2022 Edition

Background

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980 but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw a new election in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in June 2011, and carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Poverty and unemployment levels have fallen dramatically in the last decade, and today Peru boasts one of the best performing economies in Latin America. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow presidential runoff election in June 2016. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, President KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation on 21 March 2018. Two days later, First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. On 30 September 2019, President VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections took place on 26 January 2020 resulting in the return of an opposition-led legislature. President VIZCARRA was impeached by Congress on 9 November 2020 for a second time and removed from office after being accused of corruption and mishandling of the COVID-19 pandemic. Because of vacancies in the vice-presidential positions, constitutional succession led to the President of the Peruvian Congress, Manuel MERINO, becoming the next president of Peru. His ascension to office was not well received by the population, and large protests forced his resignation on 15 November 2020. On 17 November, Francisco SAGASTI assumed the position of President of Peru after being appointed President of the Congress the previous day. Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones won the second round of presidential elections on 6 June 2021 and was inaugurated on 28 July.

Area

land

1,279,996 sq km

total

1,285,216 sq km

water

5,220 sq km

Area - comparative

almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Coastline

2,414 km

Elevation

highest point

Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m

lowest point

Pacific Ocean 0 m

mean elevation

1,555 m

Geographic coordinates

10 00 S, 76 00 W

Geography - note

note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Firenote 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two and a half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animalsnote 4: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato

Irrigated land

25,800 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Bolivia 1,212 km; Brazil 2,659 km; Chile 168 km; Colombia 1,494 km; Ecuador 1,529 km

total

7,062 km

Land use

agricultural land

18.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)

forest

53% (2018 est.)

other

28.2% (2018 est.)

Location

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Major aquifers

Amazon Basin

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lago Titicaca (shared with Bolivia) - 8,030 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)

Map references

South America

Maritime claims

continental shelf

200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

200 nm; note: the US does not recognize this claim

Natural hazards

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activityvolcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Natural resources

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Population distribution

approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated

Terrain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Age structure

0-14 years

25.43% (male 4,131,985/female 3,984,546)

15-24 years

17.21% (male 2,756,024/female 2,736,394)

25-54 years

41.03% (male 6,279,595/female 6,815,159)

55-64 years

8.28% (male 1,266,595/female 1,375,708)

65 years and over

8.05% (male 1,207,707/female 1,361,276) (2020 est.)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

3.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0.01 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

2.26 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

5.74 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

0.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

17.21 births/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Child marriage

women married by age 15

2.5%

women married by age 18

17.4% (2018 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

2.4% (2019)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

77.4% (2020)

Current health expenditure

5.2% of GDP (2019)

Death rate

11.32 deaths/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Demographic profile

Peru's urban and coastal communities have benefited much more from recent economic growth than rural, Afro-Peruvian, indigenous, and poor populations of the Amazon and mountain regions. The poverty rate has dropped substantially during the last decade but remains stubbornly high at about 30% (more than 55% in rural areas). After remaining almost static for about a decade, Peru's malnutrition rate began falling in 2005, when the government introduced a coordinated strategy focusing on hygiene, sanitation, and clean water. School enrollment has improved, but achievement scores reflect ongoing problems with educational quality. Many poor children temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families. About a quarter to a third of Peruvian children aged 6 to 14 work, often putting in long hours at hazardous mining or construction sites.Peru was a country of immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but has become a country of emigration in the last few decades. Beginning in the 19th century, Peru brought in Asian contract laborers mainly to work on coastal plantations. Populations of Chinese and Japanese descent - among the largest in Latin America - are economically and culturally influential in Peru today. Peruvian emigration began rising in the 1980s due to an economic crisis and a violent internal conflict, but outflows have stabilized in the last few years as economic conditions have improved. Nonetheless, more than 2 million Peruvians have emigrated in the last decade, principally to the US, Spain, and Argentina.

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

13.1

potential support ratio

7.9 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

53

youth dependency ratio

37.1

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 82.4% of population

improved: total

total: 94% of population

improved: urban

urban: 97.2% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 17.6% of population

unimproved: total

total: 6% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2.8% of population

Education expenditures

4% of GDP (2021 est.)

Ethnic groups

Mestizo (mixed Amerindian and White) 60.2%, Amerindian 25.8%, White 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.4% (2021 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.6 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate

female

9.65 deaths/1,000 live births (2022 est.)

male

11.89 deaths/1,000 live births

total

10.8 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other (includes foreign languages and sign language) 0.2%, none 0.1%, unspecified 0.7% (2017 est.)

major-language sample(s)

La Libreta Informativa del Mundo, la fuente indispensable de información básica. (Spanish)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

72.67 years (2022 est.)

male

65.38 years

total population

68.94 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

92% (2020)

male

97%

total population

94.5%

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

note

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Peru; as of 9 December 2022, Peru has reported a total of 4,330,521 cases of COVID-19 or 13,134 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 217,566 cumulative deaths or a rate of 659.85 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 6 December 2022, 88.51% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever)

Major urban areas - population

11.204 million LIMA (capital), 959,000 Arequipa, 904,000 Trujillo (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

88 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

29.9 years (2020 est.)

male

28.3 years

total

29.1 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.9 years (2013 est.)

note

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 25-49

Nationality

adjective

Peruvian

noun

Peruvian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.75 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2022 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

19.7% (2016)

Physicians density

1.37 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population

32,275,736 (2022 est.)

Population distribution

approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated

Population growth rate

0.51% (2022 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 60%, Christian 14.6% (includes Evangelical 11.1%, other 3.5%), other 0.3%, none 4%, unspecified 21.1% (2017 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 65.3% of population

improved: total

total: 87.4% of population

improved: urban

urban: 93.6% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 34.7% of population

unimproved: total

total: 12.6% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 6.4% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

15 years (2017)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.01 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.95 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.9 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.63 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2022 est.)

Tobacco use

female

3% (2020 est.)

male

13.2% (2020 est.)

total

8.1% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.2 children born/woman (2022 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

78.9% of total population (2023)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

10.7% (2021 est.)

male

8.5%

total

9.5%

Administrative divisions

25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

note

note: Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the Callao region

Capital

etymology

the word "Lima" derives from the Spanish pronunciation of "Limaq," the native name for the valley in which the city was founded in 1535; "limaq" means "talker" in coastal Quechua and referred to an oracle that was situated in the valley but which was eventually destroyed by the Spanish and replaced with a church

geographic coordinates

12 03 S, 77 03 W

name

Lima

time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

yes

citizenship by descent only

yes

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

2 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the Council of Ministers or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2021

history

several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Peru

conventional short form

Peru

etymology

exact meaning is obscure, but the name may derive from a native word "biru" meaning "river"

local long form

Republica del Peru

local short form

Peru

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Lisa Suzanne KENNA (since 18 March 2021)

email address and website

LimaACS@state.govhttps://pe.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33

FAX

[51] (1) 618-2724

mailing address

3230 Lima Place, Washington DC  20521-3230

telephone

[51] (1) 618-2000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Oswaldo DE RIVERO Barreto (since 17 November 2021)

consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco, Washington DC

email address and website

Webadmin@embassyofperu.us

FAX

[1] (202) 659-8124

telephone

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

chief of state

President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022); First Vice President (vacant); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results

2021: Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (Free Peru) 18.9%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (Popular Force) 13.4%, Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA Cazorla (Popular Renewal) 11.8%, Hernando DE SOTO Polar (Social Integration Party) 11.6%, Yonhy LESCANO Ancieta (Popular Action) 9.1%, Veronika MENDOZA Frisch (JP) 7.9%, Cesar ACUNA Peralta (APP) 6%, George FORSYTH Sommer (National Victory) 5.7%, Daniel Belizario URRESTI Elera (We Can Peru) 5.6%, other 10%; percent of vote second round - Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones (Free Peru) 50.1%, Keiko Sofia FUJIMORI Higuchi (Popular Force) 49.9%2016: Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (Popular Force) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (PPK) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (Broad Front) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (Popular Action) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 11 April 2021 with a runoff on 6 June 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)

head of government

President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra (since 7 December 2022); First Vice President (vacant); Second Vice President (vacant)

note

note 1: First Vice President Dina Ercilia BOLUARTE Zegarra assumed the office of the president on 7 December 2022 after President Jose Pedro CASTILLO Terrones was impeached and arrested; BOLUARTE is the first woman to become president of Peru note 2: Prime Minister Pedro Miguel ANGULO ARANA (since 10 December 2022) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president

Flag description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

Government type

presidential republic

Independence

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, PROSUR, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)

judge selection and term of office

justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

description

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve single 5-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party/coalition - NA; seats by party/coalition - Free Peru 32, Popular Force 24, AP 15, APP 15, Avanza Pais 10, Popular Renewal 9, Democratic Peru 7, We Are Peru 5, We Can Peru 5, JP 5, Purple Party 3; composition - men 78, women 52, percent of women 40%

elections

last held on 11 April 2021 (next to be held in April 2026)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO

name

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)

note

note: adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Cuzco (c); Machu Picchu (m); Chavin (c); Historic Lima (c); Huascarán National Park (n); Chan Chan (c); Manú National Park (n); Lines and Geoglyphs of Nazca (c); Rio Abiseo National Park (m); Historic Arequipa (c); Sacred City of Caral-Supe (c); Qhapaq Ñan/Andean Road System (c)

total World Heritage Sites

13 (9 cultural, 2 natural, 2 mixed)

National holiday

Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)

National symbol(s)

vicuna (a camelid related to the llama); national colors: red, white

Political parties and leaders

Advance the Nation (Avanza Pais) [Aldo BORRERO Zeta]Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP [Cesar ACUNA Peralta] Broad Front (Frente Amplio) or FA [Marco ARANA]Free Peru (Peru Libre) or PL [Vladimir CERRON Rojas]Front for Hope (Frente Esperanza) [Fernando OLIVERA Vega]National Victory (Victoria Nacional) or VN [George FORSYTH Sommer]Popular Action (Accion Popular) or AP [Mesias GUEVARA Amasifuen]Popular Force (Fuerza Popular) or FP [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi]Popular Renewal (Renovacion Popular) or RP [Rafael LOPEZ ALIAGA]Purple Party (Partido Morado) [Luis DURAN Rojo]Social Integration Party (Avanza Pais - Partido de Integracion Social) [Aldo BORRERO]Together For Peru (Juntos por el Peru) or JP [Robert SANCHEZ Palomino]We Are Peru (Somos Peru) of SP [Patricia LI]We Can Peru (Podemos Peru) or PP [Jose Leon LUNA Galvez]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Agricultural products

sugar cane, potatoes, rice, plantains, milk, poultry, maize, cassava, oil palm fruit, grapes

Budget

expenditures

64.81 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

58.06 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

BBB+ (2013)

Moody's rating

A3 (2014)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

BBB+ (2013)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2018

-$3.821 billion (2018 est.)

Current account balance 2019

-$3.531 billion (2019 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$75.467 billion (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$81.333 billion (2019 est.)

Economic overview

Peru's economy reflects its varied topography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, and the dense forest of the Amazon. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. Peru is the world's second largest producer of silver and copper.   The Peruvian economy grew by an average of 5.6% per year from 2009-13 with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. This growth was due partly to high international prices for Peru's metals and minerals exports, which account for 55% of the country's total exports. Growth slipped from 2014 to 2017, due to weaker world prices for these resources. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs makes the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices.   Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by over 35 percentage points since 2004, but inequality persists and continued to pose a challenge for the Ollanta HUMALA administration, which championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. The HUMALA administration passed several economic stimulus packages in 2014 to bolster growth, including reforms to environmental regulations in order to spur investment in Peru’s lucrative mining sector, a move that was opposed by some environmental groups. However, in 2015, mining investment fell as global commodity prices remained low and social conflicts plagued the sector.   Peru's free trade policy continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, Japan, the EU, the European Free Trade Association, Chile, Thailand, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Honduras, concluded negotiations with Guatemala and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and begun trade talks with El Salvador, India, and Turkey. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico, called the Pacific Alliance, that seeks integration of services, capital, investment and movement of people. Since the US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force in February 2009, total trade between Peru and the US has doubled. President Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI succeeded HUMALA in July 2016 and is focusing on economic reforms and free market policies aimed at boosting investment in Peru. Mining output increased significantly in 2016-17, which helped Peru attain one of the highest GDP growth rates in Latin America, and Peru should maintain strong growth in 2018. However, economic performance was depressed by delays in infrastructure mega-projects and the start of a corruption scandal associated with a Brazilian firm. Massive flooding in early 2017 also was a drag on growth, offset somewhat by additional public spending aimed at recovery efforts.

Exchange rates

Currency

nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

2.8383 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

3.185 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

3.366 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

3.3799 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

3.599 (2020 est.)

Exports

Exports 2017

$53.823 billion (2017 est.)

Exports 2018

$55.84 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2019

$54.88 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

copper, gold, refined petroleum, zinc, fishmeal, tropical fruits, lead, iron, molybdenum (2019)

Exports - partners

China 29%, United States 12%, Canada 5%, South Korea 5%, Switzerland 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

24% (2017 est.)

government consumption

11.7% (2017 est.)

household consumption

64.9% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-22% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

21.7% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

-0.2% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

7.6% (2017 est.)

industry

32.7% (2017 est.)

services

59.9% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$230.707 billion (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2005

51 (2005)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018

42.8 (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

36.1% (2010 est.)

lowest 10%

1.4%

Imports

Imports 2017

$46.15 billion (2017 est.)

Imports 2018

$51.41 billion (2018 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2019

$51.38 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, crude petroleum, cars, broadcasting equipment, delivery trucks (2019)

Imports - partners

China 24%, United States 22%, Brazil 6% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

2.7% (2017 est.)

Industries

mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

2.8% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

1.3% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

2.1% (2019 est.)

note

note: data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average

Labor force

3.421 million (2020 est.)

note

note: individuals older than 14 years of age

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

25.8%

industry

17.4%

services

56.8% (2011)

Population below poverty line

20.2% (2019 est.)

Public debt

note

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Public debt 2016

24.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

25.4% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$408.87 billion (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$417.88 billion (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$371.29 billion (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2017

2.48% (2017 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2018

3.97% (2018 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2019

2.18% (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$12,800 (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$12,900 (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$11,300 (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016

$61.81 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$63.83 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

27.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

note

note: data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Unemployment rate 2018

6.73% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate 2019

6.58% (2019 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

10.7% (2021 est.)

male

8.5%

total

9.5%

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

1.171 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

18.706 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

35.119 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

54.996 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

396,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

252,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

262,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

production

696,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

102 million metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

49,121,370,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports

0 kWh (2019 est.)

imports

60 million kWh (2019 est.)

installed generating capacity

15.34 million kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

6.408 billion kWh (2019 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - rural areas

86% (2019)

electrification - total population

97% (2019)

electrification - urban areas

99% (2019)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

1.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

38.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

55.4% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

1.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

3.5% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

36.465 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

8,278,048,000 cubic meters (2019 est.)

exports

5.446 billion cubic meters (2019 est.)

imports

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

production

12,079,211,000 cubic meters (2020 est.)

proven reserves

300.158 billion cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

6,500 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

112,900 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil estimated reserves

858.9 million barrels (2021 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

265,500 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

122,500 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

62,640 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

65,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

166,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

9 (2020 est.)

total

3.044 million (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 5,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2021)

Internet country code

.pe

Internet users

percent of population

65% (2020 est.)

total

21,431,700 (2020 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line teledensity is nearly 7 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, now nearly 133 telephones per 100 persons; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations (2020)

general assessment

after suffering a sharp retraction in the number of subscriptions and revenue during 2020 due to the pandemic, Peru’s telecom sector managed to stage a small recovery in the first half of 2021; it will likely be two to three years before penetration rates return to the peak levels last seen in 2018; this is especially true given the overwhelming influence of mobile on Peru’s telecommunications market, which now commands almost 95% of all connections; Peru’s fixed-line teledensity continued its slow dropping below 7% at the end of 2021; investment in network infrastructure is mainly focused on rolling out fiber cable for fixed broadband services in (mainly) urban areas; fixed broadband services inched higher to reach 8.4% at the end of 2020, a positive result that reflected the shift to working from home during enforced lock downs at the start of the year; yet Peru has a relatively low level of computer use, and prices for fixed broadband services are among the highest in Latin America; the overwhelmingly preferred internet access platform will remain the smartphone, with a further 8.6% growth in the number of mobile broadband subscriptions expected in 2021 (2021)

international

country code - 51; landing points for the SAM-1, IGW, American Movil-Telxius, SAC and PAN-AM submarine cable systems that provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced a downturn, particularly in mobile device production; progress toward 5G implementation has resumed, as well as upgrades to infrastructure; consumer spending on telecom services has increased due to the surge in demand for capacity and bandwidth; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home is still evident, and the spike in this area has seen growth opportunities for development of new tools and increased services

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

7 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

2.47 million (2020 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

133 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

44 million (2020 est.)

Airports

total

191 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

16

2,438 to 3,047 m

21

914 to 1,523 m

12

over 3,047 m

5

total

59

under 914 m

5 (2021)

Airports - with unpaved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

19

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

30

total

132

under 914 m

82 (2021)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

OB

Heliports

5 (2021)

Merchant marine

by type

general cargo 1, oil tanker 8, other 89 (2021)

total

98

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

313.26 million (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

17,758,527 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

62

number of registered air carriers

6 (2020)

Pipelines

786 km extra heavy crude, 1,526 km gas, 679 km liquid petroleum gas, 1,106 km oil, 15 km refined products (2022)

Ports and terminals

container port(s) (TEUs)

Callao (2,313,907) (2019)

major seaport(s)

Callao, Matarani, Paita

oil terminal(s)

Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

river port(s)

Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas (Amazon)

Railways

narrow gauge

124 km (2014) 0.914-m gauge

standard gauge

1,730.4 km (2014) 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)

total

1,854.4 km (2017)

Roadways

note

note: includes 27,109 km of national roads (21,434 km paved), 247,505 km of departmental roads (3,623 km paved), and 113,857 km of local roads (1,858 km paved)

paved

18,699 km

total

18,699 km (2018)

Waterways

8,808 km (2011) (8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon River system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca)

Maritime threats

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Peru are a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2021, 18 attacks against commercial vessels were reported, a more than 50% increase over the eight attacks in 2020; all of these occurred in the main port of Callao while ships were berthed or at anchor

Military - note

as of 2022, the Peruvian security forces continued to conduct operations against remnants of the Shining Path terrorist group (aka Sendero Luminoso; see Appendix T), particularly in the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro River Valleys (VRAEM) of eastern Peru; the military had approximately 8,000-10,000 troops in the VRAEM under a combined Special Command comprised of air, ground, naval, police, and special forces units (2022)

Military and security forces

Joint Command of the Armed Forces of Peru (CCFFAA): Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval infantry and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP); Ministry of the Interior (Ministerio del Interior): Peruvian National Police (Policía Nacional del Perú, PNP) (2022)

Military and security service personnel strengths

information varies; approximately 95,000 active duty personnel (60,000 Army; 25,000 Navy, including about 4,000 naval infantry and 1,000 Coast Guard; 10,000 Air Force) (2022)

Military deployments

215 Central African Republic (MINUSCA) (May 2022)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Peruvian military's inventory is a mix of mostly older equipment from a wide variety of suppliers, including Brazil, Europe, the former Soviet Union, and the US; since 2010, Peru has received military equipment from more than a dozen countries, led by Russia and South Korea (2022)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2017

1.2% of GDP (2017) (approximately $3.86 billion)

Military Expenditures 2018

1.2% of GDP (2018) (approximately $3.83 billion)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.2% of GDP (2019) (approximately $3.87 billion)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

1.1% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service (12 months); no conscription (abolished in 1999) (2022)

note

note: as of 2019, women made up about 10% of the active duty military

Disputes - international

Peru-Bolivia: Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border Peru-Brazil: none identified Peru-Chile: Bolivia continues to press for a sovereign corridor to the Pacific Ocean; any concession Chile makes to Bolivia to grant them a sovereign corridor requires approval by Peru under the terms of their treaty; in January 2018, the International Court of Justice ruled that Chile is not legally obligated to negotiate a sovereign corridor to the Pacific Ocean with Bolivia Peru-Chile-Ecuador: Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines out to 200 nautical miles, which would give Peru 37,900 square kilometers of water Peru-Colombia: organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; problems also include crossborder illegal migration, human trafficking, and contraband smuggling Peru-Ecuador: in 1999, Tiwinza memorial park wasvcreated on lands that remains sovereign Peruvian territory, but Ecuador has the right to maintain and administer it in perpetuity

Illicit drugs

world’s second-largest producer of cocaine, with an estimated 88,200 hectares under coca cultivation in 2020; cocaine is trafficked throughout South America for shipment to Europe, East Asia, Mexico, and the United States; major importer of precursor chemicals for cocaine production

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

60,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2021)

refugees (country of origin)

1,286,434 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum, are recognized as refugees, or have received alternative legal stay) (2021)

Terrorist group(s)

Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso)

note

note: details about the history, aims, leadership, organization, areas of operation, tactics, targets, weapons, size, and sources of support of the group(s) appear(s) in Appendix-T

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

57.41 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

30.17 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

24.27 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Environment - current issues

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing

Environment - international agreements

party to

Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land

18.8% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 3.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.1% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 14.6% (2018 est.)

forest

53% (2018 est.)

other

28.2% (2018 est.)

Major aquifers

Amazon Basin

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

very high (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

note

note: widespread ongoing transmission of a respiratory illness caused by the novel coronavirus (COVID-19) is occurring throughout Peru; as of 9 December 2022, Peru has reported a total of 4,330,521 cases of COVID-19 or 13,134 cumulative cases of COVID-19 per 100,000 population with a total of 217,566 cumulative deaths or a rate of 659.85 cumulative deaths per 100,000 population; as of 6 December 2022, 88.51% of the population has received at least one dose of COVID-19 vaccine

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Lago Titicaca (shared with Bolivia) - 8,030 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Amazon river source (shared with Brazil [m]) - 6,400 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: Amazon (6,145,186 sq km)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

1.88 trillion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

13.1 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

206.6 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

2.797 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.33% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

78.9% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

8,356,711 tons (2014 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

334,268 tons (2012 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

4% (2012 est.)