2011 Edition

Background

Ancient Peru was the seat of several prominent Andean civilizations, most notably that of the Incas whose empire was captured by the Spanish conquistadors in 1533. Peruvian independence was declared in 1821, and remaining Spanish forces were defeated in 1824. After a dozen years of military rule, Peru returned to democratic leadership in 1980, but experienced economic problems and the growth of a violent insurgency. President Alberto FUJIMORI's election in 1990 ushered in a decade that saw a dramatic turnaround in the economy and significant progress in curtailing guerrilla activity. Nevertheless, the president's increasing reliance on authoritarian measures and an economic slump in the late 1990s generated mounting dissatisfaction with his regime, which led to his ouster in 2000. A caretaker government oversaw new elections in the spring of 2001, which ushered in Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique as the new head of government - Peru's first democratically elected president of Native American ethnicity. The presidential election of 2006 saw the return of Alan GARCIA Perez who, after a disappointing presidential term from 1985 to 1990, has overseen a robust macroeconomic performance.

Area

1,285,216 sq km 1,279,996 sq km 5,220 sq km

total

1,285,216 sq km

water

5,220 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west; temperate to frigid in Andes

Coastline

2,414 km

Elevation extremes

Pacific Ocean 0 m Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

highest point

Nevado Huascaran 6,768 m

lowest point

Pacific Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation (some the result of illegal logging); overgrazing of the slopes of the costa and sierra leading to soil erosion; desertification; air pollution in Lima; pollution of rivers and coastal waters from municipal and mining wastes

Environment - international agreements

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Antarctic-Environmental Protocol, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 83, Tropical Timber 94, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

20.13 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%) 720 cu m/yr (2000)

per capita

720 cu m/yr (2000)

total

20.13 cu km/yr (8%/10%/82%)

Geographic coordinates

10 00 S, 76 00 W

Geography - note

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world's highest navigable lake, with Bolivia; a remote slope of Nevado Mismi, a 5,316 m peak, is the ultimate source of the Amazon River

Irrigated land

11,950 sq km (2008)

Land boundaries

7,461 km Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

border countries

Bolivia 1,075 km, Brazil 2,995 km, Chile 171 km, Colombia 1,800 km, Ecuador 1,420 km

total

7,461 km

Land use

2.88% 0.47% 96.65% (2005)

arable land

2.88%

other

96.65% (2005)

permanent crops

0.47%

Location

Western South America, bordering the South Pacific Ocean, between Chile and Ecuador

Map references

South America

Maritime claims

200 nm 200 nm

continental shelf

200 nm

territorial sea

200 nm

Natural hazards

earthquakes, tsunamis, flooding, landslides, mild volcanic activity Peru experiences volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane

volcanism

Peru experiences volcanic activity in the Andes Mountains; Ubinas (elev. 5,672 m), which last erupted in 2009, is the country's most active volcano; other historically active volcanoes include El Misti, Huaynaputina, Sabancaya, and Yucamane

Natural resources

copper, silver, gold, petroleum, timber, fish, iron ore, coal, phosphate, potash, hydropower, natural gas

Terrain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Total renewable water resources

1,913 cu km (2000)

Age structure

28.5% (male 4,245,023/female 4,101,220) 65.1% (male 9,316,128/female 9,722,258) 6.4% (male 885,703/female 978,611) (2011 est.)

0-14 years

28.5% (male 4,245,023/female 4,101,220)

15-64 years

65.1% (male 9,316,128/female 9,722,258)

65 years and over

6.4% (male 885,703/female 978,611) (2011 est.)

Birth rate

19.41 births/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

5.4% (2005)

Death rate

5.93 deaths/1,000 population (July 2011 est.)

Drinking water source

urban: 90% of population rural: 61% of population total: 82% of population urban: 10% of population rural: 39% of population total: 18% of population (2008)

rural

39% of population

total

18% of population (2008)

urban

10% of population

Education expenditures

2.7% of GDP (2008)

Ethnic groups

Amerindian 45%, mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 37%, white 15%, black, Japanese, Chinese, and other 3%

Health expenditures

4.6% of GDP (2009)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.4% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

5,000 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

75,000 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

1.5 beds/1,000 population (2009)

Infant mortality rate

22.18 deaths/1,000 live births 24.49 deaths/1,000 live births 19.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

female

19.77 deaths/1,000 live births (2011 est.)

total

22.18 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Spanish (official) 84.1%, Quechua (official) 13%, Aymara 1.7%, Ashaninka 0.3%, other native languages (includes a large number of minor Amazonian languages) 0.7%, other 0.2% (2007 Census)

Life expectancy at birth

72.47 years 70.55 years 74.48 years (2011 est.)

female

74.48 years (2011 est.)

total population

72.47 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 92.9% 96.4% 89.4% (2007 Census)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

89.4% (2007 Census)

male

96.4%

total population

92.9%

Major cities - population

LIMA (capital) 8.769 million; Arequipa 778,000 (2009)

Major infectious diseases

very high bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever leptospirosis (2009)

degree of risk

very high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease

dengue fever, malaria, and yellow fever

water contact disease

leptospirosis (2009)

Maternal mortality rate

98 deaths/100,000 live births (2008)

Median age

26.2 years 25.5 years 26.8 years (2011 est.)

female

26.8 years (2011 est.)

male

25.5 years

total

26.2 years

Nationality

Peruvian(s) Peruvian

adjective

Peruvian

noun

Peruvian(s)

Net migration rate

-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2011 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

16.3% (2000)

Physicians density

0.92 physicians/1,000 population (2009)

Population

29,248,943 (July 2011 est.)

Population growth rate

1.029% (2011 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 81.3%, Evangelical 12.5%, other 3.3%, unspecified or none 2.9% (2007 Census)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 81% of population rural: 36% of population total: 68% of population urban: 19% of population rural: 64% of population total: 32% of population (2008)

rural

64% of population

total

32% of population (2008)

urban

19% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

14 years 13 years 13 years (2006)

female

13 years (2006)

male

13 years

total

14 years

Sex ratio

1.046 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.89 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

15-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.89 male(s)/female

at birth

1.046 male(s)/female

total population

1.01 male(s)/female (2011 est.)

under 15 years

1.04 male(s)/female

Total fertility rate

2.32 children born/woman (2011 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

14% 12.5% 15.6% (2008)

female

15.6% (2008)

total

14%

Urbanization

77% of total population (2010) 1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.6% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

77% of total population (2010)

Administrative divisions

25 regions (regiones, singular - region) and 1 province* (provincia); Amazonas, Ancash, Apurimac, Arequipa, Ayacucho, Cajamarca, Callao, Cusco, Huancavelica, Huanuco, Ica, Junin, La Libertad, Lambayeque, Lima, Lima*, Loreto, Madre de Dios, Moquegua, Pasco, Piura, Puno, San Martin, Tacna, Tumbes, Ucayali

Capital

Lima 12 03 S, 77 03 W UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

12 03 S, 77 03 W

name

Lima

time difference

UTC-5 (same time as Washington, DC during Standard Time)

Constitution

29 December 1993

Country name

Republic of Peru Peru Republica del Peru Peru

conventional long form

Republic of Peru

conventional short form

Peru

local long form

Republica del Peru

local short form

Peru

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33 P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000 [51] (1) 618-2000 [51] (1) 618-2397

chief of mission

Ambassador Rose M. LIKINS

embassy

Avenida La Encalada, Cuadra 17 s/n, Surco, Lima 33

FAX

[51] (1) 618-2397

mailing address

P. O. Box 1995, Lima 1; American Embassy (Lima), APO AA 34031-5000

telephone

[51] (1) 618-2000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia 1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036 [1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869 [1] (202) 659-8124 Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco

chancery

1700 Massachusetts Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20036

chief of mission

Ambassador Harold Winston FORSYTH Mejia

consulate(s) general

Atlanta, Boston, Chicago, Dallas, Denver, Hartford, Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, New York, Paterson (New Jersey), San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 659-8124

telephone

[1] (202) 833-9860 through 9869

Executive branch

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011) Prime Minister Oscar VALDES Dancuart (since 11 December 2011) does not exercise executive power; this power rests with the president Council of Ministers appointed by the president president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

chief of state

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011); note - the president is both the chief of state and head of government

election results

Ollanta HUMALA Tasso elected president in runoff election; percent of vote - Ollanta HUMALA Tasso 51.5%, Keiko FUJIMORI Higuchi 48.5%

elections

president elected by popular vote for a five-year term (eligible for nonconsecutive reelection); presidential and congressional elections last held on 10 April 2011 with runoff election held on 6 June 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

head of government

President Ollanta HUMALA Tasso (since 28 July 2011); First Vice President Marisol ESPINOZA Cruz (since 28 July 2011); Second Vice President Omar CHEHADE (since 28 July 2011)

Flag description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), white, and red with the coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a shield bearing a vicuna (representing fauna), a cinchona tree (the source of quinine, signifying flora), and a yellow cornucopia spilling out coins (denoting mineral wealth); red recalls blood shed for independence, white symbolizes peace

Government type

constitutional republic

Independence

28 July 1821 (from Spain)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

APEC, BIS, CAN, FAO, G-15, G-24, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, LAES, LAIA, Mercosur (associate), MIGA, MINUSTAH, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, RG, UN, UNASUR, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNMIL, UNMISS, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Justice or Corte Suprema de Justicia (judges are appointed by the National Council of the Judiciary)

Legal system

civil law system

Legislative branch

unicameral Congress of the Republic of Peru or Congreso de la Republica del Peru (130 seats; members are elected by popular vote to serve five-year terms) last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016) percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4

election results

percent of vote by party - Gana Peru 25.3%, Fuerza 2011 23%, PP 14.8%, Alliance for Great Change 14.4%, National Solidarity 10.2%, Peruvian Aprista Party 6.4%, other 5.9%; seats by party - Gana Peru 47, Fuerza 2011 37, PP 21, Alliance for Great Change 12, National Solidarity 9, Peruvian Aprista Party 4

elections

last held on 10 April 2011 (next to be held in April 2016)

National anthem

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru) Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO adopted 1822; the song won a national contest for an anthem

lyrics/music

Jose DE LA TORRE Ugarte/Jose Bernardo ALZEDO

name

"Himno Nacional del Peru" (National Anthem of Peru)

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 July (1821)

National symbol(s)

vicuna (a camelid related to the llama)

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for Great Change (Alianza por el Gran Cambio) (a coalition of the Alliance for Progress, Humanist Party, National Restoration Party, and Popular Christian Party) [Pedro Pablo KUCZYNSKI]; Fuerza 2011 [Keiko FUJIMORI]; Gana Peru (a coalition of Lima Para Todos, Peruvian Communist Party, Peruvian Nationalist Party, and Peruvian Socialist Party) [Ollanta HUMALA Tasso]; National Solidarity (Solidaridad Nacional) or SN (a coalition of Cambio 90, Siempre Unidos, Todos por el Peru, and Union for Peru or UPP) [Luis CASTANEDA Lossio]; Peru Posible or PP (a coalition of Accion Popular and Somos Peru) [Alejandro TOLEDO Manrique]; Peruvian Aprista Party (Partido Aprista Peruano) or PAP [Alan GARCIA Perez] (also referred to by its original name Alianza Popular Revolucionaria Americana or APRA)

Political pressure groups and leaders

General Workers Confederation of Peru (Confederacion General de Trabajadores del Peru) or CGTP [Mario HUAMAN]; Shining Path (Sendero Luminoso) or SL [Abimael GUZMAN Reynoso (imprisoned), Victor QUISPE Palomino (top leader at-large)] (leftist guerrilla group)

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal and compulsory until the age of 70

Agriculture - products

asparagus, coffee, cocoa, cotton, sugarcane, rice, potatoes, corn, plantains, grapes, oranges, pineapples, guavas, bananas, apples, lemons, pears, coca, tomatoes, mango, barley, medicinal plants, palm oil, marigold, onion, wheat, dry beans; poultry, beef, dairy products; fish; guinea pigs

Budget

$44.53 billion $45.46 billion (2010 est.)

expenditures

$45.46 billion (2010 est.)

revenues

$44.53 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-0.6% of GDP (2010 est.)

Central bank discount rate

3.8% (31 December 2010) 2.05% (31 December 2009 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

18.975% (31 December 2010 est.) 21.033% (31 December 2009 est.) domestic currency lending rate

Current account balance

-$2.315 billion (2010 est.) $210.6 million (2009 est.)

Debt - external

$42.27 billion (30 June 2011 est.) $34.25 billion (31 December 2010 est.) public debt component of total: $20.6 billion (31 December 2009)

public debt component of total

$20.6 billion (31 December 2009)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

48 (2009) 46.2 (1996)

Economy - overview

Peru's economy reflects its varied geography - an arid coastal region, the Andes further inland, and tropical lands bordering Colombia and Brazil. Abundant mineral resources are found in the mountainous areas, and Peru's coastal waters provide excellent fishing grounds. The Peruvian economy grew by almost 6% per year during the period 2002-06, with a stable exchange rate and low inflation. Growth jumped to nearly 9% per year in 2007 and 10% in 2008, driven by private investment and government spending, but then fell to less than 1% in 2009 in the face of the world recession, a sharp fall of private investment, and a substantial increase in counter-cyclical government spending. Growth resumed in 2010 at above 8%, due partly to a leap in private investment and continued high government spending. Peru's rapid expansion coupled with the government's conditional cash transfers and other programs have helped to reduce the national poverty rate by over 19 percentage points since 2002, though underemployment remains high. Inflation in 2010 was within the Central Bank's 1%-3% target range. Despite Peru's strong macroeconomic performance, dependence on minerals and metals exports and imported foodstuffs subjects the economy to fluctuations in world prices. Poor infrastructure hinders the spread of growth to Peru's non-coastal areas. A growing number of Peruvians are sharing in the benefits of growth but despite President GARCIA's pursuit of sound trade and macroeconomic policies, inequality persists. Nevertheless, he remains committed to Peru's free-trade path. Since 2006, Peru has signed trade deals with the United States, Canada, Singapore, China, Korea, and Japan, concluded negotiations with the European Free Trade Association (EFTA) and Chile, and begun trade talks with Central American countries and others. The US-Peru Trade Promotion Agreement (PTPA) entered into force 1 February 2009, opening the way to greater trade and investment between the two economies. Rising world prices of foodstuffs and fuel, coupled with strong domestic demand, are immediate concerns for 2011. Peru has continued to attract foreign investment. However, political disputes may impede development of some projects related to natural resource extraction.

Electricity - consumption

31.74 billion kWh (2009 est.)

Electricity - exports

111.9 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

0 kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

35.79 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Exchange rates

nuevo sol (PEN) per US dollar - 2.8178 (2010) 3.0115 (2009) 2.91 (2008) 3.1731 (2007) 3.2742 (2006)

Exports

$35.56 billion (2010 est.) $26.96 billion (2009 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, gold, zinc, tin, iron ore, molybdenum; crude petroleum and petroleum products, natural gas; coffee, potatoes, asparagus and other vegetables, fruit, apparel and textiles, fishmeal

Exports - partners

China 18.4%, US 16.1%, Canada 11.7%, Japan 6.6%, Germany 4.5%, Spain 4% (2010)

GDP - composition by sector

10% 35% 55% (2010 est.)

agriculture

10%

industry

35%

services

55% (2010 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$9,200 (2010 est.) $8,600 (2009 est.) $8,600 (2008 est.) data are in 2010 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

8.8% (2010 est.) 0.9% (2009 est.) 9.8% (2008 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$152.8 billion (2010 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$275.7 billion (2010 est.) $253.4 billion (2009 est.) $251.3 billion (2008 est.) data are in 2010 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

1.4% 35.9% (2009)

highest 10%

35.9% (2009)

lowest 10%

1.4%

Imports

$28.82 billion (2010 est.) $21.01 billion (2009 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum and petroleum products, chemicals, plastics, machinery, vehicles, color TV sets, power shovels, front-end loaders, telephones and telecommunication equipment, iron and steel, wheat, corn, soybean products, paper, cotton, vaccines and medicines

Imports - partners

US 24.7%, China 13%, Brazil 7.4%, Ecuador 4.7%, Chile 4.3%, Colombia 4.2% (2010)

Industrial production growth rate

13.6% (2010 est.)

Industries

mining and refining of minerals; steel, metal fabrication; petroleum extraction and refining, natural gas and natural gas liquefaction; fishing and fish processing, cement, textiles, clothing, food processing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.5% (2010 est.) 2.9% (2009 est.) data are for metropolitan Lima

Investment (gross fixed)

25.1% of GDP (2010 est.)

Labor force

10.58 million (2010 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

0.7% 23.8% 75.5% (2005)

agriculture

0.7%

industry

23.8%

services

75.5% (2005)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$160.9 billion (31 December 2010) $107.3 billion (31 December 2009) $57.2 billion (31 December 2008)

Natural gas - consumption

3.65 billion cu m (2010)

Natural gas - exports

3.59 billion cu m in 2010 Peru became a net exporter of LNG (2010 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2010)

Natural gas - production

7.24 billion cu m (2010)

Natural gas - proved reserves

345.5 billion cu m (1 January 2011 est.)

Oil - consumption

189,000 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil - exports

73,280 bbl/day (2009 est.)

Oil - imports

88,080 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil - production

158,300 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Oil - proved reserves

532.7 million bbl (1 January 2011 est.)

Population below poverty line

34.8% (2009)

Public debt

23.9% of GDP (2010 est.) 27.3% of GDP (2009 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$44.21 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $33.23 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of broad money

$56.76 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $45.41 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$2.095 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $1.88 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$44.24 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $36.91 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$44.2 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $36.97 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$21.69 billion (31 December 2010 est.) $17.48 billion (31 December 2009 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

29.1% of GDP (2010 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.6% (2010 est.) 8.9% (2009 est.) data are for metropolitan Lima; widespread underemployment

Broadcast media

10 major television networks of which only one, Television Nacional de Peru, is state-owned; multi-channel cable TV services are available; in excess of 2,000 radio stations including a substantial number of indigenous language stations (2010)

Internet country code

.pe

Internet hosts

268,225 (2010)

Internet users

9.158 million (2009)

Telephone system

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations fixed-line teledensity is only about 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, has increased to roughly 85 telephones per 100 persons country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2009)

domestic

fixed-line teledensity is only about 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular teledensity, spurred by competition among multiple providers, has increased to roughly 85 telephones per 100 persons

general assessment

adequate for most requirements; nationwide microwave radio relay system and a domestic satellite system with 12 earth stations

international

country code - 51; the South America-1 (SAM-1) and Pan American (PAN-AM) submarine cable systems provide links to parts of Central and South America, the Caribbean, and US; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2009)

Telephones - main lines in use

3.16 million (2010)

Telephones - mobile cellular

29.115 million (2010)

Airports

211 (2010)

Airports - with paved runways

4 (2010)

1,524 to 2,437 m

15

2,438 to 3,047 m

20

914 to 1,523 m

13

over 3,047 m

6

total

58

under 914 m

4 (2010)

Airports - with unpaved runways

87 (2010)

1,524 to 2,437 m

24

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

40

total

153

under 914 m

87 (2010)

Heliports

1 (2010)

Merchant marine

cargo 2, chemical tanker 2, liquefied gas 2, petroleum tanker 7 1 (Bahamas 1) 13 (Belize 1, Panama 12) (2010)

foreign-owned

1 (Bahamas 1)

registered in other countries

13 (Belize 1, Panama 12) (2010)

total

13

Pipelines

extra heavy crude 533 km; gas 1,526 km; liquid petroleum gas 679 km; oil 1,033 km; refined products 15 km (2010)

Ports and terminals

Callao, Iquitos, Matarani, Paita, Pucallpa, Yurimaguas; note - Iquitos, Pucallpa, and Yurimaguas are on the upper reaches of the Amazon and its tributaries Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

oil terminals

Conchan oil terminal, La Pampilla oil terminal

Railways

2,020 km 1,886 km 1.435-m gauge 134 km 0.914-m gauge (2010)

narrow gauge

134 km 0.914-m gauge (2010)

total

2,020 km

Roadways

102,887 km includes 23,838 km of national roads, 19,049 km of departmental roads, and 60,000 km of local roads (2007)

total

102,887 km

Waterways

8,808 km (there are 8,600 km of navigable tributaries on the Amazon system and 208 km on Lago Titicaca) (2010)

Manpower available for military service

7,385,588 7,727,623 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

7,727,623 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

7,385,588

Manpower fit for military service

5,788,629 6,565,097 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

6,565,097 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

5,788,629

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

304,094 298,447 (2010 est.)

female

298,447 (2010 est.)

male

304,094

Military branches

Army (Ejercito Peruano), Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru, MGP (includes naval air, naval infantry, and Coast Guard)), Air Force of Peru (Fuerza Aerea del Peru, FAP) (2011)

Military expenditures

1.5% of GDP (2006)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 years of age for voluntary male and female military service; no conscription (2008)

Disputes - international

Chile and Ecuador rejected Peru's November 2005 unilateral legislation to shift the axis of their joint treaty-defined maritime boundaries along the parallels of latitude to equidistance lines which favor Peru; organized illegal narcotics operations in Colombia have penetrated Peru's shared border; Peru rejects Bolivia's claim to restore maritime access through a sovereign corridor through Chile along the Peruvian border

Illicit drugs

until 1996 the world's largest coca leaf producer, Peru is now the world's second largest producer of coca leaf, though it lags far behind Colombia; cultivation of coca in Peru was estimated at 40,000 hectares in 2009, a slight decrease over 2008; second largest producer of cocaine, estimated at 225 metric tons of potential pure cocaine in 2009; finished cocaine is shipped out from Pacific ports to the international drug market; increasing amounts of base and finished cocaine, however, are being moved to Brazil, Chile, Argentina, and Bolivia for use in the Southern Cone or transshipment to Europe and Africa; increasing domestic drug consumption (2011)

Refugees and internally displaced persons

60,000-150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2007)

IDPs

60,000-150,000 (civil war from 1980-2000; most IDPs are indigenous peasants in Andean and Amazonian regions) (2007)