1988 Edition

Aid

Western (non-US) countries (1970-84), $630 million; US, including Ex-Im (FY7085), $590 million

Boundary disputes

India

none; no defined boundaries with Oman, PDRY, UAE, YAR; shares Neutral Zone with Iraq

short section with The Gambia is indefinite

Budget

$952 million current expenditures, $510 million capital expenditures (1986)

(1985) revenues, $5.55 billion; expenditures, $5.55 billion;

Climate

tropical; cool, dry winter (October to March); hot, humid summer (March to June); cool, rainy monsoon (June to October)

harsh, dry desert with great extremes of temperature

tropical; hot, humid; rainy season (December to April) has strong southeast winds; dry season (May to November) dominated by hot, dry harmattan wind

tropical monsoon; few extremes of temperature and weather

desert; extraordinarily hot and dry

Coastline

580 km

2,510 km

531 km

5,313 km

Comparative area

slightly smaller than Wisconsin

about one-third the size of US

about the size of South Dakota

slightly larger than Maryland

Contiguous zone

18 nm

18 nm

24 nm

Continental shelf

up to outer limits of continental margin

not specific

edge of continental margin or 200 nm

Environment

vulnerable to droughts; much of country routinely flooded during summer monsoon season; overpopulation; deforestation

no perennial rivers or permanent water bodies; developing extensive coastal seawater desalination facilities; desertification

lowlands seasonally flooded; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

subject to typhoons, but rarely destructive; geologically active region with frequent earth tremors

scarcity of natural fresh water resources; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Ethnic divisions

90% Arab, 10% AfroAsian

36% Wolof, 17% Fulani, 17% Serer, 9% Toucouleur, 9% Diola, 9% Mandingo, 1% European and Lebanese

93.0% Melanesian, 4.0% Polynesian, 1.5% Micronesian, 0.8% European, 0.3% Chinese, 0.4% other

Exclusive fishing zone

200 nm

Extended economic zone

200 nm

200 nm

Fiscal year

calendar year

1 April-31 March

Infant mortality

112/1,000

Infant mortality rate

118/1,000 (1983)

46/1,000 (1980)

Labor force

about one-third (one-half foreign) of population; 45% commerce, services, government, and other; 30% agriculture; 15% construction; 5% industry; 5% oil and mining

2,509,000; 77% subsistence agricultural workers; 175,000 wage earners— 40% private sector, 60% government and parapublic

23,448 economically active (1984); 32.4% agriculture, forestry, and fishing; 7.0% construction, manufacturing, and mining; 4.7% commerce, transport, and finance

Land boundaries

2,535 km total

4,537 km total

2,680 km total

Land use

67% arable land; 2% permanent crops; 4% meadows and pastures; 16% forest and woodland; 11% other; includes 14% irrigated

1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 39% meadows and pastures; 1% forest and woodland; 59% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

27% arable land; 0% permanent crops; 30% meadows and pastures; 31% forest and woodland; 12% other; includes 1% irrigated

1% arable land; 1% permanent crops; 1% meadows and pastures; 93% forest and woodland; 4% other

1% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 27% meadows and pastures; 7% forest and woodland; 65% other; includes NEGL% irrigated

Language

Arabic

French (official); Wolof, Pulaar, Diola, Mandingo

120 indigenous languages; Melanesian pidgin in much of the country is lingua franca; English spoken by 1-2% of population

Life expectancy

54

43

54

Literacy

52%

10%

60%

Maritime claims

(measured from claimed archipelagic baselines)

Military transfers

US (FY70-85), $2.3 million

Monetary conversion rate

0.38 Bahrain dinar=US$l (November 1986)

2.14 Singapore dollars=US$l (14 January 1987)

Nationality

noun — Saudi(s); adjective — Saudi or Saudi Arabian

noun — Senegalese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Senegalese

noun — Solomon Islanders); adjective — Solomon Islander

Organized labor

majority of wage-labor force represented by unions; however, dues-paying membership very limited; major confederation is National Confederation of Senegalese Labor (CNTS), an affiliate of governing party

most of the cash economy workers have trade union representation

Population

14,904,794 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 4.95%

7,064,025 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.01%

301,180 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 3.62%

Religion

100% Muslim

92% Muslim, 6% indigenous beliefs, 2% Christian (mostly Roman Catholic)

almost all at least nominally Christian; Anglican, Seventh-Day Adventist, and Roman Catholic churches dominant Somalia

Special notes

almost completely surrounded by India; Joint River Commission on water sharing with upstream riparian

extensive coastlines on Persian Gulf and Red Sea provide great leverage on shipping (especially crude oil) through Persian Gulf and Suez Canal

The Gambia is almost an enclave

none

controls southern approaches to Bab el Mandeb linking Red Sea to Gulf of Aden, one of world's most active shipping lanes Yemen, People's Democratic Republic of (South Yemen) (continued)

Terrain

mostly flat alluvial plain; hilly in southeast

mostly uninhabited, sandy desert

generally low, rolling, plains rising to foothills in southeast

mostly ruggedly mountainous with some low coral atolls

mostly upland desert plains; narrow, flat, sandy coastal plain backed by flat-topped hills and rugged mountains

Territorial sea

12 nm

12 nm

12 nm

12 nm

Total area

144,000 km2; land area: 133,910 km2

2,149,690 km2; land area: 2,149,690km2

196,190 km2; land area: 192,000 km2

28,450 km2; land area: 27,540 km2

Ethnic divisions

almost all Arabs; a few Indians, Somalis, and Europeans

Infant mortality rate

114/1,000 (1980)

Language

Arabic

Life expectancy

men 40.6, women 42.4

Literacy

25%

Nationality

noun — Yemeni(s); adjective — Yemeni

Population

2,351,131 (July 1987); average annual growth rate 3.07%

Religion

Sunni Muslim, some Christian and Hindu

Administrative divisions

14 provinces

10 regions, subdivided into 28 departments, 99 arrondissements

7 administrative districts

six governorates

Branches

King rules in consultation with royal family and Council of Ministers

government dominated by the President; unicameral legislature (120member National Assembly), elected for five years; President elected for five-year term by universal suffrage; judiciary headed by Supreme Court, with members appointed by President

executive authority in Governor General; unicameral legislature (38-member National Parliament)

unicameral legislature (People's Assembly); Supreme Cabinet

Capital

Riyadh

Dakar

Honiara

Aden

Communists

negligible

small number of Communists and sympathizers

no information

Elections

presidential and legislative elections held February 1983; Socialist Party holds 111 of 120 seats Political parties and leaders: Socialist Party (PS), Abdou Diouf; Senegalese Democratic Party (PDS), Abdoulaye Wade; 13 other small uninfluential parties

at least every four years; last held October 1984 Political parties and leaders: United Party, Sir Peter Kenilorea; People's Alliance Party, Solomon Mamaloni, National Democratic Party, Bartholemew Ulufa'alu

elections for legislative body and Supreme People's Council are called for in the constitution, but none have been held Political parties and leaders: Yemeni Socialist Party (YSP), the only legal party, is a coalition of National Front, Ba'th, and Communist Parties

Government leader

FAHD bin 'Abd al-'Aziz Al Sa'ud, King and Prime Minister (since 1982)

Government leaders

Abdou DIOUF, President (since January 1981)

Sir Baddeley DEVESI, Governor General (since July 1978); Ezekiel Alabna, Prime Minister (since December 1986)

Haydar Abu Bakr al-'ATTAS, Chairman, Presidium, Supreme People's Council (since February 1986); 'Ali Salim al-BID, Secretary General, Yemeni Socialist Party (since February 1986); Yasin Sa'id NU'MAN, Chairman, Council of Ministers (since February 1986)

Legal system

based on Islamic law, several secular codes have been introduced; commercial disputes handled by special committees; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on French civil law system; constitution adopted 1960, revised 1963, 1970, and 1981; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court, which also audits the government's accounting office; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

a High Court plus Magistrates Courts; also a system of native courts throughout the islands

based on Islamic law (for personal matters) and English common law (for commercial matters); highest judicial organ, Federal High Court, interprets constitution and determines disputes between states

Member of

Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Maritime Satellite Organization, INTERPOL, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, OAPEC, OIC, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO

AfDB, APC, CEAO, KAMA, ECA, ECOWAS, EIB (associate), FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, OCAM, QIC, OMVS (Organization for the Development of the Senegal River Valley), UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, SPF, UN, UPU, WHO

Arab League, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WTO

National day

7 July — Independence Day

National holiday

23 September

Independence Day, 4 April Senegal (continued) Seychelles

14 October

Official name

Kingdom of Saudi Arabia

Republic of Senegal

Solomon Islands

People's Democratic Republic of Yemen

Other political or pressure groups

students, teachers, labor, Muslim Brotherhoods

Suffrage

universal adult

universal adult at age 21

all citizens age 18 and over

Type

monarchy

republic under multiparty democratic rule; (early in 1982, Senegal and The Gambia formed a loose confederation named Senegambia, which calls for the eventual integration of their armed forces and economic cooperation)

independent parliamentary state within Commonwealth

republic

Agriculture

dates, grains, livestock; not self-sufficient in food except wheat

peanuts (primary cash crop), millet, sorghum, manioc, maize, rice, livestock; deficit production of food

dominated by coconut production with subsistence crops of yams, taro, bananas, rice

cotton is main cash crop; cereals, dates, qat (a mild narcotic), coffee, and livestock are raised, and there is a growing fishing industry; large amount of food must be imported (particularly for Aden); cotton, hides, skins, dried and salted fish are exported

Aid

economic commitments from Australia and other Western donors, $16.1 million (1985)

Budget

(FY87 proposed) appropriations, $31 billion; expenditures, $45 billion

(1984/85) public revenues, $467 million; current expenditures, $489 million; capital expenditures, $75 million

(1985) million revenues, $37.4 million; expenditures, $51.0 million

(1985 est.) total receipts $433 million, current expenditures $495 million, development expenditures $327 million

Electric power

20,005,000 kW capacity; 43,810 million kWh produced, 3,800 kWh per capita (1986)

187,000 kW capacity; 737 million kWh produced, 105 kWh per capita (1986)

15,000 kW capacity; 30 million kWh produced, 110 kWh per capita (1986)

254,000 kW capacity; 556 million kWh produced, 240 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$37 billion (f.o.b., 1985); 95% petroleum and petroleum products

$525 million (f.o.b., 1984); peanuts and peanut products, phosphate rock, fish, petroleum products (reexport)

$70.1 million (f.o.b., 1985); copra, timber, fish, palm oil, seashells and shell products

$316 million (f.o.b. 1985 est.)

Fiscal year

calendar year as of 1 January 1987 (previously followed Islamic calendar months Rajab through Jumada II)

1 July-30 June

calendar year

Fishing

catch 230,000 metric tons (1984); exports $120 million (1984)

GDP

$133.6 billion (FY85), $9,920 per capita; annual growth in nonoil GDP in constant 1969/70 prices about 7% (1981-84)

$2.3 billion, $350 per capita; real growth rate 3.8% (1984)

$137 million (1985), $640 per capita

GNP

$1.1 billion (1985 est), $500 per capita

Imports

$34 billion (c.i.f., 1985); manufactured goods, transportation equipment, construction materials, and processed food products

$805 million (f.o.b., 1984); food, consumer goods, machinery, transport equipment, petroleum

$83.2 million (c.i.f., 1985)

$762 million (f.o.b., 1985 est.)

Major industries

crude oil production 5.0 million b/d (1986); oil revenue payments to Saudi Arabian Government, $15 billion (FY86); petroleum refining, basic petrochemicals, cement production and small steel-rolling mill; several other light industries, including factories producing detergents, plastic products, furniture

fishing, agricultural processing plants, light manufacturing, mining

petroleum refinery at Little Aden operates on imported crude

Major trade partners

exports and reexports—Japan 32%, US 6%, Bahrain 5%, Italy 4%; imports— US 21%, Japan 18%, Italy 8%, FRG 8% (1985)

France, other EC, and franc zone

exports — Japan 37%, UK 11%, Australia 3%; importsAustralia 31%, Singapore 16%, Japan 15%, UK 9% (1981)

1985 imports mainly from USSR 14%, Australia 9%, UK 7%; exports mainly to Japan 36%, North Yemen 23%, Singapore 10%

Monetary conversion rate

3.74 Saudi riyals=US$l (December 1986)

about 331.24 Communaute Financiere Africaine (CFA) francs=US$l (November 1986)

1.4808 Solomon Island dollars=US$l (February 1986)

0.3454 dinar=US$l (November 1986)

Natural resources

oil, natural gas, iron ore, gold, copper

fish, phosphates

fish, forests, agricultural land, minerals (gold and bauxite)

fish, oil, minerals (gold, copper, lead)

Airfields

3 total, 2 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

202 total, 174 usable; 60 with permanent-surface runways; 11 with runways over 3,659 m, 26 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 98 with runways 1,220-2,439 m Senegal

25 total, 21 usable; 10 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 16 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

6 total, 6 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439

24 total, 22 usable; 2 with permanent-surface runways; 4 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

41 total, 30 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 1 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 1 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Army, Naval Wing, Air Wing

Saudi Arabian Land Forces, Royal Saudi Naval Forces, Royal Saudi Air Force, Royal Saudi Air Defense Force, Saudi Arabian National Guard, Coast Guard and Frontier Forces, Special Security Force, Public Security Force, Special Emergency Force

Army, Navy, Air Force, paramilitary Gendarmerie

Army, Navy, Air Force, Army Reserve, Singapore Armed Forces

Army, Navy, Air Force, People's Militia, People's Police

Civil air

3 major transport aircraft

191 major transport aircraft

3 major transport aircraft

about 30 major transport aircraft

no major transport aircraft

9 major transport aircraft

Highways

225 km bituminous surfaced; undetermined kilometers of natural surface tracks; 25 km bridge-causeway to Saudi Arabia opened in November 1986

67,000 km total; 28,000 km bituminous, 39,000 km gravel and improved earth

13,898 km total; 3,461 km paved, 6,741 km gravel or graded earth, 3,696 km of unimproved roads

2,597 km total (1984)

about 2,100 km total (1982); 30 km sealed, 290 km gravel, 980 km earth, 800 private logging and plantation roads of varied construction

5,600 km total; 1,700 km bituminous treated, 630 km crushed stone and gravel, 3,270 km motorable track

Inland waterways

1,505 km

none

Military budget

estimated for fiscal year ending 31 March 1987, $950 million; about 11.2% of central government budget South Pacific Ocean ^Choiseul Gizo Santa Isabel Yandina 0*upKiiAo, Guadalcanal Santa ^San ff Cru* Cristobal • Islands Coral Sea

Military manpower

males 15-49, 168,000; 95,000 fit for military service 150km Bay of Bengal Sec regional map VIII

males 15-49, 5,688,000; 3,209,000 fit for military service; 154,000 reach military age (18) annually ' Src regional map VII

males 15-49, 1,498,000; 782,000 fit for military service; 80,000 reach military age (18) annually 300km VICTORIA*-^ " Amirante Isles Mahe Island

males 15-49, 808,000; 606,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, 491,000; 277,000 fit for military service

Pipelines

crude oil, 56 km; refined products, 16 km; natural gas, 32 km

6,400 km crude oil; 150 km refined products; 2,200 km natural gas, includes 1,600 km of natural gas liquids

refined products, 32 km

Ports

1 major (Mlna' Sulman), 1 minor (Mlna' al ManSmah), 1 petroleum, oil, and lubricant terminal (Sitrah)

7 major (Jiddah or Jeddah, Ad DammSm, Ras Tanura, Jlzan, Al Jubayl, Yanbu' al Bahr, Yanbu' a? SJnS'lyah), 17 minor

1 major (Dakar), 2 minor

3 major, 2 minor

5 minor

1 major (Aden), 5 minor

Railroad

none

Railroads

none

886 km 1.435-meter standard gauge

1,034 km 1.000-meter gauge; 70 km double track

38 km of 1.000-meter gauge

none

Telecommunications

excellent international telecommunications; adequate domestic services; 98,000 telephones (23.2 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 1 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Atlantic Ocean, 1 Indian Ocean, and 1 ARABSAT satellite stations; tropospheric scatter and microwave to Qatar, United Arab Emirates, Saudi Arabia; submarine cable to Qatar and United Arab Emirates Defense Forces

good system exists, major expansion program completed with extensive microwave and coaxial cable systems; 1,624,000 telephones (14.1 per 100 popl.); 21 AM, 2 FM, 63 TV stations; 2 Atlantic and 2 Indian Ocean INTELSAT stations, 1 ARABSAT satellite control station; radio-relay to Bahrain, Jordan, Kuwait, Qatar, UAE, and Sudan; coaxial cable to Kuwait; submarine cable to Djibouti Defense Forces

above-average urban system, using radio-relay and cable; 40,200 telephones (0.6 per 100 popl.); 8 AM , no FM stations; 1 TV station; 3 submarine cables; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Defense Forces

good domestic facilities; good international service; good radio and television broadcast coverage; 1.02 million telephones (39.0 per 100 popl.); 13 AM, 4 FM, 2 TV stations; submarine cables extend to Sabah (Malaysia), Peninsular Malaysia, Indonesia, and the Philippines; 1 satellite ground station Defense Forces

3,000 telephones; 4 AM, no FM, no TV stations; 1 satellite ground station GullalAdtn

small system of open-wire, radio-relay, multiconductor cable, and radio communications stations; only center Aden; estimated 15,000 telephones (0.7 per 100 popl.); 1 AM, no FM, 5 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean INTELSAT, 1 Intersputnik, and 1 ARABSAT satellite station; tropospheric scatter to North Yemen Defense Forces