1981 Edition

Area

1,284,640 km2 (other estimates range as low as 1,248,380 km2); 2% cropland, 14% meadows and pastures, 55% forested, 29% urban, waste, other

300,440 km2; 53% forested, 30% arable land, 5% permanent pasture, 12% other

Coastline

2,414 km

about 22,540 km

Fiscal year

calendar year

Land boundaries

6,131 km

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

200 nm

0-300 nm (under an archipelago theory, waters within straight lines joining appropriate points of outermost islands are considered internal waters; waters between these baselines and the limits described in the Treaty of Paris, 10 December 1898, the US-Spain Treaty of 7 November 1900, and the US-UK Treaty of 2 January 1930 are considered to be the territorial sea); fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm

Monetary conversion rate

88.65 soles=US$l (1980); floats against US dollar

Ethnic divisions

46% Indian; 38% mestizo (whiteIndian); 15% white; 1% Negro, Japanese, Chinese

91.5% Christian Malay, 4% Muslim Malay, 1.5% Chinese, 3% other

Labor force

5.3 million (1978); 42% agriculture, 20% services, 13% industry, 14% trade, 4% construction, 4% transportation, 1% mining, 2% other

18.5 million (1981); 47.3% agriculture, 12.2% manufacturing, 12.2% commerce, 17.6% services, 3.5% transportation, 4.6% construction

Language

Spanish, Quechua, Aymara

Tagalog (renamed Filipino) is the national language of the Philippine Republic; English is the language of school instruction and government business

Literacy

45% to 50%

about 83%

Nationality

noun — Peruvian(s); adjective — Peruvian

noun — Filipino(s); adjective — Philippine

Organized labor

25% of labor force (1978)

Population

18,631,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.8%

51,574,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.5%

Religion

predominantly Roman Catholic

83% Roman Catholic, 10% Protestant, 4% Muslim, 3% Buddhist and other

Branches

executive, judicial, legislative

new constitution provides for unicameral National Assembly, and a strong executive branch under President and Prime Minister; judicial branch headed by Supreme Court with descending authority in a three-tiered system of local, regional trial, and intermediate appellate courts

Capital

Lima

Manila

Communists

pro-Soviet (PCP/S) 2,000; pro-Chinese (2 factions) 1,200

about 5,000 armed insurgents; not recognized as legal party

Elections

elections for a civilian government were held on 18 May 1980, with the new government installed on 28 July 1980 Political parties and leaders: Popular Action Party (AP), Fernando Belaunde Terry; American Popular Revolutionary Alliance (APRA), Fernando Leon de Vivero; Popular Christian Party (PPC), Luis Bedoya Reyes; United Left (IU), Alfonso Barrantes Voting strength (1980 presidential election): 45% AP, 27% APRA, 10% PPC

Interim National Assembly serves as interim government pending regular elections scheduled for 1984 Political parties and leaders: national parties are Marcos's New Society Party (KBL), the Liberals, Nationalistas, and Laban; prominent regional parties include the Mindanao Alliance and the Pusyon Bisaya

Government leader

President Fernando BELAUNDE Terry

President Ferdinand MARCOS

Legal system

based on civil law system; 1979 constitution reestablished civilian government with a popularly elected president and bicameral legislature; legal education at the National Universities in Lima, Trujillo, Arequipa, and Cuzco; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Spanish, Islamic, and AngloAmerican law; parliamentary constitution passed 1973; PHILIPPINES (Continued) constitution amended in 1981 to provide for French-style mixed presidential-parliamentary system; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of the Philippines, Ateneo de Manila University, and 71 other law schools; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; martial law lifted in January 1981

Member of

AIOEC, ASSIMER, CIPEC, FAO, G-77, GATT, IADB, IAEA, IATP, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, LAFTA and Andean Pact, NAM, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WSG, WTO

ADB, ASEAN, ASPAC, Colombo Plan, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMCO, IMF, IPU, ISO, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

National holiday

Independence Day, 28 July

Independence Day, 12 June

Official name

Republic of Peru

Republic of the Philippines

Political subdivisions

23 departments with limited autonomy plus constitutional Province of Callao

72 provinces

Suffrage

obligatory for literate citizens (defined as adult men and women and married persons over age 18) until age

universal over age 18

Type

republic; under civilian government since July 1980

republic

Agriculture

main crops — wheat, potatoes, beans, rice, barley, coffee, cotton, sugarcane; imports — wheat, meat, lard and oils, rice, corn; caloric intake, 2,274 calories per day per capita (1977)

main crops — rice, corn, coconut, sugarcane, bananas, abaca, tobacco

Budget

1979— $2.8 billion in revenues, $3.0 billion in expenditures

(1980) revenues $5.06 billion, expenditures $6.17 billion (capital expenditures $2.21 billion), deficit $1.11 billion

Electric power

3,000,000 kW capacity (1981); 13.2 billion kWh produced (1981), 725 kWh per capita

4,980,000 kW capacity (1980); 18.924 billion kWh produced (1980), 382 kWh per capita

Exports

$3.3 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); copper, fish and fish products, copper, silver, iron, cotton, sugar, lead, zinc, petroleum, coffee

$5.8 billion (f.o.b., 1980); coconut products, sugar, logs and lumber, copper concentrates, bananas, garments, nickel, electrical components, gold

Fiscal year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 3.431 million metric tons (1979 prelim.); exports (meal, oil, other products) $331 million (1979)

catch 1.6 million metric tons (1978)

GNP

$16.8 billion (1980 est), $944 per capita; 66% private consumption, 10% public consumption, 14% gross investment; 10% net foreign balance (1979); real growth rate (1981), 3%

$35.1 billion (1980), $720 per capita; 5.4% real growth, 1980

Imports

$3.8 million (f.o.b., 1981 est.); foodstuffs, machinery, transport equipment, iron and steel semimanufactures, chemicals, Pharmaceuticals

$7.7 billion (f.o.b., 1980); petroleum, industrial equipment, wheat

Major industries

mining of metals, petroleum, fishing, textiles and clothing, food processing, cement, auto assembly, steel, shipbuilding, metal fabrication

mining, agricultural processing, textiles, steel processing,chemical products

Major trade partners

exports — 32% US, 8% Latin America, 15% EC, 13% Japan (1979); imports— 37% US, 34% EC, 11% Latin America, 7% Japan (1979)

(1980) exports— 33% US, 33% Japan; imports— 22% Japan, 26% US

Monetary conversion rate

8.2 pesos=US$l (September 1981)

Airfields

301 total, 291 usable; 27 with permanentsurface runways; 2 with runways over 3,659 m, 21 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 47 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

346 total, 316 usable; 62 with permanentsurface runways; 8 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 42 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

26 major transport aircraft

approximately 80 major transport aircraft

Highways

56,645 km total; 6,030 km paved, 11,865 km gravel, 14,610 km improved earth, 24,140 km unimproved earth

152,800 km total (1980); 20,000 km paved; 80,700 km gravel, crushed stone, or stabilized soil surface; 52,000 km unimproved earth

Inland waterways

8,600 km of navigable tributaries of Amazon River system and 208 km Lake Titicaca

3,219 km; limited to shallow-draft (less than 1.5 m) vessels

Military manpower

males 15-49, 4,363,000; 2,955,000 fit for military service; 173,000 reach military age (20) annually CSee reference map IX)

males 15-49, 12,619,000; 8,948,000 fit for military service; about 555,000 reach military age (20) annually

Pipelines

crude oil, 800 km; natural gas and natural gas liquids, 64 km

refined products, 357 km

Ports

7 major, 20 minor

18 major, numerous minor

Railroads

2,192 km total; 1,775 km standard gauge (1.435 m), 46 km 0.60-meter gauge, 371 km 0.914-meter gauge

3,510 km total (1980); 2 common-carrier systems 1.067-meter gauge totaling about 1,177 km (360 km inoperable); 19 industrial systems with 4 different gauges totaling 2,333 km; 34% government owned

Supply

limited small arms and small arms ammunition, small patrol craft production; licensed assembly of transport aircraft; most other materiel obtained from US; naval ships and equipment from Australia, Japan, Italy, Singapore, US, and Italy; aircraft and helicopters from West Germany and US

Telecommunications

fairly adequate for most requirements; new nationwide radio-relay system; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station, 7 domestic antennas; 457,000 telephones (2.7 per 100 popl.); 200 AM, 7 FM, and 63 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES

good international radio and submarine cable services; domestic and interisland service adequate; 519,642 telephones (1.2 per 100 pop!.); 273 AM stations, including 6 US; and 6 FM stations; 24 TV stations, including 4 US; submarine cables extended to Hong Kong, Guam, Singapore, and Japan; tropospheric-scatter link to Taiwan; 1 ground satellite station; domestic satellite network under construction DEFENSE FORCES