1981 Edition

Area

312,354 km*; 49% arable, 14% other agricultural, 27% forested, 10% other

Coastline

491 km

860 km; excludes Azores (708 km) and Madeira (225 km)

Fiscal year

same as calendar year; economic data are reported for calendar years except for caloric intake which is reported for the consumption year, 1 July-30 June

Land boundaries

3,090 km

1,207 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (6 nm contiguous zone claimed in addition to the territorial sea; fishing 12 nm, lateral limits based on geographical coordinates)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm); 200 nm exclusive economic zone

Major trade partners

$36,039 million (1979); 56% with Communist countries, 44% with West

Metropolitan Portugal

94,276 km2, including the Azores and Madeira Islands; 48% arable, 6% meadow and pasture, 31% forested, 15% waste and urban, inland water, and other

Monetary conversion rate

80.0 zllotys=US$l (January 1982)

Ethnic divisions

98.7% Polish, 0.6% Ukrainians, 0.5% Belorussians, less than 0.05% Jews, 0.2% other

homogeneous Mediterranean stock in mainland, Azores, Madeira Islands; citizens of black African descent who immigrated to mainland during decolonization number less than 100,000

Labor force

19.3 million; 27% agriculture, 32% industry, 41% other nonagricultural (1980)

(1979) 4.1 million; 31% agriculture, 35% industry, 34% services; unemployment is now more than 13%

Language

Polish, no significant dialects

Portuguese

Literacy

about 98%

70%

Nationality

noun — Pole(s); adjective — Polish

noun — Portuguese (sing, and pi.); adjective — Portuguese

Organized labor

Solidarity Union — new independent trade union formed as result of labor disturbances in Gdansk (fall 1980) — claims 10 million members, suspended in December 1981

the Communist-dominated General Confederation of Portuguese Workers — National Intersindical (CGTP-IN) claims to represent 77% of the unionized labor force; their main competition comes from the General Workers Union (UGT) organized by the Socialists and Social Democrats

Population

36,229,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.9%

10,056,000 (July 1982), including the Azores and Madeira Islands, average annual growth rate 0.6%

Religion

95% Roman Catholic (about 75% practicing), 5% Uniate, Greek Orthodox, Protestant, and other

97% Roman Catholic, 1% Protestant sects, 2% other

Branches

legislative, executive, judicial system dominated by parallel Communist party apparatus

Capital

Warsaw

Communists

3,091,900 party members (1980)

Elections

parliamentary and local government every four years Dominant political party and leader: Polish United Workers' Party (PZPR; Communist), Wojciech Jaruzelski, First Secretary Voting strength (1975 election): 99% voted for Communist-approved single slate

Government leaders

Wojciech JARUZELSKI, Chairman of Council of Ministers (Premier); Henryk JaWlohski, Chairman of Council of State (President)

Legal system

mixture of Continental (Napoleonic) civil law and Communist legal theory; constitution adopted 1952; court system parallels administrative divisions with Supreme Court, composed of 104 justices, at apex; no judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at seven law schools; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

CEMA, FAO, GATT, IAEA, ICAO, ICES, IHO, Indochina Truce Commission, ILO, IMCO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ISO, ITC, ITU, Korea Truce Commission, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, all specialized agencies except IMF and IBRD, Warsaw Pact, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

National Liberation Day, 22 July

Official name

Polish People's Republic

Portuguese Republic

Other political or pressure groups

National Unity Front (FJN), including United Peasant Party (ZSL), Democratic Party (SD), progovernment pseudo-Catholic Pax Association and Christian Social Association, Catholic independent Znak group; powerful Roman Catholic Church

Political subdivisions

49 provinces

Suffrage

universal and compulsory over age 18

Type

Communist state, temporarily under martial law

Agriculture

self-sufficient for minimum requirements; main crops — grain, sugar beets, oilseed, potatoes, exporter of livestock products and sugar; importer of grains; 3,200 calories per day per capita (1970)

Crude steel

19.5 million metric tons produced (1980), about 546 kg. per capita

Electric power

26,240,000 kW capacity (1981); 113.0 million kWh produced (1981), 3,129 kWh per capita

Exports

$16,975 million (f.o.b., 1980); 48% machinery and equipment, 35% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufactures, 8% agricultural and food products, 9% light industrial products (1980)

Fishing

catch 791,000 metric tons (1980)

GNP

$165.0 billion in 1980 (1980 dollars), $4,638 per capita; 1980 growth rate, -2.6%

Imports

$19,064 million (f.o.b., 1980); 35% machinery and equipment; 46% fuels, raw materials, and semimanufactures; 15% agricultural and food products; 4% light industrial products (1980)

Major industries

machine building, iron and steel, extractive industries, chemicals, shipbuilding, and food processing

Freight carried

rail — 481.8 million metric tons (1980), 135.3 billion metric ton/km (1979); highway— 2,146 million metric tons, 43.9 billion metric ton/km (1979); waterway— 23.2 million metric tons, 2.0 billion metric ton/km (1979)

Highways

305,863 km total; 65,000 km concrete, asphalt, stone block; 98,000 km crushed stone, gravel; 142,863 km earth (1977)

Inland waterways

4,035 km navigable rivers and canals (1979)

Military budget

announced for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, 75.2 billion zllotys; 4.9% of total budget CSee reference map V and VII)

Military manpower

males 15-49, 9,242,000; 7,388,000 fit for military service; 256,000 reach military age (19) annually

Pipelines

3,540 km for natural gas; 1,515 km for crude oil; 322 km for refined products

Ports

4 major (Gdansk, Gdynia, Szczecin, Swinoujscie), 12minor (1979); principal inland waterway ports are Gliwice, Wrodlaw, and Warsaw (1979) DEFENSE FORCES

Railroads

27,236 km total; 24,380 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 2,856 km other gauge; 7,474 km double track; 6,868 km electrified; government owned (1980)