2013 Edition

Background

The principalities of Wallachia and Moldavia - for centuries under the suzerainty of the Turkish Ottoman Empire - secured their autonomy in 1856; they were de facto linked in 1859 and formally united in 1862 under the new name of Romania. The country gained recognition of its independence in 1878. It joined the Allied Powers in World War I and acquired new territories - most notably Transylvania - following the conflict. In 1940, Romania allied with the Axis powers and participated in the 1941 German invasion of the USSR. Three years later, overrun by the Soviets, Romania signed an armistice. The post-war Soviet occupation led to the formation of a communist "people's republic" in 1947 and the abdication of the king. The decades-long rule of dictator Nicolae CEAUSESCU, who took power in 1965, and his Securitate police state became increasingly oppressive and draconian through the 1980s. CEAUSESCU was overthrown and executed in late 1989. Former communists dominated the government until 1996 when they were swept from power. Romania joined NATO in 2004 and the EU in 2007.

Area

238,391 sq km 229,891 sq km 8,500 sq km

total

238,391 sq km

water

8,500 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Oregon

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline

225 km

Elevation extremes

Black Sea 0 m Moldoveanu 2,544 m

highest point

Moldoveanu 2,544 m

lowest point

Black Sea 0 m

Environment - current issues

soil erosion and degradation; water pollution; air pollution in south from industrial effluents; contamination of Danube delta wetlands

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands none of the selected agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%) 320.8 cu m/yr (2009)

per capita

320.8 cu m/yr (2009)

total

6.88 cu km/yr (22%/61%/17%)

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 25 00 E

Geography - note

controls most easily traversable land route between the Balkans, Moldova, and Ukraine

Irrigated land

6,153 sq km (2007)

Land boundaries

2,508 km Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

border countries

Bulgaria 608 km, Hungary 443 km, Moldova 450 km, Serbia 476 km, Ukraine (north) 362 km, Ukraine (east) 169 km

total

2,508 km

Land use

37.73% 1.86% 60.41% (2011)

arable land

37.73%

other

60.41% (2011)

permanent crops

1.86%

Location

Southeastern Europe, bordering the Black Sea, between Bulgaria and Ukraine

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

earthquakes, most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Natural resources

petroleum (reserves declining), timber, natural gas, coal, iron ore, salt, arable land, hydropower

Terrain

central Transylvanian Basin is separated from the Moldavian Plateau on the east by the Eastern Carpathian Mountains and separated from the Walachian Plain on the south by the Transylvanian Alps

Total renewable water resources

211.9 cu km (2011)

Age structure

14.7% (male 1,642,950/female 1,556,430) 11.8% (male 1,317,820/female 1,255,982) 45.5% (male 5,000,720/female 4,904,527) 13% (male 1,319,066/female 1,508,158) 15.1% (male 1,326,641/female 1,958,185) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

14.7% (male 1,642,950/female 1,556,430)

15-24 years

11.8% (male 1,317,820/female 1,255,982)

25-54 years

45.5% (male 5,000,720/female 4,904,527)

55-64 years

13% (male 1,319,066/female 1,508,158)

65 years and over

15.1% (male 1,326,641/female 1,958,185) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

9.4 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

26,658 1 % (2000 est.)

percentage

1 % (2000 est.)

total number

26,658

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.5% (2002)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

69.8% percent of women aged 15-49 (2005)

Death rate

11.86 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

43.3 % 21.6 % 21.7 % 4.6 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

21.7 %

potential support ratio

4.6 (2013)

total dependency ratio

43.3 %

youth dependency ratio

21.6 %

Drinking water source

urban: 97% of population rural: 70% of population total: 84% of population urban: 3% of population rural: 30% of population total: 16% of population (2000 est.)

rural

30% of population

total

16% of population (2000 est.)

urban

3% of population

Education expenditures

4.3% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic groups

Romanian 89.5%, Hungarian 6.6%, Roma 2.5%, Ukrainian 0.3%, German 0.3%, Russian 0.2%, Turkish 0.2%, other 0.4% (2002 census)

Health expenditures

5.9% of GDP (2010)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 1,000 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

16,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.3 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

10.44 deaths/1,000 live births 11.82 deaths/1,000 live births 8.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

8.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

10.44 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Romanian (official) 91%, Hungarian 6.7%, Romany (Gypsy) 1.1%, other 1.2%

Life expectancy at birth

74.45 years 70.99 years 78.13 years (2013 est.)

female

78.13 years (2013 est.)

total population

74.45 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 97.7% 98.3% 97.1% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

97.1% (2011 est.)

male

98.3%

total population

97.7%

Major urban areas - population

BUCHAREST (capital) 1.933 million (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

27 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

39.4 years 38 years 41 years (2013 est.)

female

41 years (2013 est.)

male

38 years

total

39.4 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

26 (2010 est.)

Nationality

Romanian(s) Romanian

adjective

Romanian

noun

Romanian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.25 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

19.1% (2008)

Physicians density

2.39 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

21,790,479 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.27% (2013 est.)

Religions

Eastern Orthodox (including all sub-denominations) 86.8%, Protestant (various denominations including Reformate and Pentecostal) 7.5%, Roman Catholic 4.7%, other (mostly Muslim) and unspecified 0.9%, none 0.1% (2002 census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 88% of population rural: 54% of population total: 72% of population urban: 12% of population rural: 46% of population total: 28% of population (2008 est.)

rural

46% of population

total

28% of population (2008 est.)

urban

12% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

14 years 14 years 15 years (2010)

female

15 years (2010)

male

14 years

total

14 years

Sex ratio

1.06 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.05 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 0.88 male(s)/female 0.68 male(s)/female 0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.02 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.88 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.68 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.31 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

23.7% 23.7% 23.8% (2011)

female

23.8% (2011)

total

23.7%

Urbanization

52.8% of total population (2011) -0.18% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

-0.18% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

52.8% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

41 counties (judete, singular - judet) and 1 municipality* (municipiu); Alba, Arad, Arges, Bacau, Bihor, Bistrita-Nasaud, Botosani, Braila, Brasov, Bucuresti (Bucharest)*, Buzau, Calarasi, Caras-Severin, Cluj, Constanta, Covasna, Dambovita, Dolj, Galati, Gorj, Giurgiu, Harghita, Hunedoara, Ialomita, Iasi, Ilfov, Maramures, Mehedinti, Mures, Neamt, Olt, Prahova, Salaj, Satu Mare, Sibiu, Suceava, Teleorman, Timis, Tulcea, Vaslui, Valcea, Vrancea

Capital

Bucharest 44 26 N, 26 06 E UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

44 26 N, 26 06 E

name

Bucharest

time difference

UTC+2 (7 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 21 November 1991, approved by referendum and effective 8 December 1991 (2013)

Country name

none Romania none Romania

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Romania

local long form

none

local short form

Romania

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Duane BUTCHER (since 14 December 2012) Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118 American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch) [40] (21) 200-3300 [40] (21) 200-3442

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Duane BUTCHER (since 14 December 2012)

embassy

Bulevardul Dr. Liviu Librescu 4-6, District 1, Bucharest, 015118

FAX

[40] (21) 200-3442

mailing address

American Embassy Bucharest, US Department of State, 5260 Bucharest Place, Washington, DC 20521-5260 (pouch)

telephone

[40] (21) 200-3300

Diplomatic representation in the US

Iulian BUGA 1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852 [1] (202) 232-4748 Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

chancery

1607 23rd Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Iulian BUGA

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 232-4748

telephone

[1] (202) 332-4846, 4848, 4851, 4852

Executive branch

President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004); note - President BASESCU has twice been temporarily suspended since assuming his post: first from 20 April-23 May 2007, second from 6 July-27 August 2012; he survived a national recall referendum on both occasions Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012) Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the prime minister

chief of state

President Traian BASESCU (since 20 December 2004); note - President BASESCU has twice been temporarily suspended since assuming his post: first from 20 April-23 May 2007, second from 6 July-27 August 2012; he survived a national recall referendum on both occasions

election results

Traian BASESCU reelected president; percent of vote - Traian BASESCU 50.3%, Mircea GEOANA 49.7%

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 22 November 2009 with runoff on 6 December 2009 (next to be held in November-December 2014); prime minister appointed by the president with the consent of the Parliament

head of government

Prime Minister Victor-Viorel PONTA (since 7 May 2012)

Flag description

three equal vertical bands of blue (hoist side), yellow, and red; modeled after the flag of France, the colors are those of the principalities of Walachia (red and yellow) and Moldavia (red and blue), which united in 1862 to form Romania; the national coat of arms that used to be centered in the yellow band has been removed now similar to the flag of Chad, whose blue band is darker; also resembles the flags of Andorra and Moldova

Government type

republic

Independence

9 May 1877 (independence proclaimed from the Ottoman Empire; independence recognized on 13 July 1878 by the Treaty of Berlin); 26 March 1881 (kingdom proclaimed); 30 December 1947 (republic proclaimed)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Australia Group, BIS, BSEC, CBSS (observer), CD, CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, G-9, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAIA (observer), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NSG, OAS (observer), OIF, OPCW, OSCE, PCA, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 11 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members) High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body mostly of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; Supreme Constitutional Court members appointed - 6 by Parliament and 3 by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

highest court(s)

High Court of Cassation and Justice (consists of 11 judges); Supreme Constitutional Court (consists of 9 members)

judge selection and term of office

High Court of Cassation and Justice judges appointed by the president upon nomination by the Superior Council of Magistracy, an 11-member body mostly of judges, prosecutors, and law specialists; judges appointed for 3-year renewable terms; Supreme Constitutional Court members appointed - 6 by Parliament and 3 by the president; members serve 9-year, non-renewable terms

subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal; regional tribunals; first instance courts; military and arbitration courts

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament or Parlament consists of the Senate or Senat (176 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) and the Chamber of Deputies or Camera Deputatilor (412 seats; members elected by popular vote in a mixed electoral system to serve four-year terms) Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016) Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18

election results

Senate - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 60.1%, ARD 16.7%, PP-DD 14.6%, UDMR 5.3%, other 3.3%; seats by alliance/party - USL 122, ARD 24, PP-DD 21, UDMR 9; Chamber of Deputies - percent of vote by alliance/party - USL 58.6%, ARD 16.5%, PP-DD 14%, UDMR 5.2%, ethnic minorities 2.6%, other 3.1%; seats by alliance/party - USL 273, ARD 56, PP-DD 47, UDMR 18, ethnic minorities 18

elections

Senate - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016); Chamber of Deputies - last held on 9 December 2012 (next by December 2016)

National anthem

"Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!) Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN adopted 1990; the anthem was written during the 1848 Revolution

lyrics/music

Andrei MURESIANU/Anton PANN

name

"Desteapta-te romane!" (Wake up, Romanian!)

National holiday

Unification Day (of Romania and Transylvania), 1 December (1918)

National symbol(s)

golden eagle

Political parties and leaders

Christian-Democratic National Peasants' Party or PNT-CD [Aurelian PAVELESCU] Civic Force or FC [Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU] Conservative Party or PC [Daniel CONSTANTIN] (formerly Humanist Party or PUR) Democratic Liberal Party or PDL [Vasile BLAGA] (formerly Democratic Party) Democratic Union of Hungarians in Romania or UDMR [Hunor KELEMEN] National Liberal Party or PNL [Crin ANTONESCU] National Union for Romania's Progress or UNPR [Gabriel OPREA] People's Party - Dan Diaconescu or PP-DD [Dan DIACONESCU] Right Romania Alliance or ARD [Vasile BLAGA, Mihai-Razvan UNGUREANU, and Aurelian PAVELESCU] (a center-right electoral alliance that includes PDL, FC, PNT-CD) Social Democratic Party or PSD [Victor-Viorel PONTA] (formerly Party of Social Democracy in Romania or PDSR) Social Liberal Union or USL [Victor PONTA and Crin ANTONESCU] (an alliance of the PSD, PNL, and PC)

Political pressure groups and leaders

various human rights and professional associations

other

various human rights and professional associations

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, corn, barley, sugar beets, sunflower seed, potatoes, grapes; eggs, sheep

Budget

$55.69 billion $59.95 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$59.95 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$55.69 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-2.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5.25% (31 December 2012) 5.75% (31 December 2011)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

11.33% (31 December 2012 est.) 12.12% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-6.346 billion (2012 est.) $-8.344 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$129.3 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $129.8 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

33.2 (2011) 30 (2003)

Economy - overview

Romania, which joined the European Union on 1 January 2007, began the transition from Communism in 1989 with a largely obsolete industrial base and a pattern of output unsuited to the country's needs. The country emerged in 2000 from a punishing three-year recession thanks to strong demand in EU export markets. Domestic consumption and investment fueled strong GDP growth, but led to large current account imbalances. Romania's macroeconomic gains have only recently started to spur creation of a middle class and to address Romania''s widespread poverty. Corruption and red tape continue to permeate the business environment. Inflation rose in 2007-08, driven by strong consumer demand, high wage growth, rising energy costs, a nation-wide drought, and a relaxation of fiscal discipline. As a result of the increase in fiscal and current account deficits and the global financial crisis, Romania signed on to a $26 billion emergency assistance package from the IMF, the EU, and other international lenders. Worsening international financial markets, as well as a series of drastic austerity measures implemented to meet Romania''s obligations under the IMF-led bail-out agreement contributed to a GDP contraction of 6.6% in 2009, followed by a 1.1% GDP contraction in 2010. The economy returned to positive growth in 2011 due to strong exports, a better than expected harvest, and weak domestic demand. In 2012, however, growth slowed to less than 1%, partially due to slackening export demand and an extended drought that resulted in an exceptionally poor harvest. In March 2011, Romania and the IMF/EU/World Bank signed a 24-month precautionary stand-by agreement, worth $6.6 billion, to promote fiscal discipline, encourage progress on structural reforms, and strengthen financial sector stability. The Romanian authorities announced that they do not intend to draw funds under the agreement.

Exchange rates

lei (RON) per US dollar - 3.47 (2012 est.) 3.05 (2011 est.) 3.18 (2010 est.) 3.05 (2009) 2.5 (2008)

Exports

$51.29 billion (2012 est.) $55.81 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and equipment, metals and metal products, textiles and footwear, chemicals, agricultural products, minerals and fuels

Exports - partners

Germany 18.9%, Italy 12.3%, France 7.1%, Turkey 5.5%, Hungary 5.5% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

71.5% 6.6% 26.7% 0.3% 40% -45.2% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

40%

government consumption

6.6%

household consumption

71.5%

imports of goods and services

-45.2%

investment in fixed capital

26.7%

investment in inventories

0.3%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

10.3% 35% 54.9% (2012 est.)

agriculture

10.3%

industry

35%

services

54.9% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$12,700 (2012 est.) $12,600 (2011 est.) $12,300 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

0.7% (2012 est.) 2.2% (2011 est.) -1.1% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$167.1 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$271.4 billion (2012 est.) $269.6 billion (2011 est.) $263.9 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

23.3% of GDP (2012 est.) 22.4% of GDP (2011 est.) 21.2% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

1.7% 19.8% (2011 est.)

highest 10%

19.8% (2011 est.)

lowest 10%

1.7%

Imports

$62.75 billion (2012 est.) $68.36 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, chemicals, fuels and minerals, metals, textile and products, agricultural products

Imports - partners

Germany 17.5%, Italy 11%, Hungary 9.1%, France 5.7%, Russia 4.4%, Poland 4.3%, Austria 4.2%, Kazakhstan 4.1% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

-0.8% (2012 est.)

Industries

electric machinery and equipment, textiles and footwear, light machinery and auto assembly, mining, timber, construction materials, metallurgy, chemicals, food processing, petroleum refining

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.3% (2012 est.) 5.8% (2011 est.)

Labor force

9.252 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

31.6% 21.1% 47.3% (2010)

agriculture

31.6%

industry

21.1%

services

47.3% (2010)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$29.56 billion (31 December 2012) $21.2 billion (31 December 2011) $32.38 billion (31 December 2010)

Population below poverty line

22.2% (2011 est.)

Public debt

37.2% of GDP (2012 est.) 32.4% of GDP (2011 est.) defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities: currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

defined by the EU's Maastricht Treaty as consolidated general government gross debt at nominal value, outstanding at the end of the year in the following categories of government liabilities

currency and deposits, securities other than shares excluding financial derivatives, and loans; general government sector comprises the subsectors: central government, state government, local government, and social security funds

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$46.71 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $48.19 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$63.44 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $63.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$2.727 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $2.61 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$75.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $73.97 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$82.69 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $82.73 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$26.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $25.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

33.3% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.6% (2012 est.) 5.1% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

86.19 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

1,604 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

122,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

101,600 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

600 million bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

53.74 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

2.457 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

61.7% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

27% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

9.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

1.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

1.04 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

24.98 million kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

60.39 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

14.2 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

3.16 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

10.61 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

105.5 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

218,200 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

75,480 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

44,070 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

218,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

a mixture of public and private TV stations; the public broadcaster operates multiple stations; roughly 100 private national, regional, and local stations; more than 75% of households are connected to multi-channel cable or satellite TV systems that provide access to Romanian, European, and international stations; state-owned public radio broadcaster operates 4 national networks and regional and local stations; more than 100 private radio stations (2008)

Internet country code

.ro

Internet hosts

2.667 million (2012)

Internet users

7.787 million (2009)

Telephone system

the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)

domestic

more than 90 percent of telephone network is automatic; fixed-line teledensity exceeds 20 telephones per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity roughly 110 telephones per 100 persons

general assessment

the telecommunications sector is being expanded and modernized; domestic and international service improving rapidly, especially mobile-cellular services

international

country code - 40; the Black Sea Fiber Optic System provides connectivity to Bulgaria and Turkey; satellite earth stations - 10; digital, international, direct-dial exchanges operate in Bucharest (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

4.68 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

22.7 million (2012)

Airports

45 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

11

2,438 to 3,047 m

10

over 3,047 m

4

total

26

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

14 (2013)

914 to 1,523 m

5

total

19

Heliports

2 (2013)

Merchant marine

cargo 1, passenger/cargo 2, petroleum tanker 1, roll on/roll off 1 1 (Russia 1) 31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)

foreign-owned

1 (Russia 1)

registered in other countries

31 (Georgia 7, Liberia 3, Malta 7, Marshall Islands 2, Moldova 2, Panama 3, Russia 1, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 1, Sierra Leone 2, Tanzania 1, Togo 1, unknown 1) (2010)

total

5

Pipelines

gas 3,726 km; oil 2,451 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Braila, Constanta, Galati (Galatz), Mancanului (Giurgiu), Midia, Tulcea

Railways

10,777 km 134 km 1.524-m gauge 10,639 km 1.435-m gauge (4,020 km electrified) 4 km 1.000-m gauge (2012)

narrow gauge

4 km 1.000-m gauge (2012)

standard gauge

10,639 km 1.435-m gauge (4,020 km electrified)

total

10,777 km

Roadways

84,185 km 49,873 km (includes 337 km of expressways) 34,312 km (2012)

total

84,185 km

unpaved

34,312 km (2012)

Waterways

1,731 km (includes 1,075 km on the Danube River, 524 km on secondary branches, and 132 km on canals) (2010)

Manpower available for military service

5,601,234 5,428,939 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

5,428,939 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,601,234

Manpower fit for military service

4,550,409 4,507,880 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

4,507,880 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

4,550,409

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

117,798 111,607 (2010 est.)

female

111,607 (2010 est.)

male

117,798

Military branches

Land Forces, Naval Forces (Fortele Naval, FN), Romanian Air Force (Fortele Aeriene Romane, FAR) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.9% of GDP (2007 est.)

Military service age and obligation

20-35 years of age for compulsory male military service; conscription ended 2006, but military service remains mandatory; 18 years of age for male and female voluntary service; all military inductees (including women) contract for an initial 5-year term of service, with subsequent successive 3-year terms until age 36 (2012)

Disputes - international

the ICJ ruled largely in favor of Romania in its dispute submitted in 2004 over Ukrainian-administered Zmiyinyy/Serpilor (Snake) Island and Black Sea maritime boundary delimitation; Romania opposes Ukraine's reopening of a navigation canal from the Danube border through Ukraine to the Black Sea

Illicit drugs

major transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin transiting the Balkan route and small amounts of Latin American cocaine bound for Western Europe; although not a significant financial center, role as a narcotics conduit leaves it vulnerable to laundering, which occurs via the banking system, currency exchange houses, and casinos

Refugees and internally displaced persons

248 (2012)

stateless persons

248 (2012)