2019 Edition

Background

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Area

Land

229,891 sq km

Total

238,391 sq km

Water

8,500 sq km

Area Comparative

twice the size of Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than Oregon

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline

225 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Moldoveanu 2,544 m

Lowest Point

Black Sea 0 m

Mean Elevation

414 m

Environment Current Issues

soil erosion, degradation, and desertification; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Environment International Agreements

Party To

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

Signed But Not Ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Geography Note

controls the most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine; the Carpathian Mountains dominate the center of the country, while the Danube River forms much of the southern boundary with Serbia and Bulgaria

Irrigated Land

31,490 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Bulgaria 605 km, Hungary 424 km, Moldova 683 km, Serbia 531 km, Ukraine 601 km

Total

2,844 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

60.7% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

39.1% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

1.9% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

19.7% (2011 est.)

Forest

28.7% (2011 est.)

Other

10.6% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Map References

Europe

Maritime Claims

Contiguous Zone

24 nm

Continental Shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

Exclusive Economic Zone

200 nm

Territorial Sea

12 nm

Natural Hazards

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Natural Resources

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Population Distribution

urbanization is not particularly high, and a fairly even population distribution can be found throughout most of the country, with urban areas attracting larger and denser populations; Hungarians, the country's largest minority, have a particularly strong presence in eastern Transylvania

Terrain

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Age Structure

0 14 Years

14.31% (male 1,576,621 /female 1,493,082)

15 24 Years

10.45% (male 1,151,312 /female 1,091,956)

25 54 Years

46.11% (male 5,010,272 /female 4,883,090)

55 64 Years

12.37% (male 1,244,669 /female 1,409,854)

65 Years And Over

16.76% (male 1,454,320 /female 2,141,940) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

8.7 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Current Health Expenditure

5% (2016)

Death Rate

12 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio

25.2 (2015 est.)

Potential Support Ratio

4 (2015 est.)

Total Dependency Ratio

48 (2015 est.)

Youth Dependency Ratio

22.8 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural

100% of population

Improved Total

100% of population

Improved Urban

100% of population

Unimproved Rural

0% of population

Unimproved Total

0% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

0% of population

Education Expenditures

3.1% of GDP (2015)

Ethnic Groups

Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Romani 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

0.1% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS Deaths

<200 (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

18,000 (2018 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

6.3 beds/1,000 population (2013)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female

7.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

10.4 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

9.2 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romani 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

79.2 years

Male

72.1 years

Total Population

75.6 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

Definition

age 15 and over can read and write

Female

98.5% (2015)

Male

99.1%

Total Population

98.8%

Major Urban Areas Population

1.812 million BUCHAREST (capital) (2019)

Maternal Mortality Rate

19 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female

43 years

Male

40.2 years

Total

41.6 years (2018 est.)

Mother's Mean Age at First Birth

26.7 years (2014 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Romanian

Noun

Romanian(s)

Net Migration Rate

-0.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

22.5% (2016)

Physicians Density

2.26 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Population

21,457,116 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

-0.35% (2018 est.)

Religions

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural

63.3% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Total

79.1% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Urban

92.2% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Rural

36.7% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Total

20.9% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

7.8% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female

15 years (2016)

Male

14 years

Total

14 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.06 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.05 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

1.03 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

0.88 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.68 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.06 male(s)/female

Total Population

0.95 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

1.36 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female

18.6% (2017 est.)

Male

18.1%

Total

18.3%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

-0.38% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

54.1% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Capital

Daylight Saving Time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Geographic Coordinates

44 26 N, 26 06 E

Name

Bucharest

Time Difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth

no

Citizenship By Descent Only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Romania

Dual Citizenship Recognized

yes

Residency Requirement For Naturalization

5 years

Constitution

Amendments

initiated by the president of Romania through a proposal by the government, by at least one fourth of deputies or senators in Parliament, or by petition of eligible voters representing at least half of Romania&rsquo;s counties; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers or &ndash; if mediation is required - by three-fourths majority vote in a joint session, followed by approval in a referendum; articles, including those on national sovereignty, form of government, political pluralism, and fundamental rights and freedoms, cannot be amended; amended 2003 (2016)

History

several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

none

Conventional Short Form

Romania

Etymology

the name derives from the Latin "Romanus" meaning "citizen of Rome" and was used to stress the common ancient heritage of Romania's three main regions - Moldavia, Transylvania, and Wallachia - during their gradual unification between the mid-19th century and early 20th century

Former

Kingdom of Romania, Romanian People's Republic, Socialist Republic of Romania

Local Long Form

none

Local Short Form

Romania

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Hans G. KLEMM (since 21 September 2015)

Embassy

4-6, Dr. Liviu Librescu Blvd., District 1, Bucharest, 015118

Fax

[40] (21) 200-3442

Mailing Address

American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)

Telephone

[40] (21) 200-3300

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery

1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador George Cristian MAIOR (since 17 September 2015)

Consulate's General

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

Fax

[1] (202) 232-4748

Telephone

[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

Chief Of State

President Klaus Werner IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)

Election Results

Klaus IOHANNIS reelected president in second round; percent of vote - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 66.1%, Viorica DANCILA (PSD) 33.9%; Ludovic ORBAN approved as prime minister with 240 votes

Elections Appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 10 November 2019 with a runoff on 24 November 2019 (next to be held in November 2024); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament

Head Of Government

Prime Minister Ludovic ORBAN (since 4 November 2019); Deputy Prime Minister Raluca TURCAN (since 4 November 2019); note - Prime Minister DANCILA, Romania's first woman prime minster, lost a no-confidence vote on 10 October 2019

Flag Description

three equal vertical bands of cobalt blue (hoist side), chrome yellow, and vermilion red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed

Government Type

semi-presidential republic

Independence

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; 13 July 1878 (independence recognized by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

International Law Organization Participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, nonrenewable terms

Subordinate Courts

Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Legal System

civil law system

Legislative Branch

Description

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of: Senate or Senat (136 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 2 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (329 seats; members directly elected in single- and multi-seat constituencies - including 4 seats for diaspora - by party-list, proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

Election Results

Senate - percent of vote by party - PSD 45.7%, PNL 20.4%, USR 8.9%, UDMR 6.2%, ALDE 6%, PMP 5.7%, other 7.1%; seats by party - PSD 67, PNL 30, USR 13, UDMR 9, ALDE 9, PMP 8; composition - men 116, women 20, percent of women 14.7% Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by party - PSD 45.5%, PNL 20%, USR 8.9%, UDMR 6.2%, ALDE 5.6%, PMP 5.4%, other 8.4%; seats by party - PSD 154, PNL 69, USR 30, UDMR 21, ALDE 20, PMP 18, minorities 17; composition men 261, women 68, percent of women 20.7%; note - total Parliament percent of women 20.7%

Elections

Senate - last held on 11 December 2016 (next to be held by December 2020) Chamber of Deputies - last held on 11 December 2016 (next to be held by December 2020)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

Name

"Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

National Holiday

Unification Day (unification of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

National Symbol S

golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

Political Parties And Leaders

Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] Civic Hungarian Party [Zsolt BIRO] Ecologist Party of Romania or PER [Danut POP] Greater Romania Party or PRM [Adrian POPESCU] M10 Party [Ioana CONSTANTIN] National Liberal Party or PNL [Ludovic ORBAN] New Romania Party or PNR [Sebastian POPESCU] Our Romania Alliance [Marian MUNTEANU] Party of the Alliance of Liberals and Democrats or ALDE [Calin POPESCU TARICEANU] Popular Movement Party or PMP [Traian BASESCU] Romanian Social Party or PSRo [Mircea GEOANA] Save Romania Union Party or Partidul USR [Dan BARNA] Social Democratic Party or PSD [Marcel CIOLACU, interim leader] United Romania Party or PRU [Robert BUGA]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture Products

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep

Budget

Expenditures

68.13 billion (2017 est.)

Revenues

62.14 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-2.8% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

31 December 2016

1.75%

31 December 2017

1.75%

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016

5.71%

31 December 2017

5.57%

Current Account Balance

2016

-$3.93 billion

2017

-$7.114 billion

Debt External

31 December 2016

$93.71 billion

31 December 2017

$95.97 billion

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

2010

28.2

2012

27.3

Economy Overview

Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment.In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary standby agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability; no funds were drawn. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on standby agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms. This agreement expired in September 2015, and no funds were drawn. Progress on structural reforms has been uneven, and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks.Economic growth rebounded in the 2013-17 period, driven by strong industrial exports, excellent agricultural harvests, and, more recently, expansionary fiscal policies in 2016-2017 that nearly quadrupled Bucharest’s annual fiscal deficit, from +0.8% of GDP in 2015 to -3% of GDP in 2016 and an estimated -3.4% in 2017. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy in 2017. Exports remained an engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. Domestic demand was the major driver, due to tax cuts and large wage increases that began last year and are set to continue in 2018.An aging population, emigration of skilled labor, significant tax evasion, insufficient health care, and an aggressive loosening of the fiscal package compromise Romania’s long-term growth and economic stability and are the economy's top vulnerabilities.

Exchange Rates

2013

3.3492

2014

4.0057

2015

4.0592

2016

4.0592

2017

4.077

Currency

lei (RON) per US dollar -

Exports

2016

$57.72 billion

2017

$64.58 billion

Exports Commodities

machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, agricultural products and foodstuffs, metals and metal products, chemicals, minerals and fuels, raw materials

Exports Partners

Germany 23%, Italy 11.2%, France 6.8%, Hungary 4.7%, UK 4.1% (2017)

Fiscal Year

calendar year

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services

41.4% (2017 est.)

Government Consumption

7.7% (2017 est.)

Household Consumption

70% (2017 est.)

Imports Of Goods And Services

-43.6% (2017 est.)

Investment In Fixed Capital

22.6% (2017 est.)

Investment In Inventories

1.9% (2017 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

4.2% (2017 est.)

Industry

33.2% (2017 est.)

Services

62.6% (2017 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$211.9 billion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015

$21,700

2016

$22,900

2017

$24,600

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015

$431.2 billion

2016

$452 billion

2017

$483.4 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015

3.9%

2016

4.8%

2017

6.9%

Gross National Saving

2015

23.9% of GDP

2016

21.7% of GDP

2017

21.1% of GDP

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

Highest 10

7.6% (2014 est.)

Lowest 10

15.3%

Imports

2016

$68 billion

2017

$78.12 billion

Imports Commodities

machinery and equipment, other manufactured goods, chemicals, agricultural products and foodstuffs, fuels and minerals, metals and metal products, raw materials

Imports Partners

Germany 20%, Italy 10%, Hungary 7.5%, Poland 5.5%, France 5.3%, China 5%, Netherlands 4% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

5.5% (2017 est.)

Industries

electric machinery and equipment, auto assembly, textiles and footwear, light machinery, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining, mining, timber, construction materials

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016

-1.6%

2017

1.3%

Labor Force

8.951 million (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

28.3%

Industry

28.9%

Services

42.8% (2014)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

31 December 2013

$42.59 billion

31 December 2016

$34.06 billion

31 December 2017

$42.24 billion

Population Below Poverty Line

22.4% (2012 est.)

Public Debt

2016

38.8% of GDP

2017

36.8% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016

$40 billion

31 December 2017

$44.43 billion

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2016

$41.82 billion

31 December 2017

$54.13 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

31 December 2016

$5.963 billion

31 December 2017

$6.822 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2016

$76.93 billion

31 December 2017

$94 billion

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016

$60.3 billion

31 December 2017

$72.54 billion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2016

$41.82 billion

31 December 2017

$54.13 billion

Taxes And Other Revenues

29.3% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2016

5.9%

2017

4.9%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

72.07 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

2,076 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

145,300 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

70,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

600 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

100% (2016)

Electricity Consumption

49.64 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

11.22 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

47% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

29% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

6% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

19% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

4.177 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

23.94 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

61.78 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

11.58 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

22.65 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

1.218 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

10.87 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

198,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

103,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

49,420 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

232,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

22 (2017 est.)

Total

4.78 million

Broadcast Media

a mixture of public and private TV stations; there are 7 public TV stations (2 national, 5 regional) using terrestrial broadcasting and 187 private TV stations (out of which 171 offer local coverage) using terrestrial broadcasting, plus 11 public TV stations using satellite broadcasting and 86 private TV stations using satellite broadcasting; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations, having in total 20 public radio stations by terrestrial broadcasting plus 4 public radio stations by satellite broadcasting; there are 502 operational private radio stations using terrestrial broadcasting and 26 private radio stations using satellite broadcasting

Internet Country Code

.ro

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

59.5% (July 2016 est.)

Total

12,852,696

Telephone System

Domestic

fixed-line teledensity is about 18 telephones per 100 persons; mobile market served by four mobile network operators; mobile-cellular teledensity over 105 telephones per 100 persons (2018)

General Assessment

the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services; competition among a number of telecoms; LTE services; 1Gb/FttP offering; government secures EU funding to extend broadband to areas of the country not yet connected (2018)

International

country code - 40; landing point for the Diamond Link Global submarine cable linking Romania with Georgia; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2019)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

18 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

3.89 million

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

105 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

22.55 million

Airports

45 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

11 (2017)

2 438 To 3 047 M

10 (2017)

Over 3 047 M

4 (2017)

Total

26 (2017)

Under 914 M

1 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

914 To 1 523 M

5 (2013)

Total

19 (2013)

Under 914 M

14 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

YR (2016)

Heliports

2 (2013)

Merchant Marine

By Type

general cargo 13, oil tanker 8, other 91 (2018)

Total

112

National Air Transport System

Annual Freight Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

4,691,280 mt-km (2015)

Annual Passenger Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

3,636,642 (2015)

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

51 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

5 (2015)

Pipelines

3726 km gas, 2451 km oil (2013)

Ports And Terminals

Major Seaport S

Constanta, Midia

River Port S

Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)

Railways

Broad Gauge

60 km 1.524-m gauge (2014)

Narrow Gauge

427 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)

Standard Gauge

10,781 km 1.435-m gauge (3,292 km electrified) (2014)

Total

11,268 km (2014)

Roadways

Paved

49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways) (2012)

Total

84,185 km (2012)

Unpaved

34,312 km (2012)

Waterways

1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)

Military And Security Forces

Romanian Armed Forces: Land Forces, Naval Forces, Air Force (2019)

Military Expenditures

2015

1.45% of GDP

2016

1.4% of GDP

2017

1.72% of GDP

2018

1.82% of GDP

2019

2.04% of GDP

Military Note

Ministry of Internal Affairs: Gendarmerie

Military Service Age And Obligation

conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)

Disputes International

the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Illicit Drugs

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

227 (2018)