in Slovene

former

People's Republic of Slovenia, Socialist Republic of Slovenia

local long form

Republika Slovenija

local short form

Slovenija

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Jamie L. HARPOOTLIAN  (since 17 February 2022)

email address and website

LjubljanaACS@state.govhttps://si.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Presernova 31, 1000 Ljubljana

FAX

[386] (1) 200-5555

mailing address

7140 Ljubljana Place, Washington, DC 20521-7140

telephone

[386] (1) 200-5500

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2410 California Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Iztok MIROŠIČ (since 15 September 2023)

consulate(s) general

Cleveland (OH)

email address and website

sloembassy.washington@gov.sihttp://www.washington.embassy.si/

FAX

[1] (202) 386-6633

telephone

[1] (202) 386-6611

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers nominated by the prime minister, elected by the National Assembly

chief of state

President Natasa PIRC MUSAR (since 23 December 2022)

election results

2022: Natasa PIRC MUSAR elected president in second round: percent of vote in first round - Anze LOGAR (SDS) 34%, Natasa PIRC MUSAR (independent) 26.9%, Milan BRGLEZ (SD) 15.5%, Vladimir PREBILIC (independent) 10.6%, Sabina SENCAR (Resni.ca) 5.9%, Janez CIGLER KRALJ (NSi) 4.4%, other 2.7%; percent of vote in second round - Natasa PIRC MUSAR 53.9%, Anze LOGAR 46.1%; Robert GOLOB (GS) elected prime minister on 25 May 2022, National Assembly vote - 54-302017: Borut PAHOR reelected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Borut PAHOR (independent) 47.1%, Marjan SAREC (Marjan Sarec List) 25%, Romana TOMC (SDS) 13.7%, Ljudmila NOVAK (NSi) 7.2%, other 7%; percent of vote in second round - Borut PAHOR 52.9%, Marjan SAREC 47.1%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second consecutive term); election last held on 23 October 2022 with a runoff on 13 November 2022 (next to be held in 2027); following National Assembly elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually nominated prime minister by the president and elected by the National Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Robert GOLOB (since 1 June 2022)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of white (top), blue, and red, derive from the medieval coat of arms of the Duchy of Carniola; the Slovenian seal (a shield with the image of Triglav, Slovenia's highest peak, in white against a blue background at the center; beneath it are two wavy blue lines depicting seas and rivers, and above it are three six-pointed stars arranged in an inverted triangle, which are taken from the coat of arms of the Counts of Celje, the prominent Slovene dynastic house of the late 14th and early 15th centuries) appears in the upper hoist side of the flag centered on the white and blue bands

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

25 June 1991 (from Yugoslavia)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, EMU, ESA (cooperating state), EU, FAO, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITU, MIGA, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNIFIL, UNOOSA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, Wassenaar Arrangement, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the court president and 37 judges organized into civil, criminal, commercial, labor and social security, administrative, and registry departments); Constitutional Court (consists of the court president, vice president, and 7 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court president and vice president appointed by the National Assembly upon the proposal of the Minister of Justice based on the opinions of the Judicial Council, an 11-member independent body elected by the National Assembly from proposals submitted by the president, attorneys, law universities, and sitting judges; other Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly from candidates proposed by the Judicial Council; Supreme Court judges serve for life; Constitutional Court judges appointed by the National Assembly from nominations by the president of the republic; Constitutional Court president selected from among its own membership for a 3-year term; other judges elected for single 9-year terms

subordinate courts

county, district, regional, and high courts; specialized labor-related and social courts; Court of Audit; Administrative Court

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Parliament consists of:National Council (State Council) or Drzavni Svet (40 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college to serve 5-year terms); note - the Council is primarily an advisory body with limited legislative powersNational Assembly or Drzavni Zbor (90 seats; 88 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 2 directly elected in special constituencies for Italian and Hungarian minorities by simple majority vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

National Council - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; composition - men 33, women 7, percentage women 17.5%National Assembly - percent of vote by party - GS 34.5%, SDS 23.5%, NSi 6.9%, SD 6.7%, Levica 4.4%, other 24%; seats by party - GS 41, SDS 27, NSi 8, SD 7, Levica 5; composition - men 56, women 34, percentage women 37.8%; total Parliament percentage women 31.5%

elections

National Council - last held on 24 November 2022 (next to be held in 2027)National Assembly - last held on 24 April 2022 (next to be held in 2026)

National anthem

lyrics/music

France PRESEREN/Stanko PREMRL

name

"Zdravljica" (A Toast)

note

note: adopted in 1989 while still part of Yugoslavia; originally written in 1848; the full poem, whose seventh verse is used as the anthem, speaks of pan-Slavic nationalism

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Škocjan Caves (n); Ancient and Primeval Beech Forests of the Carpathians and Other Regions of Europe (n); Prehistoric Pile Dwellings around the Alps (c); Heritage of Mercury: Almadén and Idrija (c); The works of Jože Plečnik in Ljubljana (c)

total World Heritage Sites

5 (3 cultural, 2 natural)

National holiday

Independence Day/Statehood Day, 25 June (1991)

National symbol(s)

Mount Triglav; national colors: white, blue, red

Political parties

Democratic Party of Pensioners of Slovenia or DeSUS Freedom Movement or GS (formerly Greens Actions Party or Z.DEJ)List of Marjan Sarec or LMS New Slovenia - Christian Democrats or NSi Party of Alenka Bratusek or SAB (formerly Alliance of Social Liberal Democrats or ZSD and before that Alliance of Alenka Bratusek or ZaAB)Resni.ca Slovenian Democratic Party or SDS (formerly the Social Democratic Party of Slovenia or SDSS)Slovenian National Party or SNS Social Democrats or SDThe Left or Levica (successor to United Left or ZL)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, maize, wheat, barley, grapes, chicken, potatoes, apples, beef, pork (2022)

note

note: top ten agricultural products based on tonnage

Average household expenditures

on alcohol and tobacco

4.5% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

on food

14.1% of household expenditures (2022 est.)

Budget

expenditures

$24.369 billion (2022 est.)

note

note: central government revenues (excluding grants) and expenses converted to US dollars at average official exchange rate for year indicated

revenues

$23.529 billion (2022 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

A (2019)

Moody's rating

A3 (2020)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

AA- (2019)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2021

$2.073 billion (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

-$617.374 million (2022 est.)

Current account balance 2023

$3.057 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - net trade and primary/secondary income in current dollars

Economic overview

high-income, EU and eurozone member economy; high per-capita income and low inequality; key exports in automotive and pharmaceuticals; tight labor market with low unemployment; growth supported by EU funds and reconstruction from 2023 floods; pressures over public sector wage demands

Exchange rates

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2019

0.893 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

0.876 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

0.95 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

0.925 (2023 est.)

Exports

Exports 2021

$51.662 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$56.51 billion (2022 est.)

Exports 2023

$57.489 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - exports of goods and services in current dollars

Exports - commodities

packaged medicine, cars, refined petroleum, electricity, vehicle parts/accessories (2022)

note

note: top five export commodities based on value in dollars

Exports - partners

Switzerland 18%, Germany 14%, Italy 11%, Croatia 8%, Austria 7% (2022)

note

note: top five export partners based on percentage share of exports

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

84% (2023 est.)

government consumption

19.5% (2023 est.)

household consumption

53% (2023 est.)

imports of goods and services

-77.3% (2023 est.)

investment in fixed capital

22.5% (2023 est.)

investment in inventories

-1.7% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to rounding or gaps in data collection

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

1.9% (2023 est.)

industry

29.1% (2023 est.)

note

note: figures may not total 100% due to non-allocated consumption not captured in sector-reported data

services

57.8% (2023 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$68.217 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: data in current dollars at official exchange rate

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2021

24.3 (2021 est.)

note

note: index (0-100) of income distribution; higher values represent greater inequality

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

20.7% (2021 est.)

lowest 10%

4.2% (2021 est.)

note

note: % share of income accruing to lowest and highest 10% of population

Imports

Imports 2021

$47.997 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$55.158 billion (2022 est.)

Imports 2023

$52.826 billion (2023 est.)

note

note: balance of payments - imports of goods and services in current dollars

Imports - commodities

packaged medicine, nitrogen compounds, refined petroleum, cars, electricity (2022)

note

note: top five import commodities based on value in dollars

Imports - partners

Switzerland 17%, China 11%, Italy 10%, Germany 10%, Austria 7% (2022)

note

note: top five import partners based on percentage share of imports

Industrial production growth rate

3.8% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change in industrial value added based on constant local currency

Industries

ferrous metallurgy and aluminum products, lead and zinc smelting; electronics (including military electronics), trucks, automobiles, electric power equipment, wood products, textiles, chemicals, machine tools

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

1.92% (2021 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

8.83% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

7.45% (2023 est.)

note

note: annual % change based on consumer prices

Labor force

1.055 million (2023 est.)

note

note: number of people ages 15 or older who are employed or seeking work

Population below poverty line

12.7% (2022 est.)

note

note: % of population with income below national poverty line

Public debt

note

note: defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the central, state, local government, and social security funds

Public debt 2017

73.6% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$98.03 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$100.442 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2023

$102.036 billion (2023 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

note

note: annual GDP % growth based on constant local currency

Real GDP growth rate 2021

8.23% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

2.46% (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2023

1.59% (2023 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data in 2021 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2021

$46,500 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$47,600 (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2023

$48,100 (2023 est.)

Remittances

note

note: personal transfers and compensation between resident and non-resident individuals/households/entities

Remittances 2021

1.34% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

1.3% of GDP (2022 est.)

Remittances 2023

1.3% of GDP (2023 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

note

note: holdings of gold (year-end prices)/foreign exchange/special drawing rights in current dollars

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$2.267 billion (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$2.268 billion (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$2.37 billion (2023 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.14% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

note

note: central government tax revenue as a % of GDP

Unemployment rate

note

note: % of labor force seeking employment

Unemployment rate 2021

4.75% (2021 est.)

Unemployment rate 2022

4.01% (2022 est.)

Unemployment rate 2023

3.63% (2023 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

9.9% (2023 est.)

male

9.9% (2023 est.)

note

note: % of labor force ages 15-24 seeking employment

total

9.9% (2023 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

2.97 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from consumed natural gas

1.601 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

7.689 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

total emissions

12.26 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2022 est.)

Coal

consumption

2.553 million metric tons (2022 est.)

exports

5,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

imports

486,000 metric tons (2022 est.)

production

2.358 million metric tons (2022 est.)

proven reserves

95 million metric tons (2022 est.)

Electricity

consumption

13.081 billion kWh (2022 est.)

exports

8.752 billion kWh (2022 est.)

imports

10.198 billion kWh (2022 est.)

installed generating capacity

4.322 million kW (2022 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

834.794 million kWh (2022 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

2.2% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

fossil fuels

26.7% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

hydroelectricity

24.1% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

nuclear

42.6% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

solar

4.3% of total installed capacity (2022 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2022

114.991 million Btu/person (2022 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

840.902 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

exports

11.387 million cubic meters (2018 est.)

imports

840.606 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

production

3.863 million cubic meters (2022 est.)

Nuclear energy

Net capacity of operational nuclear reactors

0.69GW (2023 est.)

Number of operational nuclear reactors

1 (2023)

Percent of total electricity production

36.8% (2023 est.)

Petroleum

refined petroleum consumption

45,000 bbl/day (2023 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

31 (2020 est.)

total

651,604 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

public TV broadcaster, Radiotelevizija Slovenija (RTV), operates a system of national and regional TV stations; 35 domestic commercial TV stations operating nationally, regionally, and locally; about 60% of households are connected to multi-channel cable TV; public radio broadcaster operates 3 national and 4 regional stations; more than 75 regional and local commercial and non-commercial radio stations

Internet country code

.si

Internet users

percent of population

89% (2021 est.)

total

1.869 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line is 32 per 100 and mobile-cellular is 126 per 100 teledensity (2022)

general assessment

Slovenia’s telecom sector is dominated by four operators; the mobile market has four MNOs and a small number of MVNOs, operating in a country with a potential market of just over two million people; the regulator in recent years has addressed the need for mobile operators to have more spectrum, so enabling them to improve the quality and range of services; a multi-spectrum auction was concluded in mid-2021, aimed at supporting 5G services; the broadband market continues to be dominated by a small number of players; DSL lost its dominance some years ago, being taken over by fiber as subscribers are migrated to new fiber-based networks; fiber accounted for almost half of all fixed broadband connections by March 2022 (2022)

international

country code - 386 (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

32 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

676,000 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

126 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

2.675 million (2022 est.)

Airports

42 (2024)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

S5

Heliports

4 (2024)

Merchant marine

by type

other 8

total

8 (2023)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

540,000 (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

1,094,762 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

21

number of registered air carriers

2 (2020)

Pipelines

1,155 km gas, 5 km oil (2018)

Ports

key ports

Koper, Piran

small

1

total ports

2 (2024)

very small

1

Railways

total

1,207 km (2020) 609 km electrified

Roadways

total

38,125 km (2022)

Waterways

710 km (2022) (some transport on the Drava River)

Military - note

the Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska or SV) are responsible for the defense of the country’s sovereignty and territory, deterring external threats, and contributing to European security and other international peacekeeping missions; the SV is also active in civil-military cooperation, such as the maintenance of local infrastructure; Slovenia has been a member of the EU and NATO since 2004, and one of the SV’s key missions is fulfilling the country’s commitments to NATO, including equipment modernization, participating in training exercises, and contributing to NATO operations; the SV provides troops to NATO’s efforts to enhance its presence in the Baltics (Latvia) and Eastern Europe (Slovakia); it has also participated in other international security missions with small numbers of personnel in such places as Africa, southern Europe, the Mediterranean Sea, and the Middle East; because the SV air component has no fighter aircraft, NATO allies Hungary and Italy provide air policing for Sloveniathe SV was formally established in 1993 as a reorganization of the Slovenia Defense Force; the Defense Force, along with the Slovenian police, comprised the majority of the forces that engaged with the Yugoslav People’s Army during the 10-Day War after Slovenia declared its independence in 1991 (2024)

Military and security forces

Slovenian Armed Forces (Slovenska Vojska, SV): structured as a combined force with air, land, maritime, special operations, combat support, and combat service support elementsMinistry of Interior: National Police (2024)

Military and security service personnel strengths

approximately 6,000 active-duty troops (2024)

Military deployments

100 Kosovo (NATO); 100 Slovakia (NATO) (2024)

note

note: in response to Russia’s 2022 invasion of Ukraine, some NATO countries, including Slovenia, have sent additional troops and equipment to the battlegroups deployed in NATO territory in eastern Europe

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the military's inventory is a mix of Soviet-era and smaller quantities of more modern, mostly Western equipment; in recent years, Slovenia has begun a modernization program and imported growing amounts of NATO-standard European and US equipment (2024)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2020

1% of GDP (2020)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.2% of GDP (2021)

Military Expenditures 2022

1.3% of GDP (2022)

Military Expenditures 2023

1.3% of GDP (2023)

Military Expenditures 2024

1.3% of GDP (2024 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 years of age for voluntary military service for men and women; must be a citizen of the Republic of Slovenia; recruits sign up for 3-, 5-, or 10-year service contracts; conscription abolished in 2003 (2023)

note

note: as of 2023, women comprised about 16% of the military's full-time personnel

Illicit drugs

minor transit point for cocaine and Southwest Asian heroin bound for Western Europe, and for precursor chemicals

Refugees and internally displaced persons

note

note:  634,128 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-February 2024)

refugees (country of origin)

11,035 (Ukraine) (as of 1 March 2024)

stateless persons

10 (2020)

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

12.63 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

2.1 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

14.08 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Climate

Mediterranean climate on the coast, continental climate with mild to hot summers and cold winters in the plateaus and valleys to the east

Environment - current issues

air pollution from road traffic, domestic heating (wood buring), power generation, and industry; water pollution; biodiversity protection

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geoparks

global geoparks and regional networks

Idrija; Karawanken / Karavanke (includes Austria) (2023)

total global geoparks and regional networks

2

Land use

agricultural land

22.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 8.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.3% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 13.1% (2018 est.)

forest

62.3% (2018 est.)

other

14.9% (2018 est.)

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Revenue from coal

0.03% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.2% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

31.87 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

3.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

830 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

170 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.54% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

56.1% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

926,000 tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

430,034 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

46.4% (2015 est.)