2015 Edition

Background

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his resignation in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw a new election in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. In June 2011, former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president; he has carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations.

Area

land

1,279,996 sq km

total

1,285,216 sq km

water

5,220 sq km

Area - comparative

almost twice the size of Texas; slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Coastline

2,414 km

Elevation extremes

highest point

Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

lowest point

Pacific Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Environment - international agreements

party to

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

727.6 cu m/yr (2005)

total

19.34 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)

Geographic coordinates

10 00 S, 76 00 W

Geography - note

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

Irrigated land

11,960 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

border countries (5)

Bolivia 1,212 km, Brazil 2,659 km, Chile 168 km, Colombia 1,494 km, Ecuador 1,529 km

total

7,062 km

Land use

arable land 3.1%; permanent crops 1.1%; permanent pasture 14.6%

agricultural land

18.8%

forest

53%

other

28.2% (2011 est.)

Location

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Map references

South America

Maritime claims

continental shelf

200 nm

territorial sea

200 nm

Natural hazards

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity

volcanism

volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane

Natural resources

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Terrain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Total renewable water resources

1,913 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

26.95% (male 4,174,434/female 4,029,691)

15-24 years

18.93% (male 2,884,314/female 2,877,403)

25-54 years

39.65% (male 5,801,997/female 6,268,941)

55-64 years

7.45% (male 1,103,641/female 1,164,821)

65 years and over

7.03% (male 1,013,806/female 1,125,951) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

18.28 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

note

data represents children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)

percentage

34%

total number

2,545,855

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.5% (2012)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

75.5% (2012)

Death rate

6.01 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Demographic profile

Peru was a country of immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but has become a country of emigration in the last few decades. Beginning in the 19th century, Peru brought in Asian contract laborers mainly to work on coastal plantations. Populations of Chinese and Japanese descent - among the largest in Latin America - are economically and culturally influential in Peru today. Peruvian emigration began rising in the 1980s due to an economic crisis and a violent internal conflict, but outflows have stabilized in the last few years as economic conditions have improved. Nonetheless, more than 2 million Peruvians have emigrated in the last decade, principally to the US, Spain, and Argentina.

Peru's urban and coastal communities have benefited much more from recent economic growth than rural, Afro-Peruvian, indigenous, and poor populations of the Amazon and mountain regions. The poverty rate has dropped substantially during the last decade but remains stubbornly high at about 30% (more than 55% in rural areas). After remaining almost static for about a decade, Peru's malnutrition rate began falling in 2005, when the government introduced a coordinated strategy focusing on hygiene, sanitation, and clean water. School enrollment has improved, but achievement scores reflect ongoing problems with educational quality. Many poor children temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families. About a quarter to a third of Peruvian children aged 6 to 14 work, often putting in long hours at hazardous mining or construction sites.

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

10.5%

potential support ratio

9.6% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

53.2%

youth dependency ratio

42.7%

Drinking water source

urban: 91.4% of population

rural: 69.2% of population

total: 86.7% of population

urban: 8.6% of population

rural: 30.8% of population

total: 13.3% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

3.3% of GDP (2013)

Ethnic groups

Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Health expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.36% (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

2,500 (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

71,900 (2014 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

female

17.29 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

21.79 deaths/1,000 live births

total

19.59 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara (official) 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other (includes foreign languages and sign language) 0.2% (2007 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

female

75.6 years (2015 est.)

male

71.45 years

total population

73.48 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

91.7% (2015 est.)

male

97.3%

total population

94.5%

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease

dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever) (2013)

Major urban areas - population

LIMA (capital) 9.897 million; Arequipa 850,000; Trujillo 798,000 (2015)

Median age

female

28.1 years (2015 est.)

male

26.6 years

total

27.3 years

Nationality

adjective

Peruvian

noun

Peruvian(s)

Net migration rate

-2.53 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.4% (2014)

Physicians density

1.13 physicians/1,000 population (2012)

Population

30,444,999 (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

0.97% (2015 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, none 2.9% (2007 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 82.5% of population

rural: 53.2% of population

total: 76.2% of population

urban: 17.5% of population

rural: 46.8% of population

total: 23.8% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

13 years (2010)

male

13 years

total

13 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.93 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.95 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.9 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.18 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

9.7% (2011 est.)

male

9.4%

total

9.5%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.69% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

78.6% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

note

Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the the Callao region

Capital

geographic coordinates

12 03 S, 77 03 W

name

Lima

time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993; amended several times, last in 2009 (2009)

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Peru

conventional short form

Peru

local long form

Republica del Peru

local short form

Peru

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Brian A. NICHOLS (since 30 June 2014)

embassy

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33

FAX

[51] (1) 618-2397

mailing address

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone

[51] (1) 618-2000

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Luis Miguel CASTILLA Rubio (since 4 February 2015)

consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco, Washington DC

FAX

[1] (202) 659-8124

telephone

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

chief of state

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results

Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (Peruvian Nationalist Party) 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi (Fuerza Popular) 48.5%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive terms); election last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

head of government

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant)

note

Prime Minister Pedro CATERIANO Bellido (since 2 April 2015) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president; note - Prime Minister Ana JARA was removed from office by Congress in a vote of no confidence on 30 March 2015

Flag description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

Government type

constitutional republic

Independence

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, Pacific Alliance, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)

judge selection and term of office

justices proposed by the National Council of the Judiciary or National Judicial Council (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress (all appointments reviewed by the Council every 7 years); justices appointed for life or until age 70

subordinate courts

Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; 2 types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

description

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote to serve 5-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4; seats by bloc party as of 10 March 2014 - Gana Peru 43, Fuerza Popular (formerly Fuerza 2011) 36, PP 10, Accion Popular-Frente Amplio 10, National Solidarity 9, Union Regional 8, Partido Popular Cristiano-Alianza Para el Progreso 7, Concertacion Parlamentaria 6, Independent 1; note - defections by members of the National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in the formation of new blocs and frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various blocs

elections

last held on 10 April 2011 with run-off election on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO

name

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)

note

adopted 1822; the song won a national anthem contest

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

National symbol(s)

vicuna (a camelid related to the llama); national colors: red, white

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for Progress (Alianza para el Progreso) or APP [Cesar ACUNA Peralta]

Fuerza Popular (formerly Fuerza 2011) [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi]

National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]

Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]

Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)

Peruvian Nationalist Party [Ollanta HUMALA]

Popular Christian Party (Partido Popular Cristiano) or PPC [Lourdes FLORES Nano]

Wide Front (Frente Amplio), a coalition of left-of-center parties including Tierra y Libertad [Marco ARANA Zegarra], Ciudadanos por el Gran Cambio [Salomon LERNER Ghitis], and Fuerza Social [Susana VILLARAN de la Puente]

Political pressure groups and leaders

General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]

Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Agriculture - products

artichokes, asparagus, avocados, blueberries, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, quinoa, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish

Budget

expenditures

$64.49 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$64.25 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-0.1% of GDP (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5.05% (31 December 2012)

5.05% (31 December 2011)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

15.7% (31 December 2014 est.)

18.16% (31 December 2013 est.)

note

domestic currency lending rate, 90 day maturity

Current account balance

-$8.234 billion (2014 est.)

-$9.126 billion (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$56.47 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$55.62 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

45.3 (2012)

51 (2005)

Economy - overview

Peru's economy reflects its varied topography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, the dense forest of the Amazon, with tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. Peru is the world's second largest producer of silver and third largest producer of copper. The Peruvian economy grew by an average of 5.6% from 2009-13 with a stable exchange rate and low inflation, which in 2013 was just below the upper limit of the Central Bank target range of 1 to 3%. This growth was due partly to high international prices for Peru's metals and minerals exports, which account for almost 60% of the country's total exports. Growth slipped in 2014, due to weaker world prices for these resources. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs makes the economy vulnerable to fluctuations in world prices. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by 28 percentage points since 2002, but inequality persists and continues to pose a challenge for the Ollanta HUMALA administration, which has championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. The HUMALA administration passed several economic stimulus packages in 2014 to bolster growth, including reforms to environmental regulations in order to spur investment in Peru’s lucrative mining sector, a move that was opposed by some environmental groups. Peru's free trade policy has continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, Japan, the EU, the European Free Trade Association, Chile, Thailand, Costa Rica, Panama, Venezuela, concluded negotiations with Guatemala, and begun trade talks with Honduras, El Salvador, India, Indonesia, Turkey and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico, called the Pacific Alliance, that seeks integration of services, capital, investment and movement of people. Since the US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force in February 2009, total trade between Peru and the United States has doubled.

Exchange rates

nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar -

2.836 (2014 est.)

2.7019 (2013 est.)

2.64 (2012 est.)

2.7541 (2011 est.)

2.8251 (2010 est.)

Exports

$36.43 billion (2014 est.)

$42.18 billion (2013 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys

Exports - partners

China 18.3%, US 16.1%, Switzerland 6.9%, Canada 6.6%, Brazil 4.2%, Japan 4.1% (2014)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

(2014 est.)

exports of goods and services

21.8%

government consumption

11.2%

household consumption

64%

imports of goods and services

-23.5%

investment in fixed capital

26.2%

investment in inventories

0.2%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

7.1%

industry

36.7%

services

56.2% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$11,800 (2014 est.)

$11,500 (2013 est.)

$10,900 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2.4% (2014 est.)

5.8% (2013 est.)

6% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$202.9 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$371.3 billion (2014 est.)

$362.8 billion (2013 est.)

$343 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

22.7% of GDP (2014 est.)

23.8% of GDP (2013 est.)

23.5% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

36.1% (2010 est.)

lowest 10%

1.4%

Imports

$40.25 billion (2014 est.)

$42.22 billion (2013 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines

Imports - partners

China 21%, US 21%, Brazil 4.7%, Mexico 4.6%, Ecuador 4.2% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

4.2% (2014 est.)

Industries

mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.2% (2014 est.)

2.8% (2013 est.)

note

data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average

Labor force

16.55 million

note

individuals older than 14 years of age (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

25.8%

industry

17.4%

services

56.8% (2011)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$153.4 billion (31 December 2012)

$121.6 billion (31 December 2011)

$160.9 billion (31 December 2010)

Population below poverty line

25.8% (2012 est.)

Public debt

15.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

16.3% of GDP (2013 est.)

note

data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$63.35 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$65.71 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of broad money

$91.26 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$84.1 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$3.883 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$3.849 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$81.63 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$72.61 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$47.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$43.06 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$33.71 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$32.59 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

30.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

6% (2014 est.)

6.5% (2013 est.)

note

data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

53.58 million Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

15,610 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - imports

99,590 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - production

170,500 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

632.9 million bbl (1 January 2014 est.)

Electricity - consumption

35.71 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

2 million kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

59.6% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

40.4% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

8.557 million kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

38.4 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

11.85 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - exports

8.73 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

32.4 billion cu m (2012)

Natural gas - proved reserves

435.4 billion cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

171,400 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

82,080 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

43,480 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

159,500 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Broadcast media

10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)

Internet country code

.pe

Internet users

percent of population

40.9% (2014 est.)

total

12.3 million

Radio broadcast stations

AM 472, FM 198, shortwave 189 (1999)

Telephone system

domestic

fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons

general assessment

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international

country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

10 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

3.03 million

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

105 (2014 est.)

total

31.7 million

Television broadcast stations

13 (plus 112 repeaters) (1997)

Airports

191 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

16

2,438 to 3,047 m

21

914 to 1,523 m

12

over 3,047 m

5

total

59

under 914 m

5 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

82 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

19

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

30

total

132

Heliports

5 (2013)

Merchant marine

by type

cargo 2, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 13

foreign-owned

8 (Chile 6, Ecuador 1, Spain 1)

registered in other countries

9 (Panama 9) (2010)

total

22

Pipelines

extra heavy crude 786 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

container port(s) (TEUs)

Callao (1,616,365)

major seaport(s)

Callao, Matarani, Paita

oil terminals

Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

river port(s)

Iquitos, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas (Amazon)

Railways

narrow gauge

124 km 0.914-m gauge (2014)

standard gauge

1,730.4 km 1.435-m gauge (34 km electrified)

total

1,854.4 km

Roadways

note

includes 24,593 km of national roads (14,748 km paved), 24,235 km of departmental roads (2,340 km paved), and 91,844 km of local roads (1,611 km paved) (2012)

total

140,672 km (18,699 km paved)

Waterways

8,808 km (8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

females age 16-49

7,727,623 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

7,385,588

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

6,565,097 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,788,629

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

298,447 (2010 est.)

male

304,094

Military branches

Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP; includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2013)

Military expenditures

1.28% of GDP (2012)

1.15% of GDP (2011)

1.28% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Disputes - international

Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Illicit drugs

until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption

Refugees and internally displaced persons

IDPs

at least 150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2014)