1987 Edition

Boundary disputes

none; Transylvania question with Hungary; Bessarabia question with USSR

Climate

temperate; cold, cloudy winters with frequent snow and fog; sunny summers with frequent showers and thunderstorms

Coastline

225 km

Comparative area

slightly smaller than Oregon

Continental shelf

200 meters or to depth of exploitation

Environment

frequent earthquakes most severe in south and southwest; geologic structure and climate promote landslides

Extended economic zone

200 nm

Fiscal year

calendar year

Land boundaries

2,969 km total

Land use

43% arable land; 3% permanent crops; 19% meadows and pastures; 28% forest and woodland; 7% other; includes 11% irrigated

Monetary conversion rate

15.6 lei=US$1 (November 1986)

Special notes

controls most easily traversable land route between Balkans and western USSR

Terrain

mostly flat to undulating plains; some hills and mountains

Territorial sea

12 nm

Timisoara re

a BUCHAREST Constente Craiova i Giurgiu

Total area

200 km Oradea asi aciuj-Nspoce Selitg 2 Sibiu ° Brasov, Galati

237,500 km?; land area: 230,340 km?

Ethnic divisions

89.1% Romanian; 7.8% Hungarian; 1.5% German; 1.6% Ukrainian, Serb, Croat, Russian, Turk, and Gypsy

Infant mortality rate

25.6/1,000 (1985)

Labor force

10.6 million; 37.1% industry, 28.9% agriculture, 34.0% other nonagricultural (1985)

Language

Romanian, Hungarian, German

Life expectancy

men 67.0, women 72.6

Literacy

98%

Nationality

noun—Romanian(s); adjective—Romanian

Population

22,936,503 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 0.44%

Religion

80% Romanian Orthodox; 6% Roman Catholic; 4% Calvinist, Lutheran, Jewish, Baptist

Administrative divisions

40 counties; city of Bucharest has administrative status equal to a county

Branches

Presidency; Council of Ministers; Grand National Assembly, under which is Office of Prosecutor General and Supreme Court; Council of State

Capital

Bucharest

Communists

3,400,000 (November 1984)

Elections

elections held every five years for Grand National Assembly deputies and local people’s councils; last election held March 1985 Political parties and leaders: Communist Party of Romania only functioning party, Nicolae Ceausescu, Secretary General (since March 1965)

Government leaders

Nicolae CEAUSESCU, President of the Socialist Republic (head of state; since 1967); Constantin DASCALESCU, Prime Minister (since May 1982)

Legal system

mixture of civil law system and Communist legal theory that increasingly reflects Romanian traditions; constitution adopted 1965; has not accepted compulsory I1CJ jurisdiction

Member of

CEMA, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTERPOL, IPU, ITC, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, Warsaw Pact, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Liberation Day, 23 August

Official name

Socialist Republic of Romania

Suffrage

universal and compulsory over age 18

Type

Communist state

Voting strength

(1985 election) overall participation reached 99.99%; of those registered to vote (15,733,060), 97.73% voted for party candidates

Agriculture

net exporter; main crops— corn, wheat, oilseed; livestock—cattle, hogs, sheep; consumer and food supplies weak

Crude steel

13.8 million metric tons produced, 608 kg per capita (1985)

Electric power

20,899,000 kW capacity; 72,500 million kWh produced, 3,160 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$12.2 billion (f.0.b., 1985); 32.0% machinery and equipment; 28.0% fuels, minerals, and metals; 16.0% manufactured consumer goods; 12.0% agricultural materials and forestry products; 12.0% other (1984)

Fishing

catch 243,000 metric tons (1983)

GNP

$123.7 billion (1985), $5,450 per capita; real growth rate, 1.8% (1985)

Imports

$10.4 billion (f.0.b. 1985); 24.7% machinery and equipment; 52.6% fuels, minerals, and metals; 10.8% agricultural and forestry products; 4.2% manufactured consumer goods; 7.7% other (1984)

Major industries

mining, forestry, construction materials, metal production and processing, chemicals, machine-building, food processing

Major trade partners

$22.6 billion in 1984; 40% non-Communist countries, 60% Communist countries (1984)

Natural resources

oil, timber, natural gas, coal

Shortages

energy, iron ore, coking coal, metallurgical coke, cotton fibers, natural rubber

Airfields

160 total; 15 with runways 2,500 m or longer

Civil air

70 major transport aircraft

Freight carried

rail—289.8 million metric tons, 75.2 billion metric ton/km; highway—417.7 million metric tons, 7.8 billion metric ton/km; waterway—17.21 million metric tons, 2.5 billion metric ton/km (1984)

Highways

72,799 km total; 15,526 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 20,199 km asphalt treated; 27,874 km gravel, crushed stone, and other paved surfaces; 9,200 km unpaved roads (1984)

Inland waterways

1,724 km (1984)

Pipelines

2,800 km crude oil; 1,429 km refined products; 6,400 km natural gas

Ports

4 major (Constanta, Galati, Braila, Mangalia), 7 minor; principal inland ports are Giurgiu, Drobeta-Turnu Severin, and Orsova

Railroads

11,106 km total; 10,589 km 1.435-meter standard gauge, 472 km narrow gauge, 45 km broad gauge; 3,113 km electrified, 2,712 km double track; government owned (1984)

Telecommunications

37 AM, 30 FM, 35 TV stations; 3,910,000 TV sets; 3,225,000 receiver sets; 1 satellite ground station

Branches

Romanian People’s Army, Security Troops; Patriotic Guard, Air and Air Defense Forces, Romanian Navy

Military budget

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1985, 12.2 billion lei; about 3.6% of total budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 5,648,000; 4,780,000 fit for military service; 218,000 reach military age (20) annually