2015 Edition

Background

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Area

land

229,891 sq km

total

238,391 sq km

water

8,500 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Oregon

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline

225 km

Elevation extremes

highest point

Moldoveanu 2,544 m

lowest point

Black Sea 0 m

Environment - current issues

soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

320.8 cu m/yr (2009)

total

6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Geography - note

controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

Irrigated land

6,153 sq km (2007)

Land boundaries

border countries (5)

Bulgaria 605 km, Hungary 424 km, Moldova 683 km, Serbia 531 km, Ukraine 601 km

total

2,844 km

Land use

arable land 39.1%; permanent crops 1.9%; permanent pasture 19.7%

agricultural land

60.7%

forest

28.7%

other

10.6% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Natural resources

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Terrain

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Total renewable water resources

211.9 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

14.49% (male 1,612,090/female 1,526,432)

15-24 years

10.94% (male 1,215,309/female 1,154,618)

25-54 years

45.92% (male 5,030,926/female 4,919,140)

55-64 years

12.92% (male 1,308,475/female 1,491,858)

65 years and over

15.73% (male 1,376,634/female 2,030,868) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

9.14 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

percentage

1% (2000 est.)

total number

26,658

Contraceptive prevalence rate

69.8%

note

percent of women aged 18-49 (2005)

Death rate

11.9 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

25.8%

potential support ratio

3.9% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

48.9%

youth dependency ratio

23.1%

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population

rural: 100% of population

total: 100% of population

urban: 0% of population

rural: 0% of population

total: 0% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

3.1% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Romanian 83.4%, Hungarian 6.1%, Roma 3.1%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.2%, other 0.7%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

Health expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.11% (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

500 (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

16,200 (2013 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.1 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

female

8.47 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

11.23 deaths/1,000 live births

total

9.89 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Romanian (official) 85.4%, Hungarian 6.3%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.2%, other 1%, unspecified 6.1% (2011 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

female

78.59 years (2015 est.)

male

71.46 years

total population

74.92 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

98.5% (2015 est.)

male

99.1%

total population

98.8%

Major urban areas - population

BUCHAREST (capital) 1.868 million (2015)

Median age

female

41.7 years (2015 est.)

male

38.8 years

total

40.2 years

Nationality

adjective

Romanian

noun

Romanian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.24 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.4% (2014)

Physicians density

2.45 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

21,666,350 (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.3% (2015 est.)

Religions

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 81.9%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformed and Pentecostal) 6.4%, Roman Catholic 4.3%, other (includes Muslim) 0.9%, none or atheist 0.2%, unspecified 6.3% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 92.2% of population

rural: 63.3% of population

total: 79.1% of population

urban: 7.8% of population

rural: 36.7% of population

total: 20.9% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

15 years (2011)

male

14 years

total

14 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.88 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.68 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.33 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

23.2% (2012 est.)

male

22.3%

total

22.7%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.01% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

54.6% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

44 26 N, 26 06 E

name

Bucharest

time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991; amended 2003 (2014)

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Romania

local long form

none

local short form

Romania

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Hans G. KLEMM (since 21 September 2015)

embassy

Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118

FAX

[40] (21) 200-3442

mailing address

American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)

telephone

[40] (21) 200-3300

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador George Cristian MAIOR (since 17 September 2015)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 232-4748

telephone

[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

chief of state

President Klaus IOHANNIS (since 21 December 2014)

election results

Klaus IOHANNIS elected president; percent of vote in runoff - Klaus IOHANNIS (PNL) 54.4%, Victor PONTA (PSD) 45.6%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 2 November 2014 with a runoff on 16 November 2014 (next to be held on 16 November 2019); prime minister appointed by the president with consent of Parliament

head of government

Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Gabriel OPREA (since 5 March 2014)

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed

note

now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Government type

republic

Independence

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, ECB, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 111 judges organized into civil, penal, commercial, contentious administrative and fiscal business, and joint sections); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office

High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, a 19-member body of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 6-year renewable terms; Constitutional Court members - 6 elected by Parliament and 3 appointed by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms

subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

description

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; 137 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 39 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; 315 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by absolute majority vote and 97 directly elected in single-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - in the Chamber of Deputies, seats are reserved for minority parties that receive at least 10 percent of total valid votes cast

election results

Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18

elections

Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next to be held by December 2016)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

name

"Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

note

adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

National holiday

Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

National symbol(s)

golden eagle; national colors: blue, yellow, red

Political parties and leaders

Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU]

Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR)

Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN]

National Liberal Party or PNL [Alina GORGIU and Vasile BLAGA co-presidents] - combined with former PDL and FC

National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA]

New Republic Party or NR [Mihail NEAMTU]

People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Marin DIACONESCU]

Popular Movement Party or PMP [Eugen TOMAC]

Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor-Viorel PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR)

Political pressure groups and leaders

other

various human rights and professional associations

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep

Budget

expenditures

$67.58 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$63.85 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

2.75% (31 December 2014)

4% (31 December 2013)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

8.45% (31 December 2014 est.)

10.52% (31 December 2013 est.)

Current account balance

-$921 million (2014 est.)

-$2.059 billion (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$114.1 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$129.3 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

27.3 (2012)

24.2 (2010)

Economy - overview

Romania, which joined the EU on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania's widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. In the aftermath of the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders, but GDP contracted until 2011. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. In September 2013, Romanian authorities and the IMF/EU agreed to a follow-on precautionary two-year stand-by agreement, worth $5.4 billion, to continue with reforms, although Bucharest has announced that it does not intend to draw funds under the agreement. Economic growth rebounded in 2013, driven by strong industrial exports and an excellent agricultural harvest, and the current account deficit was reduced substantially. The economy closed out 2014 with 2.8% growth, down from the 3.5% posted in 2013. Industry outperformed other sectors of the economy. Exports remained the engine of economic growth, led by trade with the EU, which accounts for roughly 70% of Romania trade. In 2014, the Government of Romania succeeded in meeting its annual target for the budget deficit, the external deficit remained low, and inflation was the lowest since 1989, allowing a gradual loosening of the monetary policy throughout the year. However, progress on structural reforms has been uneven and the economy still is vulnerable to external shocks. An ageing population, weak domestic demand, tax evasion, and insufficient health-care represent the top vulnerabilities.

Exchange rates

lei (RON) per US dollar -

3.3492 (2014 est.)

3.3279 (2013 est.)

3.47 (2012 est.)

3.0486 (2011 est.)

3.1779 (2010 est.)

Exports

$69.25 billion (2014 est.)

$58.29 billion (2013 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels

Exports - partners

Germany 19.6%, Italy 12.1%, France 6.9%, Hungary 5.2%, Turkey 4.6%, UK 4.2% (2014)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

(2014 est.)

exports of goods and services

41.1%

government consumption

7.6%

household consumption

69.3%

imports of goods and services

-40.9%

investment in fixed capital

23%

investment in inventories

0.6%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

5.4%

industry

27.3%

services

67.3% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$19,700 (2014 est.)

$19,200 (2013 est.)

$18,500 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2.9% (2014 est.)

3.4% (2013 est.)

0.6% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$200 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$392.8 billion (2014 est.)

$381.7 billion (2013 est.)

$369.2 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

22.5% of GDP (2014 est.)

23.7% of GDP (2013 est.)

22.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

7.7% (2013 est.)

lowest 10%

14.5%

Imports

$77.23 billion (2014 est.)

$65.58 billion (2013 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products

Imports - partners

Germany 19.2%, Italy 10.9%, Hungary 7.9%, France 5.7%, Poland 4.7% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

3.6% (2014 est.)

Industries

electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery, auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.1% (2014 est.)

4% (2013 est.)

Labor force

9.172 million (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

27.9%

industry

28.2%

services

43.9% (2013)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$37.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$43.67 billion (31 December 2013)

$31.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Population below poverty line

22.6% (2011 est.)

Public debt

39.6% of GDP (2014 est.)

38% of GDP (2013 est.)

note

defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$42.96 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$48.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of broad money

$70.61 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$74.11 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$2.697 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$2.327 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$87.24 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$83.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$80.6 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$81.58 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$32.05 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$30.82 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

32.1% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.4% (2014 est.)

7.2% (2013 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

86.06 million Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

1,604 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

122,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

92,390 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

600 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)

Electricity - consumption

49.69 billion kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - exports

2.466 billion kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

50% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

29.7% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

5.8% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

14.5% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - imports

450 million kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

24 million kW (2013 est.)

Electricity - production

55.78 billion kWh (2013 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

12.1 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - exports

241.7 million cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - imports

801 million cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - production

11.4 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

215,300 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

75,480 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

44,070 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

218,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)

Internet country code

.ro

Internet users

percent of population

51.7% (2014 est.)

total

11.2 million

Radio broadcast stations

698 (station frequency type NA) (2006)

Telephone system

domestic

more than 90% of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons

general assessment

the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services

international

country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

21 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

4.6 million

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

105 (2014 est.)

total

22.9 million

Television broadcast stations

623 (plus 200 repeaters) (2006)

Airports

45 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

11

2,438 to 3,047 m

10

over 3,047 m

4

total

26

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

14 (2013)

914 to 1,523 m

5

total

19

Heliports

2 (2013)

Merchant marine

by type

cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1

foreign-owned

1 (Russia 1)

registered in other countries

31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)

total

5

Pipelines

gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Constanta, Midia

river port(s)

Braila, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Tulcea (Danube River)

Railways

broad gauge

60 km 1.524-m gauge

narrow gauge

427 km 0.760-m gauge (2014)

standard gauge

10,781 km 1.435-m gauge (3,292 km electrified)

total

11,268 km

Roadways

paved

49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways)

total

84,185 km

unpaved

34,312 km (2012)

Waterways

1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)

Manpower available for military service

females age 16-49

5,428,939 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,601,234

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

4,507,880 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

4,550,409

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

111,607 (2010 est.)

male

117,798

Military branches

Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.42% of GDP (2014 est.)

1.3% of GDP (2013)

1.29% of GDP (2012)

1.3% of GDP (2011)

1.29% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

conscription ended 2006; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2015)

Disputes - international

the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Illicit drugs

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons

299 (2014)