1987 Edition

Boundary disputes

Ecuador (two areas)

Climate

varies from tropical in east to dry desert in west

Coastline

2,414 km

Comparative area

about five-sixths the size of Alaska

Continental shelf

200 nm

Environment

subject to earthquakes, tsunamis, landslides, mild volcanic activity; deforestation; overgrazing; soil erosion; desertification

Land boundaries

6,131 km total

Land use

3% arable land; NEGL% permanent crops; 21% meadows and pastures; 55% forest and woodland; 21% other; includes 1% irrigated

Special notes

shares control of Lago Titicaca, world’s highest navigable lake, with Bolivia

Terrain

western coastal plain (costa), high and rugged Andes in center (sierra), eastern lowland jungle of Amazon Basin (selva)

Territorial sea

200 nm

Total area

500 km South Pacific Ocean Lago Titicaca Boundary representation 18 not necessarily authoritative

1,285,220 km?; land area: 1,280,000 km?

Ethnic divisions

45% Indian; 37% mestizo (white-Indian); 15% white; 8% black, Japanese, Chinese, and other

Infant mortality rate

80/1,000 (1985)

Labor force

5.6 million; 44% government and other services, 38% agriculture, 18% industry; unemployment 10.9%; underemployment 57.4% (1984)

Language

Spanish and Quechua (official), Aymara

Life expectancy

60.2

Literacy

est. 80%

Nationality

noun—Peruvian(s); adjective—Peruvian Peru (continued)

Organized labor

about 40% of salaried workers (1983 est.)

Population

20,739,218 (July 1987), average annual growth rate 2.54%

Religion

predominantly Roman Catholic

Administrative divisions

24 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao

Branches

executive, judicial, bicameral legislature (Senate, Chamber of Deputies)

Capital

Lima

Communists

Peruvian Communist PartyUnity (PCP-U), pro-Soviet, 2,000; other minor Communist parties

Elections

elections for president and congress held every five years; last election for president and congress held 14 April 1985; current government inaugurated 28 July 1985 Political parties and leaders: American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Alan Garcia; United Left (IU), Alfonso Barrantes; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belatnde Terry

Government leaders

Alan GARCIA Pérez, President (since July 1985); Luis ALVA Castro, Prime Minister (since July 1985)

Legal system

based on civil law system; 1979 constitution reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

Andean Pact, AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDB—Inter-American Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, 1LO, INTERPOL, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAIA, NAM, OAS, PAHO, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 July

Official name

Republic of Peru

Suffrage

universal over age 18

Type

republic

Voting strength

(1985 presidential election) 48% APRA, 23% 1U, 14% PPC, 5% AP

Agriculture

main crops—wheat, potatoes, beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports—wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; an illegal producer of coca for the international drug trade

Budget

revenues, $3.3 billion; expenditures, $3.9 billion (1985)

Electric power

3,964,000 kW capacity; 13,700 million kWh produced, 680 kWh per capita (1986)

Exports

$2.4 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.); fishmeal, cotton, sugar, coffee, copper, iron ore, refined silver, lead, zinc, crude petroJeum and byproducts

Fiscal year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 4.1 million metric tons (1985); exports—oil, $7 million; edible products, $98 million; fishmeal, $118 million (1985)

GNP

$19 billion, $970 per capita (1985); 68% private consumption, 11% public consumption, 12.5% gross investment; 8.5% net foreign balance (1983); real growth rate, 1.6% (1985)

Imports

$2.2 billion (f.0.b., 1986 est.); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, pharmaceuticals

Major industries

mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication

Major trade partners

exports—36% US, 23% EC, 11% Latin America, 10% Japan, 4% UK; imports—25% US, 20% Latin America, 19% EC, 7% Japan, 6% FRG (1985)

Monetary conversion rate

13.95 intis=US$1 (December 1986)

Natural resources

minerals, metals, petroleum, forests, fish

Airfields

241 total, 225 usable; 33 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 23 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,4389 m

Civil air

27 major transport aircraft

Highways

56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon River system and 208 km Lago Titicaca

Pipelines

crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km

Ports

7 major, 25 minor

Railroads

1,876 km total; 1,576 km 1.435meter standard gauge, 300 km 0.914-meter gauge

Telecommunications

fairly adequate for most requirements; nationwide radio-relay system; 2 Atlantic Ocean satellite stations, 12 domestic antennas; 544,000 telephones (2.9 per 100 popl.); 241 AM, 175 shortwave, 136 TV stations

Branches

Peruvian Army (Ejercito Peruano), Peruvian Navy (Marina de Guerra del Peru), Peruvian Air Force (Fuerza Aerea del Peru)

Military manpower

males 15-49, 5,082,000; 3,441,000 fit for military service; 223,000 reach military age (20) annually