2020 Edition

Background

Geographically the third-smallest state in Europe (after the Holy See and Monaco), San Marino also claims to be the world's oldest republic. According to tradition, it was founded by a Christian stonemason named MARINUS in A.D. 301. San Marino's foreign policy is aligned with that of the EU, although it is not a member. San Marino is negotiating an Association Agreement that is expected to allow participation in the EU’s internal market and cooperation in other policy areas by late 2024. Social and political trends in the republic track closely with those of its larger neighbor, Italy.

Area

land

61 sq km

total

61 sq km

water

0 sq km

Area - comparative

about one-third the size of Washington, D.C.

Climate

Mediterranean; mild to cool winters; warm, sunny summers

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Monte Titano 739 m

lowest point

Torrente Ausa 55 m

Geographic coordinates

43 46 N, 12 25 E

Geography - note

landlocked; an enclave of (completely surrounded by) Italy; smallest independent state in Europe after the Holy See and Monaco; dominated by the Apennine Mountains

Irrigated land

0 sq km (2022)

Land boundaries

border countries

Italy 37 km

total

37 km

Land use

agricultural land

38.3% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 33.1% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 5.2% (2023 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 0% (2022 est.)

forest

16.7% (2023 est.)

other

45% (2023 est.)

Location

Southern Europe, an enclave in central Italy

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

occasional earthquakes

Natural resources

building stone

Terrain

rugged mountains

Age structure

0-14 years

14.2% (male 2,614/female 2,387)

15-64 years

64.3% (male 10,916/female 11,648)

65 years and over

21.5% (2024 est.) (male 3,414/female 4,116)

Birth rate

9.04 births/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Death rate

8.9 deaths/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

34.3 (2025 est.)

potential support ratio

2.9 (2025 est.)

total dependency ratio

56.5 (2025 est.)

youth dependency ratio

22.2 (2025 est.)

Drinking water source

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

Education expenditure

Education expenditure (% GDP)

2.9% of GDP (2022 est.)

Education expenditure (% national budget)

13% national budget (2023 est.)

Ethnic groups

Sammarinese, Italian

Gross reproduction rate

0.74 (2025 est.)

Health expenditure

Health expenditure (as % of GDP)

8% of GDP (2021)

Health expenditure (as % of national budget)

29.5% of national budget (2022 est.)

Infant mortality rate

female

5 deaths/1,000 live births

male

7.4 deaths/1,000 live births

total

6.1 deaths/1,000 live births (2025 est.)

Languages

Languages

Italian

major-language sample(s)

L'Almanacco dei fatti del mondo, l'indispensabile fonte per le informazioni di base. (Italian) The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

87 years

male

81.7 years

total population

84.2 years (2024 est.)

Literacy

female

99.9% (2022 est.)

male

99.9% (2022 est.)

total population

99.9% (2022 est.)

Major urban areas - population

4,000 SAN MARINO (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

8 deaths/100,000 live births (2023 est.)

Median age

female

47.4 years

male

44.5 years

total

46.3 years (2025 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

31.9 years (2019)

Nationality

adjective

Sammarinese

noun

Sammarinese (singular and plural)

Net migration rate

5.36 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2025 est.)

Physician density

4.63 physicians/1,000 population (2023)

Population

female

18,256

male

17,035

total

35,291 (2025 est.)

Population growth rate

0.55% (2025 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic

Sanitation facility access

improved: total

total: 100% of population (2022 est.)

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2022 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

16 years (2015 est.)

male

15 years (2015 est.)

total

16 years (2015 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.1 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.83 male(s)/female

at birth

1.09 male(s)/female

total population

0.93 male(s)/female (2024 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.54 children born/woman (2025 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.41% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

97.8% of total population (2023)

Administrative divisions

9 municipalities (castelli, singular - castello); Acquaviva, Borgo Maggiore, Chiesanuova, Domagnano, Faetano, Fiorentino, Montegiardino, San Marino Citta, Serravalle

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century

geographic coordinates

43 56 N, 12 25 E

name

San Marino (city)

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of San Marino

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

30 years

Constitution

amendment process

proposed by the Great and General Council; passage requires two-thirds majority Council vote; Council passage by absolute majority vote also requires passage in a referendum

history

San Marino’s principal legislative instruments consist of old customs (antiche consuetudini), the Statutory Laws of San Marino (Leges Statutae Sancti Marini), old statutes (antichi statute) from the1600s, Brief Notes on the Constitutional Order and Institutional Organs of the Republic of San Marino (Brevi Cenni sull’Ordinamento Costituzionale e gli Organi Istituzionali della Repubblica di San Marino) and successive legislation, chief among them is the Declaration of the Rights of Citizens and Fundamental Principles of the San Marino Legal Order (Dichiarazione dei Diritti dei Cittadini e dei Principi Fondamentali dell’Ordinamento Sammarinese), approved 8 July 1974

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of San Marino

conventional short form

San Marino

etymology

named after Saint MARINUS, who founded a monastic settlement on Monte Titano in the early 4th century

local long form

Repubblica di San Marino

local short form

San Marino

Diplomatic representation from the US

embassy

the United States does not have an Embassy in San Marino; the US Ambassador to Italy is accredited to San Marino, and the US Consulate General in Florence maintains day-to-day ties

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

327 E 50th Street, New York, NY 10022

chief of mission

Ambassador Damiano BELEFFI (since 21 July 2017); note - also Permanent Representative to the UN

email address and website

sanmarinoun@gmail.com Republic of San Marino Permanent Mission to the United Nations

FAX

[1] (212) 751-1436

telephone

[1] (212) 751-1234

Executive branch

cabinet

Congress of State elected by the Grand and General Council

chief of state

co-chiefs of state Captains Regent Matteo ROSSI and Lorenzo BUGLI (for the period 1 October 2025 - 31 March 2026)

election results

2025: Denise BRONZETTI (Reformist Alliance) and Italo RIGHI (Christian Democrat) elected captains regent: percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA 2024: Francesca CIVERCHIA (PDCS) and Dalibor RICCARDI (Free San Marino) elected captains regent; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA 2019: Luca BECCARI (PDCS) elected Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs; percent of Grand and General Council vote - NA

election/appointment process

co-chiefs of state (captains regent) indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 6-month term; Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs indirectly elected by the Grand and General Council for a single 5-year term

expected date of next election

co-chiefs of state: September 2025

head of government

Secretary of State for Foreign and Political Affairs Luca BECCARI (since 8 January 2020)

most recent election date

co-chiefs of state: 1 April 2025 secretary of state: 28 December 2019

Flag

description: two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and light blue, with the national coat of arms in the center; the main colors come from the shield on the coat of arms, which features three white towers on mountain peaks on a blue field; a wreath and a crown are around the shield, above a scroll with the word LIBERTAS (Liberty) meaning: the towers represent the Guaita, Cesta, and Montale castles on Mount Titano; white and blue are said to stand for peace and liberty

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

3 September 301 (traditional founding date)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

CE, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM (observer), IPU, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), OPCW, OSCE, Schengen Convention (de facto member), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WHO, WIPO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Council of Twelve or Consiglio dei XII (consists of 12 members)

judge selection and term of office

judges elected by the Grand and General Council from among its own to serve 5-year terms

subordinate courts

first instance and first appeal criminal, administrative, and civil courts; Court for the Trust and Trustee Relations; justices of the peace or conciliatory judges

Legal system

civil law system with Italian civil law influences

Legislative branch

electoral system

proportional representation

expected date of next election

June 2029

legislative structure

unicameral

legislature name

Great and General Council (Consiglio grande e generale)

most recent election date

6/9/2024

number of seats

60 (all directly elected)

parties elected and seats per party

Christian Democratic Party of San Marino (PDCS) (22); Free (Libera) – Socialist Party (PS) (10); Future Republic (RF) (8); Party of Socialists and Democrats (PSD) (8); Tomorrow - Motus Liberi (5); Reformist Alliance (AR) (4); R.E.T.E. Citizens' Movement (3)

percentage of women in chamber

35%

scope of elections

full renewal

term in office

5 years

National anthem(s)

history

adopted 1894; the music for the anthem, which has no lyrics, is based on a 10th-century chorale piece

lyrics/music

no lyrics/Federico CONSOLO

title

"Inno Nazionale della Repubblica" (National Anthem of the Republic)

National color(s)

white, blue

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

San Marino Historic Center and Mount Titano

total World Heritage Sites

1 (cultural)

National holiday

Founding of the Republic (or Feast of Saint Marinus), 3 September (A.D. 301)

National symbol(s)

three peaks, each displaying a tower

Political parties

Domani - Modus Liberi or DML  Free San Marino (Libera San Marino) or Libera  Future Republic or RF  Party of Socialists and Democrats or PSD  Reformist Alliance or AR  RETE Movement  Sammarinese Christian Democratic Party or PDCS  Socialist Party or PS  Tomorrow in Movement coalition (includes RETE Movement, DML)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

wheat, grapes, corn, olives; cattle, pigs, horses, beef, cheese, hides

Budget

expenditures

$816.886 million (2023 est.)

revenues

$841.03 million (2023 est.)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2020

$42.98 million (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

$100.118 million (2021 est.)

Current account balance 2022

$284.256 million (2022 est.)

Economic overview

high-income, non-EU European economy; surrounded by Italy, which is the dominant importer and exporter; open border to EU and a euro user; strong financial sector; high foreign investments; low taxation; increasingly high and risky debt

Exchange rates

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2020

0.877 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

0.845 (2021 est.)

Exchange rates 2022

0.951 (2022 est.)

Exchange rates 2023

0.925 (2023 est.)

Exchange rates 2024

0.924 (2024 est.)

Exports

Exports 2020

$2.439 billion (2020 est.)

Exports 2021

$3.23 billion (2021 est.)

Exports 2022

$3.616 billion (2022 est.)

Exports - commodities

washing and bottling machines, other foods, packaged medicine, woodworking machines, aircraft (2023)

Exports - partners

Germany 12%, Austria 10%, USA 9%, Romania 8%, Brazil 7% (2023)

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

197.4% (2022 est.)

government consumption

17.1% (2022 est.)

household consumption

35.5% (2022 est.)

imports of goods and services

-173% (2022 est.)

investment in fixed capital

17.8% (2022 est.)

investment in inventories

5.2% (2022 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

0% (2022 est.)

industry

37.6% (2022 est.)

services

55.1% (2022 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$1.832 billion (2022 est.)

Imports

Imports 2020

$2.232 billion (2020 est.)

Imports 2021

$2.94 billion (2021 est.)

Imports 2022

$3.169 billion (2022 est.)

Imports - commodities

garments, cars, electricity, animal food, footwear (2023)

Imports - partners

Germany 24%, Italy 13%, Netherlands 9%, Spain 9%, Poland 8% (2023)

Industrial production growth rate

10.7% (2022 est.)

Industries

tourism, banking, textiles, electronics, ceramics, cement, wine

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2022

5.3% (2022 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2023

5.9% (2023 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2024

1.2% (2024 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2022

103.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$1.947 billion (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$2.218 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2022

$2.393 billion (2022 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2020

-6.6% (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2021

13.9% (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2022

7.9% (2022 est.)

Real GDP per capita

Real GDP per capita 2020

$56,000 (2020 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2021

$64,700 (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2022

$70,900 (2022 est.)

Remittances

Remittances 2020

1.1% of GDP (2020 est.)

Remittances 2021

1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Remittances 2022

1.2% of GDP (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2021

$954.383 million (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2022

$716.066 million (2022 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 2023

$836.088 million (2023 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

17.8% (of GDP) (2022 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2022 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

36 (2022 est.)

total

12,000 (2022 est.)

Broadcast media

state-owned public broadcaster operates 1 TV station and 3 radio stations; receives radio and TV broadcasts from Italy (2019)

Internet country code

.sm

Internet users

percent of population

87% (2023 est.)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

47 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

16,000 (2022 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

120 (2022 est.)

total subscriptions

41,000 (2022 est.)

Airports

1 (2025)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

T7

Military - note

defense is the responsibility of Italy

Military and security forces

San Marino Military Corps (Corpi Militari Sammarinesi; aka Sammarinese Armed Forces or Forze Armate Sammarinesi): Fortress Guard Command (or Guard of the Rock), Uniformed Company of the Militias, Guard of the Great and General Council, Corps of the Gendarmerie Ministry of Internal Affairs: Civil Police Corps (2025)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription; government has the authority to call up all San Marino citizens from 16-60 years of age to serve in the military (2025)

Environmental issues

air pollution; urbanization decreasing rural farmlands; water shortage

International environmental agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution

Particulate matter emissions

9.8 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

17,200 tons (2024 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

45.1% (2016 est.)