2013 Edition

Background

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which installed Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of indigenous Quechuan ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, oversaw a robust economic rebound. In June 2011, former army officer Ollanta HUMALA Tasso was elected president, defeating Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi, the daughter of Alberto FUJIMORI. Since his election, HUMALA has carried on the sound, market-oriented economic policies of the three preceding administrations.

Area

1,285,216 sq km 1,279,996 sq km 5,220 sq km

total

1,285,216 sq km

water

5,220 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Coastline

2,414 km

Elevation extremes

Pacific Ocean 0 m Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

highest point

Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

lowest point

Pacific Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Environment - international agreements

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

19.34 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%) 727.6 cu m/yr (2005)

per capita

727.6 cu m/yr (2005)

total

19.34 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)

Geographic coordinates

10 00 S, 76 00 W

Geography - note

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

Irrigated land

11,960 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

7,461 km Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

border countries

Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

total

7,461 km

Land use

2.84% 0.66% 96.5% (2011)

arable land

2.84%

other

96.5% (2011)

permanent crops

0.66%

Location

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Map references

South America

Maritime claims

200 nm 200 nm

continental shelf

200 nm

territorial sea

200 nm

Natural hazards

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane

volcanism

volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane

Natural resources

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Terrain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Total renewable water resources

1,913 cu km (2011)

Age structure

27.6% (male 4,197,698/female 4,053,852) 19.4% (male 2,894,420/female 2,891,714) 39.2% (male 5,633,249/female 6,056,017) 7.1% (male 1,039,975/female 1,086,428) 6.7% (male 947,349/female 1,048,601) (2013 est.)

0-14 years

27.6% (male 4,197,698/female 4,053,852)

15-24 years

19.4% (male 2,894,420/female 2,891,714)

25-54 years

39.2% (male 5,633,249/female 6,056,017)

55-64 years

7.1% (male 1,039,975/female 1,086,428)

65 years and over

6.7% (male 947,349/female 1,048,601) (2013 est.)

Birth rate

18.85 births/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

2,545,855 34 % data represents children ages 5-17 (2007 est.)

percentage

34 %

total number

2,545,855

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

4.5% (2008)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

68.9% (2011)

Death rate

5.97 deaths/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Demographic profile

Peru's urban and coastal communities have benefited much more from recent economic growth than rural, Afro-Peruvian, indigenous, and poor populations of the Amazon and mountain regions. The poverty rate has dropped substantially during the last decade but remains stubbornly high at about 30% (more than 55% in rural areas). After remaining almost static for about a decade, Peru's malnutrition rate began falling in 2005, when the government introduced a coordinated strategy focusing on hygiene, sanitation, and clean water. School enrollment has improved, but achievement scores reflect ongoing problems with educational quality. Many poor children temporarily or permanently drop out of school to help support their families. About a quarter to a third of Peruvian children aged 6 to 14 work, often putting in long hours at hazardous mining or construction sites. Peru was a country of immigration in the 19th and early 20th centuries, but has become a country of emigration in the last few decades. Beginning in the 19th century, Peru brought in Asian contract laborers mainly to work on coastal plantations. Populations of Chinese and Japanese descent - among the largest in Latin America - are economically and culturally influential in Peru today. Peruvian emigration began rising in the 1980s due to an economic crisis and a violent internal conflict, but outflows have stabilized in the last few years as economic conditions have improved. Nonetheless, more than 2 million Peruvians have emigrated in the last decade, principally to the US, Spain, and Argentina.

Dependency ratios

54.2 % 44.4 % 9.9 % 10.1 (2013)

elderly dependency ratio

9.9 %

potential support ratio

10.1 (2013)

total dependency ratio

54.2 %

youth dependency ratio

44.4 %

Drinking water source

urban: 91% of population rural: 65% of population total: 85% of population urban: 9% of population rural: 35% of population total: 15% of population (2010 est.)

rural

35% of population

total

15% of population (2010 est.)

urban

9% of population

Education expenditures

2.6% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Health expenditures

4.8% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.4% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

5,000 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

75,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

20.85 deaths/1,000 live births 23.1 deaths/1,000 live births 18.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

female

18.49 deaths/1,000 live births (2013 est.)

total

20.85 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara (official) 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census)

Life expectancy at birth

72.98 years 71.01 years 75.05 years (2013 est.)

female

75.05 years (2013 est.)

total population

72.98 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 89.6% 94.9% 84.6% (2007 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

84.6% (2007 est.)

male

94.9%

total population

89.6%

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever) (2013)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease

dengue fever, malaria, and Bartonellosis (Oroya fever) (2013)

Major urban areas - population

LIMA (capital) 8.769 million; Arequipa 778,000 (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

67 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

26.7 years 26 years 27.4 years (2013 est.)

female

27.4 years (2013 est.)

male

26 years

total

26.7 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

22.3 Median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012 est.)

Nationality

Peruvian(s) Peruvian

adjective

Peruvian

noun

Peruvian(s)

Net migration rate

-2.86 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2013 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

15.7% (2008)

Physicians density

0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

Population

29,849,303 (July 2013 est.)

Population growth rate

1% (2013 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 81% of population rural: 37% of population total: 71% of population urban: 19% of population rural: 63% of population total: 29% of population (2010 est.)

rural

63% of population

total

29% of population (2010 est.)

urban

19% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

13 years 13 years 13 years (2010)

female

13 years (2010)

male

13 years

total

13 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female 0.93 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female 0.9 male(s)/female 0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.93 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.9 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2013 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.25 children born/woman (2013 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

16.2% (2011)

total

16.2% (2011)

Urbanization

77% of total population (2010) 1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

77% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali Callao, the largest port in Peru, is also referred to as a constitutional province, the only province of the the Callao region

Capital

Lima 12 03 S, 77 03 W UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

12 03 S, 77 03 W

name

Lima

time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest promulgated 29 December 1993, enacted 31 December 1993; amended several times, last in 2009 (2009)

Country name

Republic of Peru Peru Republica del Peru Peru

conventional long form

Republic of Peru

conventional short form

Peru

local long form

Republica del Peru

local short form

Peru

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Michael J. Fitzpatrick (since 20 September 2013) Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33 P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000 [51] (1) 618-2000 [51] (1) 618-2397

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Michael J. Fitzpatrick (since 20 September 2013)

embassy

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33

FAX

[51] (1) 618-2397

mailing address

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone

[51] (1) 618-2000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia (since 29 August 2011) 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 [1] (202) 659-8124 Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco

chancery

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia (since 29 August 2011)

consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford (CT), Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (NJ), San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 659-8124

telephone

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

Executive branch

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant) Prime Minister Juan Federico JIMENEZ Mayor (since 23 July 2012) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president Council of Ministers appointed by the president president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

chief of state

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

head of government

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President (vacant)

Flag description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

Government type

constitutional republic

Independence

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

APEC, BIS, CAN, CD, CELAC, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINURSO, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNISFA, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors) justices proposed by the National Council of the Judiciary or National Judicial Council (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress (all appointments reviewed by the Council every 7 years; justices appointed for life or until age 70 Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; two types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of 16 judges and divided into civil, criminal, and constitutional-social sectors)

judge selection and term of office

justices proposed by the National Council of the Judiciary or National Judicial Council (a 7-member independent body), nominated by the president, and confirmed by the Congress (all appointments reviewed by the Council every 7 years; justices appointed for life or until age 70

subordinate courts

Court of Constitutional Guarantees; Superior Courts or Cortes Superiores; specialized civil, criminal, and mixed courts; two types of peace courts in which professional judges and selected members of the local communities preside

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties

election results

percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4; note - defections by members of National Assembly are commonplace, resulting in frequent changes in the numbers of seats held by the various parties

elections

last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

National anthem

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru) Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem

lyrics/music

Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO

name

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

National symbol(s)

vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI] Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi] Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso] National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio] Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique] Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)

Political pressure groups and leaders

General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN] Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Agriculture - products

asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mangoes, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, pork, dairy products; guinea pigs; fish

Budget

$62.19 billion $57.9 billion (2012 est.)

expenditures

$57.9 billion (2012 est.)

revenues

$62.19 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

2.2% of GDP (2012 est.)

Central bank discount rate

5.05% (31 December 2012) 5.05% (31 December 2011)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

19.23% (31 December 2012 est.) 18.69% (31 December 2011 est.) domestic currency lending rate, 90 day maturity

Current account balance

$-7.137 billion (2012 est.) $-3.341 billion (2011 est.)

Debt - external

$50.47 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $44.87 billion (31 December 2011 est.) public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009)

public debt component of total

$20.6 billion (31 December 2009)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

46 (2010) 51 (2005)

Economy - overview

Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid lowland coastal region, the central high sierra of the Andes, the dense forest of the Amazon, with tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. A wide range of important mineral resources are found in the mountainous and coastal areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy has been growing by an average of 6.4% per year since 2002 with a stable/slightly appreciating exchange rate and low inflation, which in 2013 is expected to be below the upper limit of the Central Bank target range of 1 to 3%. Growth has been in the 6-9% range for the last three years, due partly to a leap in private investment, especially in the extractive sector, which accounts for more than 60% of Peru's total exports. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by 23 percentage points since 2002, but inequality persists and continues to pose a challenge for the new Ollanta HUMALA administration, which has championed a policy of social inclusion and a more equitable distribution of income. Peru's free trade policy has continued under the HUMALA administration; since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the US, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, Mexico, Japan, the European Free Trade Association, Chile, and four other countries; concluded negotiations with Venezuela, Costa Rica, and Guatemala; and begun trade talks with two other Central American countries and the Trans-Pacific Partnership. Peru also has signed a trade pact with Chile, Colombia, and Mexico called the Pacific Alliance that rivals Mercosur in combined population, GDP, and trade. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Although Peru has continued to attract foreign investment, political activism and protests are hampering development of some projects related to natural resource extraction.

Exchange rates

nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.64 (2012 est.) 2.75 (2011 est.) 2.83 (2010 est.) 3.01 (2009) 2.91 (2008)

Exports

$45.64 billion (2012 est.) $46.27 billion (2011 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, gold, lead, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum, silver; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal, fish, chemicals, fabricated metal products and machinery, alloys

Exports - partners

China 19.9%, US 15.7%, Canada 9.5%, Japan 6.6%, Spain 5.2%, Chile 4.9% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

61.9% 10.3% 26.6% 0.3% 25.5% -24.5% (2012 est.)

exports of goods and services

25.5%

government consumption

10.3%

household consumption

61.9%

imports of goods and services

-24.5%

investment in fixed capital

26.6%

investment in inventories

0.3%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

6.3% 37.6% 56.1% (2012 est.)

agriculture

6.3%

industry

37.6%

services

56.1% (2012 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$10,600 (2012 est.) $10,100 (2011 est.) $9,600 (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

6.3% (2012 est.) 6.9% (2011 est.) 8.8% (2010 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$196.2 billion (2012 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$322.9 billion (2012 est.) $303.8 billion (2011 est.) $284.3 billion (2010 est.) data are in 2012 US dollars

Gross national saving

23.3% of GDP (2012 est.) 23.4% of GDP (2011 est.) 22.7% of GDP (2010 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

1.4% 36.1% (2010 est.)

highest 10%

36.1% (2010 est.)

lowest 10%

1.4%

Imports

$41.11 billion (2012 est.) $36.97 billion (2011 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines

Imports - partners

US 24.6%, China 14%, Brazil 6.4%, Argentina 5%, Chile 4.8%, Colombia 4.2%, Ecuador 4.1%, Mexico 4% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

4.5% (2012 est.)

Industries

mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, glass, textiles, clothing, food processing, beer, soft drinks, rubber, machinery, electrical machinery, chemicals, furniture

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

3.7% (2012 est.) 3.4% (2011 est.) data are for metropolitan Lima, annual average

Labor force

11.02 million individuals older than 14 years of age (2012 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

0.7% 23.8% 75.5% (2005)

agriculture

0.7%

industry

23.8%

services

75.5% (2005)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$153.4 billion (31 December 2012) $121.6 billion (31 December 2011) $160.9 billion (31 December 2010)

Population below poverty line

27.8% (2011 est.)

Public debt

16.6% of GDP (2012 est.) 19.9% of GDP (2011 est.) data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$64.17 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $48.93 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$73.97 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $64.6 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$3.041 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $3.099 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$63.51 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $51.21 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$36.76 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $33.15 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$32.61 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $25.15 billion (31 December 2011 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

31.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Unemployment rate

5.2% (2012 est.) 7.9% (2011 est.) data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

37.71 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

15,610 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - imports

99,590 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - production

160,400 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

579.2 million bbl (1 January 2013 es)

Electricity - consumption

34.25 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

112 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

60.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

39.9% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2012 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

8.613 million kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

38.4 billion kWh (2012 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

5.49 billion cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

8.73 billion cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2012)

Natural gas - production

32.4 billion cu m (2012)

Natural gas - proved reserves

359.6 billion cu m (1 January 2013 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

206,900 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

82,080 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

43,480 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

159,500 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Broadcast media

10 major TV networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)

Internet country code

.pe

Internet hosts

234,102 (2012)

Internet users

9.158 million (2009)

Telephone system

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)

domestic

fixed-line teledensity is only about 12 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, exceeds 100 telephones per 100 persons

general assessment

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international

country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2010)

Telephones - main lines in use

3.42 million (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

29.4 million (2012)

Airports

191 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

5 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

16

2,438 to 3,047 m

21

914 to 1,523 m

12

over 3,047 m

5

total

59

under 914 m

5 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

82 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

19

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

30

total

132

Heliports

5 (2013)

Merchant marine

cargo 2, chemical tanker 5, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 13 8 (Chile 6, Ecuador 1, Spain 1) 9 (Panama 9) (2010)

foreign-owned

8 (Chile 6, Ecuador 1, Spain 1)

registered in other countries

9 (Panama 9) (2010)

total

22

Pipelines

extra heavy crude 786 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

oil terminals

Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

Railways

1,907 km 1,772 km 1.435-m gauge 135 km 0.914-m gauge (2012)

narrow gauge

135 km 0.914-m gauge (2012)

total

1,907 km

Roadways

140,672 km (of which 18,698 km are paved) includes 24,593 km of national roads (of which 14,748 km are paved), 24,235 km of departmental roads (2,340 km paved), and 91,844 km of local roads (1,611 km paved) (2012)

total

140,672 km (of which 18,698 km are paved)

Waterways

8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

7,385,588 7,727,623 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

7,727,623 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

7,385,588

Manpower fit for military service

5,788,629 6,565,097 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

6,565,097 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,788,629

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

304,094 298,447 (2010 est.)

female

298,447 (2010 est.)

male

304,094

Military branches

Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP; includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2013)

Military expenditures

1% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18-50 years of age for male and 18-45 years of age for female voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Disputes - international

Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Illicit drugs

until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption

Refugees and internally displaced persons

150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2011)

IDPs

150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions; as of 2011, no new information on the situation of these IDPs) (2011)