2013 Edition

Background

Poland's history as a state begins near the middle of the 10th century. By the mid-16th century, the Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth ruled a vast tract of land in central and eastern Europe. During the 18th century, internal disorders weakened the nation, and in a series of agreements between 1772 and 1795, Russia, Prussia, and Austria partitioned Poland among themselves. Poland regained its independence in 1918 only to be overrun by Germany and the Soviet Union in World War II. It became a Soviet satellite state following the war, but its government was comparatively tolerant and progressive. Labor turmoil in 1980 led to the formation of the independent trade union "Solidarity" that over time became a political force with over ten million members. Free elections in 1989 and 1990 won Solidarity control of the parliament and the presidency, bringing the communist era to a close. A "shock therapy" program during the early 1990s enabled the country to transform its economy into one of the most robust in Central Europe. Poland joined NATO in 1999 and the European Union in 2004. With its transformation to a democratic, market-oriented country largely completed, Poland is an increasingly active member of Euro-Atlantic organizations.

Area

312,685 sq km 304,255 sq km 8,430 sq km

total

312,685 sq km

water

8,430 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than New Mexico

Climate

temperate with cold, cloudy, moderately severe winters with frequent precipitation; mild summers with frequent showers and thundershowers

Coastline

440 km

Elevation extremes

near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m Rysy 2,499 m

highest point

Rysy 2,499 m

lowest point

near Raczki Elblaskie -2 m

Environment - current issues

situation has improved since 1989 due to decline in heavy industry and increased environmental concern by post-Communist governments; air pollution nonetheless remains serious because of sulfur dioxide emissions from coal-fired power plants, and the resulting acid rain has caused forest damage; water pollution from industrial and municipal sources is also a problem, as is disposal of hazardous wastes; pollution levels should continue to decrease as industrial establishments bring their facilities up to EU code, but at substantial cost to business and the government

Environment - international agreements

Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

party to

Air Pollution, Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulfur 94

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

11.96 cu km/yr (31%/60%/10%) 312.3 cu m/yr (2009)

per capita

312.3 cu m/yr (2009)

total

11.96 cu km/yr (31%/60%/10%)

Geographic coordinates

52 00 N, 20 00 E

Geography - note

historically, an area of conflict because of flat terrain and the lack of natural barriers on the North European Plain

Irrigated land

1,157 sq km (2007)

Land boundaries

3,047 km Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 615 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 420 km, Ukraine 428 km

border countries

Belarus 605 km, Czech Republic 615 km, Germany 456 km, Lithuania 91 km, Russia (Kaliningrad Oblast) 432 km, Slovakia 420 km, Ukraine 428 km

total

3,047 km

Land use

35.49% 1.25% 63.26% (2011)

arable land

35.49%

other

63.26% (2011)

permanent crops

1.25%

Location

Central Europe, east of Germany

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

12 nm defined by international treaties

exclusive economic zone

defined by international treaties

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

flooding

Natural resources

coal, sulfur, copper, natural gas, silver, lead, salt, amber, arable land

Terrain

mostly flat plain; mountains along southern border

Total renewable water resources

61.6 cu km (2011)

Age structure

14.6% (male 2,881,605/female 2,721,614) 12.3% (male 2,412,546/female 2,313,222) 44.1% (male 8,506,429/female 8,408,872) 14.5% (male 2,632,058/female 2,952,063) 14.5% (male 2,142,246/female 3,413,154) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

14.6% (male 2,881,605/female 2,721,614)

15-24 years

12.3% (male 2,412,546/female 2,313,222)

25-54 years

44.1% (male 8,506,429/female 8,408,872)

55-64 years

14.5% (male 2,632,058/female 2,952,063)

65 years and over

14.5% (male 2,142,246/female 3,413,154) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

9.88 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

72.7% 20-49 (1991)

Death rate

10.31 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Dependency ratios

41.6 % 21.2 % 20.4 % 4.9 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

20.4 %

potential support ratio

4.9 (2013)

total dependency ratio

41.6 %

youth dependency ratio

21.2 %

Drinking water source

urban: 100% of population rural: 100% of population total: 100% of population (2008 est.)

rural

100% of population

total

100% of population (2008 est.)

urban

100% of population

Education expenditures

5.1% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic groups

Polish 96.7%, German 0.4%, Belarusian 0.1%, Ukrainian 0.1%, other and unspecified 2.7% (2002 census)

Health expenditures

6.7% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1%; note - no country specific models provided (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 200 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

27,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.6 beds/1,000 population (2010)

Infant mortality rate

6.3 deaths/1,000 live births 7 deaths/1,000 live births 5.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

5.56 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

6.3 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Polish (official) 97.8%, other and unspecified 2.2% (2002 census)

Life expectancy at birth

76.45 years 72.53 years 80.62 years (2013 est.)

female

80.62 years (2013 est.)

total population

76.45 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 99.7% 99.9% 99.6% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99.6% (2011 est.)

male

99.9%

total population

99.7%

Major infectious diseases

intermediate tickborne encephalitis highly pathogenic H5N1 avian influenza has been identified in this country; it poses a negligible risk with extremely rare cases possible among US citizens who have close contact with birds (2013)

degree of risk

intermediate

vectorborne disease

tickborne encephalitis

Major urban areas - population

WARSAW (capital) 1.71 million; Krakow 756,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

5 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

39.1 years 37.5 years 40.9 years (2013 est.)

female

40.9 years (2013 est.)

male

37.5 years

total

39.1 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.6 (2010 est.)

Nationality

Pole(s) Polish

adjective

Polish

noun

Pole(s)

Net migration rate

-0.47 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

25.3% (2008)

Physicians density

2.07 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

38,383,809 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

-0.09% (2013 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 89.8% [about 75% practicing], Eastern Orthodox 1.3%, Protestant 0.3%, other 0.3%, unspecified 8.3% (2002)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 96% of population rural: 80% of population total: 90% of population urban: 4% of population rural: 20% of population total: 10% of population (2008 est.)

rural

20% of population

total

10% of population (2008 est.)

urban

4% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

15 years 15 years 16 years (2010)

female

16 years (2010)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

1.06 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.89 male(s)/female 0.62 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.04 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.01 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.89 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.62 male(s)/female

at birth

1.06 male(s)/female

total population

0.94 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.32 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

28.9% 23.6% 25.8% (2011)

female

25.8% (2011)

total

28.9%

Urbanization

60.9% of total population (2011) -0.04% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

-0.04% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

60.9% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

16 provinces (wojewodztwa, singular - wojewodztwo); Dolnoslaskie (Lower Silesia), Kujawsko-Pomorskie (Kuyavia-Pomerania), Lodzkie, Lubelskie (Lublin), Lubuskie (Lubusz), Malopolskie (Lesser Poland), Mazowieckie (Masovia), Opolskie, Podkarpackie (Subcarpathia), Podlaskie, Pomorskie (Pomerania), Slaskie (Silesia), Swietokrzyskie, Warminsko-Mazurskie (Warmia-Masuria), Wielkopolskie (Greater Poland), Zachodniopomorskie (West Pomerania)

Capital

Warsaw 52 15 N, 21 00 E UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

52 15 N, 21 00 E

name

Warsaw

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 2 April 1997, approved by referendum 25 May 1997, effective 17 October 1997; amended 2006, 2009 (2013)

Country name

Republic of Poland Poland Rzeczpospolita Polska Polska

conventional long form

Republic of Poland

conventional short form

Poland

local long form

Rzeczpospolita Polska

local short form

Polska

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Stephen MULL (since 24 October 2012) Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch) [48] (22) 504-2000 [48] (22) 504-2688 Krakow

chief of mission

Ambassador Stephen MULL (since 24 October 2012)

consulate(s) general

Krakow

embassy

Aleje Ujazdowskie 29/31 00-540 Warsaw

FAX

[48] (22) 504-2688

mailing address

American Embassy Warsaw, US Department of State, Washington, DC 20521-5010 (pouch)

telephone

[48] (22) 504-2000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Ryszard SCHNEPF (since 28 September 2012) 2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 [1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802 [1] (202) 328-6271 Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

chancery

2640 16th Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

chief of mission

Ambassador Ryszard SCHNEPF (since 28 September 2012)

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 328-6271

telephone

[1] (202) 234-3800 through 3802

Executive branch

President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6 August 2010) Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers Janusz PIECHOCINSKI (since 6 December 2012) and Elzbieta BIENKOWSKA (since 27 November 2013) Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 June and 4 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI elected president; percent of popular vote - Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI 53%, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI 47%

cabinet

Council of Ministers responsible to the prime minister and the Sejm; the prime minister proposes, the president appoints, and the Sejm approves the Council of Ministers

chief of state

President Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI (since 6 August 2010)

election results

Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI elected president; percent of popular vote - Bronislaw KOMOROWSKI 53%, Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI 47%

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 20 June and 4 July 2010 (next to be held in 2015); prime minister and deputy prime ministers appointed by the president and confirmed by the Sejm

head of government

Prime Minister Donald TUSK (since 16 November 2007); Deputy Prime Ministers Janusz PIECHOCINSKI (since 6 December 2012) and Elzbieta BIENKOWSKA (since 27 November 2013)

Flag description

two equal horizontal bands of white (top) and red; colors derive from the Polish emblem - a white eagle on a red field similar to the flags of Indonesia and Monaco which are red (top) and white

Government type

republic

Independence

11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates: 966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)

11 November 1918 (republic proclaimed); notable earlier dates

966 (adoption of Christianity, traditional founding date), 1 July 1569 (Polish-Lithuanian Commonwealth created)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

Arctic Council (observer), Australia Group, BIS, BSEC (observer), CBSS, CD, CE, CEI, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EIB, ESA, EU, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MONUSCO, NATO, NEA, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Sad Najwyzszy (consists of the president of the Supreme Court and 116 judges organized in criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and military chambers) president of the Supreme Court nominated by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court and selected by the president of Poland; other judges nominated by the 25-member National Judiciary Council, and appointed by the president of Poland; judges appointed until retirement, normally at age 65, but tenure can be extended Constitutional Tribunal; regional and appellate courts subdivided into military, civil, criminal, labor, and family courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Sad Najwyzszy (consists of the president of the Supreme Court and 116 judges organized in criminal, civil, labor and social insurance, and military chambers)

judge selection and term of office

president of the Supreme Court nominated by the General Assembly of the Supreme Court and selected by the president of Poland; other judges nominated by the 25-member National Judiciary Council, and appointed by the president of Poland; judges appointed until retirement, normally at age 65, but tenure can be extended

subordinate courts

Constitutional Tribunal; regional and appellate courts subdivided into military, civil, criminal, labor, and family courts

Legal system

civil law system; changes gradually being introduced as part of broader democratization process; limited judicial review of legislative acts, but rulings of the Constitutional Tribunal are final

Legislative branch

bicameral legislature consists of an upper house, the Senate or Senat (100 seats; members elected by a majority vote on a provincial basis to serve four-year terms), and a lower house, the Sejm (460 seats; members elected under a complex system of proportional representation to serve four-year terms); the designation of National Assembly or Zgromadzenie Narodowe is only used on those rare occasions when the two houses meet jointly Senate - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015); Sejm - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015) Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PO 63, PiS 29, PSL 2, SP 2, independents 4; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PO 39.2%, PiS 29.9%, RP 10%, PSL 8.4%, SLD 8.2%, other 4.3%; seats by party - PO 206, PiS 137, RP 43, PSL 28, SLD 25, SP 19, independent 1, German minority 1 the German minority is exempt from the 5% threshold requirement for seats to the Sejm

election results and current seat distribution

Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PO 63, PiS 29, PSL 2, SP 2, independents 4; Sejm - percent of vote by party - PO 39.2%, PiS 29.9%, RP 10%, PSL 8.4%, SLD 8.2%, other 4.3%; seats by party - PO 206, PiS 137, RP 43, PSL 28, SLD 25, SP 19, independent 1, German minority 1

elections

Senate - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015); Sejm - last held on 9 October 2011 (next to be held by October 2015)

National anthem

"Mazurek Dabrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka) Jozef WYBICKI/traditional adopted 1927; the anthem, commonly known as "Jeszcze Polska nie zginela" (Poland Has Not Yet Perished), was written in 1797; the lyrics resonate strongly with Poles because they reflect the numerous occasions in which the nation's lands have been occupied

lyrics/music

Jozef WYBICKI/traditional

name

"Mazurek Dabrowskiego" (Dabrowski's Mazurka)

National holiday

Constitution Day, 3 May (1791)

National symbol(s)

white eagle

Political parties and leaders

Civic Platform or PO [Donald TUSK, chairman; Rafal GRUPINSKI, parliamentary caucus leader] Democratic Left Alliance or SLD [Leszek MILLER, chairman, parliamentary caucus leader] Democratic Party or PD [Andrzej CELINSKI, chairman] Democratic Party or SD [Pawel PISKORSKI, chairman] German Minority of Lower Silesia or MNSO [Ryszard GALLA, representative] Law and Justice or PiS [Jaroslaw KACZYNSKI, chairman; Mariusz BLASZCZAK, parliamentary caucus leader] League of Polish Families or LPR [Witold BALAZAK, chairman] Palikot's Movement or RP [Janusz PALIKOT, chairman] Poland Comes First or PJN [Pawel KOWAL, chairperson] Polish People's Party or PSL [Janusz PIECHOCINSKI, chairman; Jan BURY, parliamentary caucus leader] Social Democratic Party of Poland or SDPL [Wojciech FILEMONOWICZ, chairman] Union of Labor or UP [Waldemar WITKOWSKI, chairman] United Poland or SP (political grouping of former PiS members, not officially registered) [Arkadiusz MULARCZYK, chairperson; Patrick JAKI, parliamentary caucus leader]

Political pressure groups and leaders

All Poland Trade Union Alliance or OPZZ (trade union) [Jan GUZ] Roman Catholic Church [Cardinal Stanislaw DZIWISZ, Archbishop Jozef MICHALIK] Solidarity Trade Union [Piotr DUDA]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

potatoes, fruits, vegetables, wheat; poultry, eggs, pork, dairy

Budget

$88.31 billion $97.65 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$97.65 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$88.31 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.9% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

4.25% (31 December 2012 est.) 4% (31 December 2010 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

8.73% (31 December 2012 est.) 8.47% (31 December 2011 est.)

Current account balance

$-18.14 billion (2012 est.) $-25.82 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$364.2 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $320.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

34.1 (2009) 31.6 (1998)

Economy - overview

Poland has pursued a policy of economic liberalization since 1990 and Poland's economy was the only one in the European Union to avoid a recession through the 2008-09 economic downturn. Although EU membership and access to EU structural funds have provided a major boost to the economy since 2004, GDP per capita remains significantly below the EU average while unemployment continues to exceed the EU average. The government of Prime Minister Donald TUSK steered the Polish economy through the economic downturn by skillfully managing public finances without stifling economic growth and adopted controversial pension and tax reforms to further shore up public finances. While the Polish economy has performed well over the past five years, growth slowed in 2012, in part due to the ongoing economic difficulties in the euro zone. The key policy challenge is to provide support to the economy through monetary easing, while maintaining the pace of structural fiscal consolidation. Poland's economic performance could improve over the longer term if the country addresses some of the remaining deficiencies in its road and rail infrastructure and its business environment. An inefficient commercial court system, a rigid labor code, red tape, and a burdensome tax system keep the private sector from realizing its full potential.

Exchange rates

zlotych (PLN) per US dollar - 3.26 (2012 est.) 2.96 (2011 est.) 3.02 (2010 est.) 3.12 (2009) 2.3 (2008)

Exports

$191 billion (2012 est.) $195.2 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment 37.8%, intermediate manufactured goods 23.7%, miscellaneous manufactured goods 17.1%, food and live animals 7.6%

Exports - partners

Germany 26%, UK 7%, Czech Republic 6.5%, France 6%, Russia 5.2%, Italy 5%, Netherlands 4.6% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

61.2% 17.8% 19.3% 1.6% 46% -45.6% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

46%

government consumption

17.8%

household consumption

61.2%

imports of goods and services

-45.6%

investment in fixed capital

19.3%

investment in inventories

1.6%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

4% 32.2% 63.8% (2012 est.)

agriculture

4%

industry

32.2%

services

63.8% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$20,600 (2012 est.) $20,200 (2011 est.) $19,500 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

1.9% (2012 est.) 4.5% (2011 est.) 3.9% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$483.2 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$792.4 billion (2012 est.) $777.9 billion (2011 est.) $744.3 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

17.2% of GDP (2012 est.) 16.7% of GDP (2011 est.) 15.7% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3.3% 27.1% (2009 est.)

highest 10%

27.1% (2009 est.)

lowest 10%

3.3%

Imports

$197.7 billion (2012 est.) $209.3 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and transport equipment 38%, intermediate manufactured goods 21%, chemicals 15%, minerals, fuels, lubricants, and related materials 9% (2011 est.)

Imports - partners

Germany 27.3%, Russia 12.2%, Netherlands 5.9%, China 5.4%, Italy 5.2%, Czech Republic 4.3%, France 4.2% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

1.3% (2012 est.)

Industries

machine building, iron and steel, coal mining, chemicals, shipbuilding, food processing, glass, beverages, textiles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.7% (2012 est.) 4.2% (2011 est.)

Labor force

18.17 million (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

12.9% 30.2% 57% (2010)

agriculture

12.9%

industry

30.2%

services

57% (2010)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$168.1 billion (31 December 2012) $138.2 billion (31 December 2011) $190.2 billion (31 December 2010)

Population below poverty line

10.6% (2008 est.)

Public debt

48.3% of GDP (2012 est.) 49.1% of GDP (2011 est.) data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, the data include subnational entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$108.9 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $97.86 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$293.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $295.5 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$70.28 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $61.7 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$246.5 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $210.2 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$328.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $295.4 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$156.4 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $137 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

18.3% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

12.8% (2012 est.) 12.4% (2011 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

307.9 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

3,615 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Crude oil - imports

547,900 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Crude oil - production

27,680 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

156.5 million bbl (1 January 2010 es)

Electricity - consumption

155 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

12.64 billion kWh (2012)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

89.2% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

2.8% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

3.7% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

9.803 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

33.36 million kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

153.4 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

14.38 billion cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - exports

25.01 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

37.38 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

6.193 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

92 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

576,600 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

68,970 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

137,700 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

636,000 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Broadcast media

state-run public TV operates 2 national channels supplemented by 16 regional channels and several niche channels; privately owned entities operate several national TV networks and a number of special interest channels; many privately owned channels broadcasting locally; roughly half of all households are linked to either satellite or cable TV systems providing access to foreign television networks; state-run public radio operates 5 national networks and 17 regional radio stations; 2 privately owned national radio networks, several commercial stations broadcasting to multiple cities, and many privately owned local radio stations (2007)

Internet country code

.pl

Internet hosts

13.265 million (2012)

Internet users

22.452 million (2009)

Telephone system

modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market-based competition; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in mobile-cellular services mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service lags in rural areas country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2011)

domestic

mobile-cellular service available since 1993 and provided by three nation-wide networks with a fourth provider beginning operations in late 2006; coverage is generally good with some gaps in the east; fixed-line service lags in rural areas

general assessment

modernization of the telecommunications network has accelerated with market-based competition; fixed-line service, dominated by the former state-owned company, is dwarfed by the growth in mobile-cellular services

international

country code - 48; international direct dialing with automated exchanges; satellite earth station - 1 with access to Intelsat, Eutelsat, Inmarsat, and Intersputnik (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

6.125 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

50.84 million (2012)

Airports

126 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

6 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

36

2,438 to 3,047 m

30

914 to 1,523 m

10

over 3,047 m

5

total

87

under 914 m

6 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

21 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

17

total

39

Heliports

6 (2013)

Merchant marine

cargo 7, chemical tanker 1, passenger/cargo 1 106 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas 34, Cyprus 24, Liberia 13, Malta 21, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Vanuatu 9) (2010)

registered in other countries

106 (Antigua and Barbuda 2, Bahamas 34, Cyprus 24, Liberia 13, Malta 21, Saint Vincent and the Grenadines 3, Vanuatu 9) (2010)

total

9

Pipelines

gas 14,198 km; oil 1,374 km; refined products 777 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Gdansk, Gdynia, Swinoujscie, Szczecin

Railways

19,428 km 399 km 1.524-m gauge 19,029 km 1.435-m gauge (11,805 km electrified) (2007)

standard gauge

19,029 km 1.435-m gauge (11,805 km electrified) (2007)

total

19,428 km

Roadways

412,035 km 280,719 km (includes 2,418 km of expressways) 131,316 km (2012)

total

412,035 km

unpaved

131,316 km (2012)

Waterways

3,997 km (navigable rivers and canals) (2009)

Manpower available for military service

9,531,855 9,298,593 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

9,298,593 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

9,531,855

Manpower fit for military service

7,817,556 7,766,361 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

7,766,361 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

7,817,556

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

221,889 211,172 (2010 est.)

female

211,172 (2010 est.)

male

221,889

Military branches

Polish Armed Forces: Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Aviation Forces, Special Forces (2013)

Polish Armed Forces

Land Forces, Navy, Air and Air Defense Aviation Forces, Special Forces (2013)

Military expenditures

1.9% of GDP (2005 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-28 years of age for male and female voluntary military service; conscription phased out in 2009-12; service obligation shortened from 12 to 9 months in 2005; women only allowed to serve as officers and noncommissioned officers (2013)

Disputes - international

as a member state that forms part of the EU's external border, Poland has implemented the strict Schengen border rules to restrict illegal immigration and trade along its eastern borders with Belarus and Ukraine

Illicit drugs

despite diligent counternarcotics measures and international information sharing on cross-border crimes, a major illicit producer of synthetic drugs for the international market; minor transshipment point for Southwest Asian heroin and Latin American cocaine to Western Europe

Refugees and internally displaced persons

14,938 (Russia) (2012) 10,825 (2012)

refugees (country of origin)

14,938 (Russia) (2012)

stateless persons

10,825 (2012)