2019 Edition

Background

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peru declared its independence in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw a new election in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. Former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president in June 2011, and carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations. Poverty and unemployment levels have fallen dramatically in the last decade, and today Peru boasts one of the best performing economies in Latin America. Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard won a very narrow presidential runoff election in June 2016. Facing impeachment after evidence surfaced of his involvement in a vote-buying scandal, President KUCZYNSKI offered his resignation on 21 March 2018. Two days later, First Vice President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo was sworn in as president. On 30 September 2019, President VIZCARRA invoked his constitutional authority to dissolve Peru's Congress after months of battling with the body over anticorruption reforms. New congressional elections are scheduled for 26 January 2020.

Area

Land

1,279,996 sq km

Total

1,285,216 sq km

Water

5,220 sq km

Area Comparative

almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Coastline

2,414 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Nevado Huascaran 6,746 m

Lowest Point

Pacific Ocean 0 m

Mean Elevation

1,555 m

Environment Current Issues

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes; overfishing

Environment International Agreements

Party To

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

Signed But Not Ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

10 00 S, 76 00 W

Geography Note

note 1: shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River note 2: Peru is one of the countries along the Ring of Fire, a belt of active volcanoes and earthquake epicenters bordering the Pacific Ocean; up to 90% of the world's earthquakes and some 75% of the world's volcanoes occur within the Ring of Fire note 3: on 19 February 1600, Mount Huaynaputina in the southern Peruvian Andes erupted in the largest volcanic explosion in South America in historical times; intermittent eruptions lasted until 5 March 1600 and pumped an estimated 16 to 32 million metric tons of particulates into the atmosphere reducing the amount of sunlight reaching the earth's surface and affecting weather worldwide; over the next two and a half years, millions died around the globe in famines from bitterly cold winters, cool summers, and the loss of crops and animals note 4: the southern regions of Peru and the extreme northwestern part of Bolivia are considered to be the place of origin for the common potato

Irrigated Land

25,800 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Bolivia 1212 km, Brazil 2659 km, Chile 168 km, Colombia 1494 km, Ecuador 1529 km

Total

7,062 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

18.8% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

3.1% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

1.1% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

14.6% (2011 est.)

Forest

53% (2011 est.)

Other

28.2% (2011 est.)

Location

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Map References

South America

Maritime Claims

Continental Shelf

200 nm

Territorial Sea

200 nm

Natural Hazards

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activityvolcanism: volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane; see note 2 under "Geography - note"

Natural Resources

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Population Distribution

approximately one-third of the population resides along the desert coastal belt in the west, with a strong focus on the capital city of Lima; the Andean highlands, or sierra, which is strongly identified with the country's Amerindian population, contains roughly half of the overall population; the eastern slopes of the Andes, and adjoining rainforest, are sparsely populated

Terrain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Age Structure

0 14 Years

26.01% (male 4,147,404 /female 4,001,069)

15 24 Years

17.96% (male 2,820,562 /female 2,806,280)

25 54 Years

40.47% (male 6,081,748 /female 6,597,405)

55 64 Years

7.95% (male 1,201,272 /female 1,289,734)

65 Years And Over

7.61% (male 1,125,850 /female 1,259,904) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

17.6 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight

3.2% (2017)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

75.4% (2017)

Current Health Expenditure

5.1% (2016)

Death Rate

6.1 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Demographic Profile

Peru's urban and coastal communities have benefited much more from recent economic growth than rural, Afro-Peruvian, indigenous, and poor populations of the Amazon and mountain regions. The poverty rate has dropped substantially during the last decade but remains stubbornly high at about 30% (more than 55% in rural areas). After remaining almost static for about a decade, Peru's malnutrition rate began falling in 2005, when the government introduced a coordinated strategy focusing on hygiene, sanitation, and clean water. School enrollment has improved, but achievement scores reflect ongoing problems with educational quality. Many poor children temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families. About a quarter to a third of Peruvian children aged 6 to 14 work, often putting in long hours at hazardous mining or construction sites.Peru was a country of immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but has become a country of emigration in the last few decades. Beginning in the 19th century, Peru brought in Asian contract laborers mainly to work on coastal plantations. Populations of Chinese and Japanese descent - among the largest in Latin America - are economically and culturally influential in Peru today. Peruvian emigration began rising in the 1980s due to an economic crisis and a violent internal conflict, but outflows have stabilized in the last few years as economic conditions have improved. Nonetheless, more than 2 million Peruvians have emigrated in the last decade, principally to the US, Spain, and Argentina.

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio

10.5 (2015 est.)

Potential Support Ratio

9.6 (2015 est.)

Total Dependency Ratio

53.2 (2015 est.)

Youth Dependency Ratio

42.7 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural

69.2% of population

Improved Total

86.7% of population

Improved Urban

91.4% of population

Unimproved Rural

30.8% of population

Unimproved Total

13.3% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

8.6% of population

Education Expenditures

3.9% of GDP (2017)

Ethnic Groups

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 60.2%, Amerindian 25.8%, white 5.9%, African descent 3.6%, other (includes Chinese and Japanese descent) 1.2%, unspecified 3.3% (2017 est.)

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

0.3% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS Deaths

1,000 (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

79,000 (2018 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

1.6 beds/1,000 population (2014)

Infant Mortality Rate

Female

15.6 deaths/1,000 live births

Male

19.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Total

17.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2018 est.)

Languages

Spanish (official) 82.9%, Quechua (official) 13.6%, Aymara (official) 1.6%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.8%, other (includes foreign languages and sign language) 0.2%, none .1%, unspecified .7% (2017 est.)

Life Expectancy at Birth

Female

76.4 years

Male

72.1 years

Total Population

74.2 years (2018 est.)

Literacy

Definition

age 15 and over can read and write

Female

91.2% (2016)

Male

97.2%

Total Population

94.2%

Major Infectious Diseases

Degree Of Risk

very high (2016)

Food Or Waterborne Diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever (2016)

Vectorborne Diseases

dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever) (2016)

Major Urban Areas Population

10.555 million LIMA (capital), 911,000 Arequipa, 851,000 Trujillo (2019)

Maternal Mortality Rate

88 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female

29.1 years

Male

27.6 years

Total

28.4 years (2018 est.)

Mother's Mean Age at First Birth

22.2 years (2013 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Peruvian

Noun

Peruvian(s)

Net Migration Rate

-2.1 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

19.7% (2016)

Physicians Density

1.27 physicians/1,000 population (2016)

Population

31,331,228 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

0.94% (2018 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 60%, Christian 14.6% (includes evangelical 11.1%, other 3.5%), other .3%, none 4%, unspecified 21.1% (2017 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural

53.2% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Total

76.2% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Urban

82.5% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Rural

46.8% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Total

23.8% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

17.5% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female

15 years (2016)

Male

14 years

Total

15 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.04 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.01 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

0.92 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

0.93 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.89 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.05 male(s)/female

Total Population

0.96 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Total Fertility Rate

2.1 children born/woman (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female

15% (2018 est.)

Male

14.3%

Total

14.7%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

1.44% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

78.1% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

Capital

Geographic Coordinates

12 03 S, 77 03 W

Name

Lima

Time Difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth

yes

Citizenship By Descent Only

yes

Dual Citizenship Recognized

yes

Residency Requirement For Naturalization

2 years

Constitution

Amendments

proposed by Congress, by the president of the republic with the approval of the "Cabinet, " or by petition of at least 0.3% of voters; passage requires absolute majority approval by the Congress membership, followed by approval in a referendum; a referendum is not required if Congress approves the amendment by greater than two-thirds majority vote in each of two successive sessions; amended many times, last in 2018 (2018)

History

several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

Republic of Peru

Conventional Short Form

Peru

Etymology

exact meaning is obscure, but the name may derive from a native word "biru" meaning "river"

Local Long Form

Republica del Peru

Local Short Form

Peru

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Krishna R. URS (since 18 October 2017)

Embassy

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33

Fax

[51] (1) 618-2397

Mailing Address

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

Telephone

[51] (1) 618-2000

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Carlos Jose PAREJA Rios (since 16 September 2016)

Consulate's General

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco, Washington DC

Fax

[1] (202) 659-8124

Telephone

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

Chief Of State

President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo (since 23 March 2018); First Vice President (vacant); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the 21 March 2018 resignation of President Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (since 28 July 2016) was accepted by parliament on 23 March 2018; the president is both chief of state and head of government

Election Results

Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (Fuerza Popular) 39.9%, Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard (Peruanos Por el Kambio) 21.1%, Veronika MENDOZA (Broad Front) 18.7%, Alfredo BARNECHEA (Popular Action) 7%, Alan GARCIA (APRA) 5.8%, other 7.5%; percent of vote in second round - Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI Godard 50.1%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 49.9%

Elections Appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 10 April 2016 with a runoff on 5 June 2016 (next to be held in April 2021)

Head Of Government

President Martin Alberto VIZCARRA Cornejo (since 23 March 2018); First Vice President (vacant); Second Vice President (vacant)

Flag Description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

Government Type

presidential republic

Independence

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

International Law Organization Participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UN Security Council (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

justices proposed by the National Board of Justice (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

Subordinate Courts

Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

Legal System

civil law system

Legislative Branch

Description

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by closed party-list proportional representation vote to serve single 5-year terms)

Election Results

percent of vote by party/coalition - Fuerza Popular 36.3%, PPK 16.5%, Frente Amplio 13.9%, APP 9.2%; APRA 8.3%; AP 7.2%, other 8.6%; seats by party/coalition - Fuerza Popular 73, Frente Amplio 20, PPK 18, APP 9; APRA 5; AP 5; composition - men 94, women 36, percent of women 27.7%

Elections

last held on 10 April 2016 with run-off election on 6 June 2016 (next to be held in April 2021)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO

Name

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)

National Holiday

Independence Day, 28-29 July (1821)

National Symbol S

vicuna (a camelid related to the llama); national colors: red, white

Political Parties And Leaders

Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]American Popular Revolutionary Alliance or APRA Broad Front (Frente Amplio; also known as El Frente Amplio por Justicia, Vida y Libertad) (coalition includes Nuevo Peru [Veronika Mendoza], Tierra y Libertad [Marco ARANA Zegarra], and Fuerza Social [Susana VILLARAN de la Puente] Fuerza Popular (formerly Fuerza 2011) [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi] National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio] Peru Posible or PP (coalition includes Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique] Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Javier VELASQUEZ Quesquen] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA) Peruvian Nationalist Party [Ollanta HUMALA] Peruvians for Change (Peruanos Por el Kambio) or PPK [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI] Popular Action (Accion Popular) or AP [Mesias GUEVARA Amasifuen] Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano) or PPC [Lourdes FLORES Nano]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Agriculture Products

artichokes, asparagus, avocados, blueberries, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, quinoa, palm oil, marigolds, onions, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish

Budget

Expenditures

64.81 billion (2017 est.)

Revenues

58.06 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-3.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Central Bank Discount Rate

31 December 2012

5.05%

31 December 2016

4.25%

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016

16.47%

31 December 2017

16.6%

Current Account Balance

2016

-$5.239 billion

2017

-$2.414 billion

Debt External

31 December 2016

$66.76 billion

31 December 2017

$66.25 billion

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

2005

51

2012

45.3

Economy Overview

Peru's economy reflects its varied topography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, and the dense forest of the Amazon. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. Peru is the world's second largest producer of silver and copper.The Peruvian economy grew by an average of 5.6% per year from 2009-13 with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. This growth was due partly to high international prices for Peru's metals and minerals exports, which account for 55% of the country's total exports. Growth slipped from 2014 to 2017, due to weaker world prices for these resources. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs makes the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices.Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by over 35 percentage points since 2004, but inequality persists and continued to pose a challenge for the Ollanta HUMALA administration, which championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. The HUMALA administration passed several economic stimulus packages in 2014 to bolster growth, including reforms to environmental regulations in order to spur investment in Peru’s lucrative mining sector, a move that was opposed by some environmental groups. However, in 2015, mining investment fell as global commodity prices remained low and social conflicts plagued the sector.Peru's free trade policy continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, Japan, the EU, the European Free Trade Association, Chile, Thailand, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, Honduras, concluded negotiations with Guatemala and the Trans-Pacific Partnership, and begun trade talks with El Salvador, India, and Turkey. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico, called the Pacific Alliance, that seeks integration of services, capital, investment and movement of people. Since the US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force in February 2009, total trade between Peru and the US has doubled. President Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI succeeded HUMALA in July 2016 and is focusing on economic reforms and free market policies aimed at boosting investment in Peru. Mining output increased significantly in 2016-17, which helped Peru attain one of the highest GDP growth rates in Latin America, and Peru should maintain strong growth in 2018. However, economic performance was depressed by delays in infrastructure mega-projects and the start of a corruption scandal associated with a Brazilian firm. Massive flooding in early 2017 also was a drag on growth, offset somewhat by additional public spending aimed at recovery efforts.

Exchange Rates

2013

2.8383

2014

3.185

2015

3.3751

2016

3.3751

2017

3.265

Currency

nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -

Exports

2016

$37.02 billion

2017

$44.92 billion

Exports Commodities

copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys

Exports Partners

China 26.5%, US 15.2%, Switzerland 5.2%, South Korea 4.4%, Spain 4.1%, India 4.1% (2017)

Fiscal Year

calendar year

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services

24% (2017 est.)

Government Consumption

11.7% (2017 est.)

Household Consumption

64.9% (2017 est.)

Imports Of Goods And Services

-22% (2017 est.)

Investment In Fixed Capital

21.7% (2017 est.)

Investment In Inventories

-0.2% (2017 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

7.6% (2017 est.)

Industry

32.7% (2017 est.)

Services

59.9% (2017 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$214.2 billion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015

$13,000

2016

$13,300

2017

$13,500

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015

$403.7 billion

2016

$420 billion

2017

$430.3 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015

3.3%

2016

4%

2017

2.5%

Gross National Saving

2015

19% of GDP

2016

19.5% of GDP

2017

19.8% of GDP

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

Highest 10

36.1% (2010 est.)

Lowest 10

1.4%

Imports

2016

$35.13 billion

2017

$38.65 billion

Imports Commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines

Imports Partners

China 22.3%, US 20.1%, Brazil 6%, Mexico 4.4% (2017)

Industrial Production Growth Rate

2.7% (2017 est.)

Industries

mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016

3.6%

2017

2.8%

Labor Force

17.03 million (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

25.8%

Industry

17.4%

Services

56.8% (2011)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

31 December 2013

$80.98 billion

31 December 2014

$78.84 billion

31 December 2015

$56.56 billion

Population Below Poverty Line

22.7% (2014 est.)

Public Debt

2016

24.5% of GDP

2017

25.4% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016

$61.81 billion

31 December 2017

$63.83 billion

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2016

$31.08 billion

31 December 2017

$33.41 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

31 December 2016

$4.255 billion

31 December 2017

$5.447 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2016

$91.48 billion

31 December 2017

$98.24 billion

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016

$52.8 billion

31 December 2017

$56.7 billion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2016

$31.08 billion

31 December 2017

$33.41 billion

Taxes And Other Revenues

27.1% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2016

6.7%

2017

6.9%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

55.94 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

7,995 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

86,060 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

49,000 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

434.9 million bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

Electrification Rural Areas

89% (2017)

Electrification Total Population

95% (2017)

Electrification Urban Areas

97% (2017)

Population Without Electricity

2 million (2017)

Electricity Consumption

44.61 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

55 million kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

61% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

35% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

22 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

14.73 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

50.13 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

7.483 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

5.505 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

12.99 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

455.9 billion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

250,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

62,640 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

65,400 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

166,600 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

7 (2017 est.)

Total

2,310,217

Broadcast Media

10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2019)

Internet Country Code

.pe

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

45.5% (July 2016 est.)

Total

13,975,422

Telephone System

Domestic

fixed-line teledensity is only about 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, now 125 telephones per 100 persons (2018)

General Assessment

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations; 3G network and new LTE services begun; 2019 the year to try 5G; Peru is seen as a potential market for growth in broadband with government work with fiber-optic backbone to remote areas (2018)

International

country code - 51; landing points for the SAM-1, IGW, American Movil-Telxius, SAC and PAN-AM submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2019)

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

10 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

3,082,036

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

125 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

38,915,386

Airports

191 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

16 (2017)

2 438 To 3 047 M

21 (2017)

914 To 1 523 M

12 (2017)

Over 3 047 M

5 (2017)

Total

59 (2017)

Under 914 M

5 (2017)

Airports With Unpaved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

19 (2013)

2 438 To 3 047 M

1 (2013)

914 To 1 523 M

30 (2013)

Total

132 (2013)

Under 914 M

82 (2013)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

OB (2016)

Heliports

5 (2013)

Merchant Marine

By Type

container ship 2, oil tanker 13, other 80 (2018)

Total

95

National Air Transport System

Annual Freight Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

223,643,434 mt-km (2015)

Annual Passenger Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

13,907,948 (2015)

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

35 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

7 (2015)

Pipelines

786 km extra heavy crude, 1526 km gas, 679 km liquid petroleum gas, 1033 km oil, 15 km refined products (2013)

Ports And Terminals

Container Port's Teus

Callao (2,250,200) (2017)

Major Seaport S

Callao, Matarani, Paita

Oil Terminal S

Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

River Port S

Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas (Amazon)

Railways

Narrow Gauge

124 km 0.914-m gauge (2014)

Standard Gauge

1,730.4 km 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified) (2014)

Total

1,854 km (2014)

Roadways

140,672 km (18,699 km paved) (2012)

Waterways

8,808 km (8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon River system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)

Maritime Threats

the International Maritime Bureau reports the territorial waters of Peru are a risk for armed robbery against ships; in 2018, four attacks against commercial vessels were reported, a slight increase from the two reported in 2017; most of these occured in the main port of Callao

Military And Security Forces

Peruvian Army (Ejercito del Peru), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP, includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2019)

Military Expenditures

2014

1.59% of GDP

2015

1.72% of GDP

2016

1.3% of GDP

2017

1.24% of GDP

2018

1.19% of GDP

Military Service Age And Obligation

18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Disputes International

Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Illicit Drugs

until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 44,000 hectares in 2016, a decrease of 16 per cent over 2015; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 410 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2016; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

Idps

59,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2017)

Refugees Country Of Origin

946,020 (Venezuela) (economic and political crisis; includes Venezuelans who have claimed asylum or have received alternative legal stay) (2019)

Terrorist Groups Home Based

aim(s): generate revenue by providing security for narcotics trafficking and growing coca to produce cocaine; historically, SL's goal has been to replace Peruvian institutions with a peasant revolutionary regime area(s) of operation: headquartered in the Valley of the Apurimac, Ene, and Mantaro River (VRAEM) region (2018)