2016 Edition

Background

The Indus Valley civilization, one of the oldest in the world and dating back at least 5,000 years, spread over much of what is presently Pakistan. During the second millennium B.C., remnants of this culture fused with the migrating Indo-Aryan peoples. The area underwent successive invasions in subsequent centuries from the Persians, Greeks, Scythians, Arabs (who brought Islam), Afghans, and Turks. The Mughal Empire flourished in the 16th and 17th centuries; the British came to dominate the region in the 18th century. The separation in 1947 of British India into the Muslim state of Pakistan (with West and East sections) and largely Hindu India was never satisfactorily resolved, and India and Pakistan fought two wars and a limited conflict - in 1947-48, 1965, and 1999 respectively - over the disputed Kashmir territory. A third war between these countries in 1971 - in which India capitalized on Islamabad's marginalization of Bengalis in Pakistani politics - resulted in East Pakistan becoming the separate nation of Bangladesh. In response to Indian nuclear weapons testing, Pakistan conducted its own tests in mid-1998. India-Pakistan relations improved in the mid-2000s but have been rocky since the November 2008 Mumbai attacks and have been further strained by attacks in India by militants suspected of being backed by Pakistan. Nawaz SHARIF took office as prime minister in 2013, marking the first time in Pakistani history that a democratically elected government completed a full term and transitioned to a successive democratically elected government. Following a series of bomb and suicide attacks by the Tehrik-e Pakistan Taliban (TTP) begun in 2007, the Pakistan Government and TTP representatives agreed to a cease-fire in early 2014. However, by mid-year 2014 the talks collapsed and the TTP resumed attack plotting against Pakistani targets.

Area

796,095 sq km 770,875 sq km 25,220 sq km

land

770,875 sq km

total

796,095 sq km

water

25,220 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly more than five times the size of Georgia; slightly less than twice the size of California

Climate

mostly hot, dry desert; temperate in northwest; arctic in north

Coastline

1,046 km

Elevation

900 m lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m highest point: K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

elevation extremes

lowest point: Indian Ocean 0 m

highest point

K2 (Mt. Godwin-Austen) 8,611 m

mean elevation

900 m

Environment - current issues

water pollution from raw sewage, industrial wastes, and agricultural runoff; limited natural freshwater resources; most of the population does not have access to potable water; deforestation; soil erosion; desertification

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands Marine Life Conservation

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

Marine Life Conservation

Geographic coordinates

30 00 N, 70 00 E

Geography - note

controls Khyber Pass and Bolan Pass, traditional invasion routes between Central Asia and the Indian Subcontinent

Irrigated land

202,000 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

7,257 km Afghanistan 2,670 km, China 438 km, India 3,190 km, Iran 959 km

border countries (4)

Afghanistan 2,670 km, China 438 km, India 3,190 km, Iran 959 km

total

7,257 km

Land use

35.2% arable land 27.6%; permanent crops 1.1%; permanent pasture 6.5% 2.1% 62.7% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

35.2%

forest

2.1%

other

62.7% (2011 est.)

Location

Southern Asia, bordering the Arabian Sea, between India on the east and Iran and Afghanistan on the west and China in the north

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200 nm or to the edge of the continental margin

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

frequent earthquakes, occasionally severe especially in north and west; flooding along the Indus after heavy rains (July and August)

Natural resources

arable land, extensive natural gas reserves, limited petroleum, poor quality coal, iron ore, copper, salt, limestone

Population - distribution

the Indus River and its tributaries attract most of the settlement, with Punjab province the most densely populated

Terrain

divided into three major geographic areas: the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west

divided into three major geographic areas

the northern highlands, the Indus River plain in the center and east, and the Balochistan Plateau in the south and west

Age structure

31.99% (male 33,195,073/female 31,429,440) 21.31% (male 22,194,064/female 20,845,816) 36.87% (male 38,680,978/female 35,794,333) 5.43% (male 5,498,126/female 5,463,453) 4.4% (male 4,139,899/female 4,754,358) (2016 est.)

0-14 years

31.99% (male 33,195,073/female 31,429,440)

15-24 years

21.31% (male 22,194,064/female 20,845,816)

25-54 years

36.87% (male 38,680,978/female 35,794,333)

55-64 years

5.43% (male 5,498,126/female 5,463,453)

65 years and over

4.4% (male 4,139,899/female 4,754,358) (2016 est.)

Birth rate

22.3 births/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

31.6% (2013)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

35.4% (2012/13)

Death rate

6.4 deaths/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Dependency ratios

65.3% 57.9% 7.4% 13.5% (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

7.4%

potential support ratio

13.5% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

65.3%

youth dependency ratio

57.9%

Drinking water source

urban: 93.9% of population rural: 89.9% of population total: 91.4% of population urban: 6.1% of population rural: 10.1% of population total: 8.6% of population (2015 est.)

rural

10.1% of population

total

8.6% of population (2015 est.)

urban

6.1% of population

Education expenditures

2.5% of GDP (2014)

Ethnic groups

Punjabi 44.68%, Pashtun (Pathan) 15.42%, Sindhi 14.1%, Sariaki 8.38%, Muhajirs 7.57%, Balochi 3.57%, other 6.28%

Health expenditures

2.6% of GDP (2014)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.09% (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

3,600 (2015 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

102,000 (2015 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.6 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

53.9 deaths/1,000 live births 57 deaths/1,000 live births 50.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

female

50.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2016 est.)

male

57 deaths/1,000 live births

total

53.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Punjabi 48%, Sindhi 12%, Saraiki (a Punjabi variant) 10%, Pashto (alternate name, Pashtu) 8%, Urdu (official) 8%, Balochi 3%, Hindko 2%, Brahui 1%, English (official; lingua franca of Pakistani elite and most government ministries), Burushaski, and other 8%

Life expectancy at birth

67.7 years 65.8 years 69.8 years (2016 est.)

female

69.8 years (2016 est.)

male

65.8 years

total population

67.7 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 57.9% 69.5% 45.8% (2015 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

45.8% (2015 est.)

male

69.5%

total population

57.9%

Major infectious diseases

high bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever dengue fever and malaria rabies (2016)

animal contact disease

rabies (2016)

degree of risk

high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A and E, and typhoid fever

vectorborne diseases

dengue fever and malaria

Major urban areas - population

Karachi 16.618 million; Lahore 8.741 million; Faisalabad 3.567 million; Rawalpindi 2.506 million; Multan 1.921 million; ISLAMABAD (capital) 1.365 million (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

178 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

23.4 years 23.3 years 23.4 years (2016 est.)

female

23.4 years (2016 est.)

male

23.3 years

total

23.4 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

23.4 median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012/13 est.)

note

median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2012/13 est.)

Nationality

Pakistani(s) Pakistani

adjective

Pakistani

noun

Pakistani(s)

Net migration rate

-1.4 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2016 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

4.8% (2014)

Physicians density

0.83 physicians/1,000 population (2010)

Population

201,995,540 (July 2016 est.)

Population distribution

the Indus River and its tributaries attract most of the settlement, with Punjab province the most densely populated

Population growth rate

1.45% (2016 est.)

Religions

Muslim (official) 96.4% (Sunni 85-90%, Shia 10-15%), other (includes Christian and Hindu) 3.6% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 83.1% of population rural: 51.1% of population total: 63.5% of population urban: 16.9% of population rural: 48.9% of population total: 36.5% of population (2015 est.)

rural

48.9% of population

total

36.5% of population (2015 est.)

urban

16.9% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

8 years 9 years 7 years (2014)

female

7 years (2014)

male

9 years

total

8 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female 1.08 male(s)/female 1.01 male(s)/female 0.88 male(s)/female 1.06 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

0-14 years

1.06 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.06 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.08 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.01 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.88 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1.06 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.68 children born/woman (2016 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

10.4% 9.4% 12.9% (2014 est.)

female

12.9% (2014 est.)

male

9.4%

total

10.4%

Urbanization

38.8% of total population (2015) 2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

38.8% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

4 provinces, 1 territory*, and 1 capital territory**; Balochistan, Federally Administered Tribal Areas*, Islamabad Capital Territory**, Khyber Pakhtunkhwa (formerly North-West Frontier Province), Punjab, Sindh the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of 2 administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan

note

the Pakistani-administered portion of the disputed Jammu and Kashmir region consists of 2 administrative entities: Azad Kashmir and Gilgit-Baltistan

Capital

Islamabad 33 41 N, 73 03 E UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

33 41 N, 73 03 E

name

Islamabad

time difference

UTC+5 (10 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

yes at least one parent must be a citizen of Pakistan yes, but limited to select countries 4 out of the previous 7 years and including the 12 months preceding application

citizenship by birth

yes

citizenship by descent

at least one parent must be a citizen of Pakistan

dual citizenship recognized

yes, but limited to select countries

residency requirement for naturalization

4 out of the previous 7 years and including the 12 months preceding application

Constitution

several previous; latest endorsed 12 April 1973, passed 19 April 1973, entered into force 14 August 1973 (suspended and restored several times); amended many times, last in 2015 (2016)

Country name

Islamic Republic of Pakistan Pakistan Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan Pakistan West Pakistan the word "pak" means "pure" in Persian or Pashto, while the Persian suffix "-stan" means "place of" or "country," so the word Pakistan literally means "Land of the pure"

conventional long form

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

conventional short form

Pakistan

etymology

the word "pak" means "pure" in Persian or Pashto, while the Persian suffix "-stan" means "place of" or "country," so the word Pakistan literally means "Land of the pure"

former

West Pakistan

local long form

Jamhuryat Islami Pakistan

local short form

Pakistan

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador David M. HALE (since 3 December 2015) Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad 8100 Islamabad Place, Washington, DC 20521-8100 [92] (51) 208-0000/[92] (51) 201-4000 [92] (51) 233-8071 Karachi Lahore, Peshawar

chief of mission

Ambassador David M. HALE (since 3 December 2015)

consulate(s)

Lahore, Peshawar

consulate(s) general

Karachi

embassy

Diplomatic Enclave, Ramna 5, Islamabad

FAX

[92] (51) 233-8071

mailing address

8100 Islamabad Place, Washington, DC 20521-8100

telephone

[92] (51) 208-0000/[92] (51) 201-4000

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Jalil Abbas JILANI (since 10 March 2014) 3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008 [1] (202) 243-6500 [1] (202) 686-1544 Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York Louisville (KY), San Francisco

chancery

3517 International Court, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Jalil Abbas JILANI (since 10 March 2014)

consulate(s)

Louisville (KY), San Francisco

consulate(s) general

Chicago, Houston, Los Angeles, New York

FAX

[1] (202) 686-1544

telephone

[1] (202) 243-6500

Executive branch

President Mamnoon HUSSAIN (since 9 September 2013) Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF (since 5 June 2013) Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister president indirectly elected by the Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies for a 5-year term (eligible for reelection); election last held on 9 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister selected by the National Assembly Mamnoon HUSSAIN elected president; Mamnoon HUSSAIN (PML-N) 432 votes, Wajihuddin AHMED (PTI) 77 votes

cabinet

Cabinet appointed by the president upon the advice of the prime minister

chief of state

President Mamnoon HUSSAIN (since 9 September 2013)

election results

Mamnoon HUSSAIN elected president; Mamnoon HUSSAIN (PML-N) 432 votes, Wajihuddin AHMED (PTI) 77 votes

elections/appointments

president indirectly elected by the Electoral College consisting of members of the Senate, National Assembly, and provincial assemblies for a 5-year term (eligible for reelection); election last held on 9 September 2013 (next to be held in 2018); prime minister selected by the National Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Mohammad Nawaz SHARIF (since 5 June 2013)

Flag description

green with a vertical white band (symbolizing the role of religious minorities) on the hoist side; a large white crescent and star are centered in the green field; the crescent, star, and color green are traditional symbols of Islam

Government type

federal parliamentary republic

Independence

14 August 1947 (from British India)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, ASEAN (dialogue partner), C, CICA, CP, D-8, ECO, FAO, G-11, G-24, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OPCW, PCA, SAARC, SACEP, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNMIL, UNOCI, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WFTU (NGOs), WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court of Pakistan (consists of the chief justice and 16 judges) justices nominated by an 8-member parliamentary committee upon the recommendation of the Judicial Commission (a 9-member body of judges and other judicial professionals), and appointed by the president of Pakistan; justices can serve until age 65 High Courts; Federal Shariat Court; provincial and district civil and criminal courts; specialized courts for issues such as taxation, banking, customs, etc.

highest court(s)

Supreme Court of Pakistan (consists of the chief justice and 16 judges)

judge selection and term of office

justices nominated by an 8-member parliamentary committee upon the recommendation of the Judicial Commission (a 9-member body of judges and other judicial professionals), and appointed by the president of Pakistan; justices can serve until age 65

subordinate courts

High Courts; Federal Shariat Court; provincial and district civil and criminal courts; specialized courts for issues such as taxation, banking, customs, etc.

Legal system

common law system with Islamic law influence

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (104 seats; members indirectly elected by the 4 provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 70 members - 60 women and 10 non-Muslims - directly elected by proportional representation vote; all members serve 5-year terms) Senate - last held on 5 March 2015 (next to be held in March 2018); National Assembly - last held on 11 May 2013 (next to be held by 2018) Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27, PML-N 26, MQM 8, ANP 6, PTI 7, JUI-F 5, PML-Q 4, BNP-A 2, NP 1, PML-F 1, other 7, independent 10; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML-N 126, PPPP 31, PTI 28, MQM 18, JUI-F 10, PML-F 5, other 22, independent 25, unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; seats by party as of July 2016 (includes women and non-Muslim seats) - PML-N 188, PPPP 46, PTI 33, MQM 24, JUI-F 13, PML-F 5, other 21, independent 12

description

bicameral Parliament or Majlis-e-Shoora consists of the Senate (104 seats; members indirectly elected by the 4 provincial assemblies and the territories' representatives by proportional representation vote; members serve 6-year terms with one-half of the membership renewed every 3 years) and the National Assembly (342 seats; 272 members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 70 members - 60 women and 10 non-Muslims - directly elected by proportional representation vote; all members serve 5-year terms)

election results

Senate - percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - PPPP 27, PML-N 26, MQM 8, ANP 6, PTI 7, JUI-F 5, PML-Q 4, BNP-A 2, NP 1, PML-F 1, other 7, independent 10; National Assembly - percent of votes by party - NA; seats by party - PML-N 126, PPPP 31, PTI 28, MQM 18, JUI-F 10, PML-F 5, other 22, independent 25, unfilled seats 7; 60 seats reserved for women, 10 seats reserved for non-Muslims; seats by party as of July 2016 (includes women and non-Muslim seats) - PML-N 188, PPPP 46, PTI 33, MQM 24, JUI-F 13, PML-F 5, other 21, independent 12

elections

Senate - last held on 5 March 2015 (next to be held in March 2018); National Assembly - last held on 11 May 2013 (next to be held by 2018)

National anthem

"Qaumi Tarana" (National Anthem) Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez JULLANDHURI/Ahmed Ghulamali CHAGLA adopted 1954; also known as "Pak sarzamin shad bad" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)

lyrics/music

Abu-Al-Asar Hafeez JULLANDHURI/Ahmed Ghulamali CHAGLA

name

"Qaumi Tarana" (National Anthem)

note

adopted 1954; also known as "Pak sarzamin shad bad" (Blessed Be the Sacred Land)

National holiday

Pakistan Day (also referred to as Pakistan Resolution Day or Republic Day), 23 March (1940); note - commemorates both the adoption of the Lahore Resolution by the All-India Muslim League during its 22-24 March 1940 session, which called for the creation of independent Muslim states, and the adoption of the first constitution of Pakistan on 23 March 1956 during the transition to the Islamic Republic of Pakistan

National symbol(s)

star and crescent, jasmine; national colors: green, white

star and crescent, jasmine; national colors

green, white

Political parties and leaders

Awami National Party or ANP [Mian Iftikhar HUSSAIN] Balochistan National Party-Awami or BNP-A [Mir Israr Ullah ZEHRI] Balochistan National Party-Mengal or BNP-M [Sardar Akhtar Jan MENGAL] Jamaat-i Islami or JI [Sirajul HAQ] Jamiat-i Ulema-i Islam Fazl-ur Rehman or JUI-F [Fazlur REHMAN] Muttahida Qaumi Movement or MQM [Altaf HUSSAIN] Pakhtun khwa Milli Awami Party or PkMAP [Mahmood Khan ACHAKZAI] Pakistan Muslim League-Functional or PML-F [Pir PAGARO or Syed Shah Mardan SHAH-II] Pakistan Muslim League-Nawaz or PML-N [Nawaz SHARIF] Pakistan Peoples Party Parliamentarians or PPPP [Bilawal Bhutto ZARDARI and Asif Ali ZARDARI] Pakistan Tehrik-e Insaaf or PTI [Imran KHAN] Quami Watan Party or QWP [Aftab Ahmed Khan SHERPAO] political alliances in Pakistan shift frequently

note

political alliances in Pakistan shift frequently

Political pressure groups and leaders

military; ulema (clergy); landowners; industrialists; small merchants

other

military; ulema (clergy); landowners; industrialists; small merchants

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal; note - there are joint electorates and reserved parliamentary seats for women and non-Muslims

Agriculture - products

cotton, wheat, rice, sugarcane, fruits, vegetables; milk, beef, mutton, eggs

Budget

$38.25 billion $52.43 billion (2015 est.)

expenditures

$52.43 billion (2015 est.)

revenues

$38.25 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5.3% of GDP (2015 est.)

Central bank discount rate

6% (15 November 2015) 9.5% (18 December 2014)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

8.37% (31 December 2015 est.) 10.51% (31 December 2014 est.)

Current account balance

-$2.627 billion (2015 est.) -$3.13 billion (2014 est.)

Debt - external

$60.91 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $62.18 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

29.6 (FY2011) 31.4 (FY2008)

Economy - overview

Decades of internal political disputes and low levels of foreign investment have led to slow growth and underdevelopment in Pakistan. Pakistan has a large English-speaking population. Nevertheless, a challenging security environment, electricity shortages, and a burdensome investment climate have deterred investors. Agriculture accounts for more than one-fourth of output and two-fifths of employment. Textiles and apparel account for most of Pakistan's export earnings, and Pakistan's failure to diversify its exports has left the country vulnerable to shifts in world demand. Pakistan’s GDP growth has gradually increased since 2012. Official unemployment was 6.5% in 2015, but this fails to capture the true picture, because much of the economy is informal and underemployment remains high. Human development continues to lag behind most of the region. In coordination with the International Monetary Fund (IMF), Pakistan embarked on an economic reform program in 2013. While the reform process has been mixed, and issues like privatization of state-owned enterprises remain unresolved, Pakistan has restored macroeconomic stability, improved its credit rating, and boosted growth. The Pakistani rupee, after heavy depreciation, remained relatively stable against the US dollar in 2014-15. Remittances from overseas workers, averaging more than $1.5 billion a month, are a key revenue source for Pakistan, partly compensating for a lack of foreign investment and a slowdown in portfolio investment. Falling global oil prices in 2015 contributed to a narrowing current account deficit and lower inflation, despite weak export performance. Pakistan’s program with the IMF – a three-year, $6.7 billion Extended Fund Facility focusing on reducing energy shortages, stabilizing public finances, expanding revenue, and improving the external balance – is slated to conclude in September 2016. While passing most quantitative targets, Pakistan has missed targets on structural reforms and performance criteria throughout the program. Pakistan remains stuck in a low-income, low-growth trap, with growth averaging about 3.5% per year from 2008 to 2013. Pakistan must address long-standing issues related to government revenues, with the tax base being narrow at 11% of GDP. Given demographic challenges, Pakistan’s leadership will be pressed to implement economic reforms, promote further development of the energy sector, and attract foreign investment to support sufficient economic growth necessary to employ its growing and rapidly urbanizing population, much of which is under the age of 25. Other long-term challenges include expanding investment in education and healthcare, adapting to the effects of climate change and natural disasters, improving the country’s business climate, and reducing dependence on foreign donors. Pakistan and China are implementing the “China-Pakistan Economic Corridor”, a $46 billion investment program targeted towards the energy sector and other infrastructure project that Islamabad and Beijing had agreed on in early 2014.

Exchange rates

Pakistani rupees (PKR) per US dollar - 102.769 (FY2015 est.) 101.1 (FY2014 est.) 101.1 (FY2013 est.) 93.4 (2012 est.) 86.3434 (2011 est.)

Exports

$22.73 billion (2015 est.) $24.78 billion (2014 est.)

Exports - commodities

textiles (garments, bed linen, cotton cloth, yarn), rice, leather goods, sporting goods, chemicals, manufactures, carpets and rugs

Exports - partners

US 13.1%, UAE 9.1%, Afghanistan 9.1%, China 8.8%, UK 5.4%, Germany 4.9% (2015)

Fiscal year

1 July - 30 June

GDP - composition, by end use

80% 11% 13.9% 1.6% 10.6% -17% (2015 est.)

exports of goods and services

10.6%

government consumption

11%

household consumption

80%

imports of goods and services

-17% (2015 est.)

investment in fixed capital

13.9%

investment in inventories

1.6%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

25.1% 20% 54.9% (2015 est.)

agriculture

25.1%

industry

20%

services

54.9% (2015 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$5,000 (2015 est.) $4,900 (2014 est.) $4,800 (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

4.2% (2015 est.) 4% (2014 est.) 3.7% (2013 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$270 billion (2015 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$931 billion (2015 est.) $893.1 billion (2014 est.) $858.5 billion (2013 est.) data are in 2015 US dollars

note

data are in 2015 US dollars

Gross national saving

14.7% of GDP (2015 est.) 13.4% of GDP (2014 est.) 12.3% of GDP (2013 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

4.2% 25.6% (FY2011)

highest 10%

25.6% (FY2011)

lowest 10%

4.2%

Imports

$39.29 billion (2015 est.) $42.65 billion (2014 est.)

Imports - commodities

petroleum, petroleum products, machinery, plastics, transportation equipment, edible oils, paper and paperboard, iron and steel, tea

Imports - partners

China 28.1%, Saudi Arabia 10.9%, UAE 10.8%, Kuwait 5.6% (2015)

Industrial production growth rate

4.8% (2015 est.)

Industries

textiles and apparel, food processing, pharmaceuticals, construction materials, paper products, fertilizer, shrimp

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

2.5% (2015 est.) 7.2% (2014 est.)

Labor force

63.34 million extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2015 est.)

note

extensive export of labor, mostly to the Middle East, and use of child labor (2015 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

43.7% 22.4% 33.9% (FY2013 est.)

agriculture

43.7%

industry

22.4%

services

33.9% (FY2013 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$43.68 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $32.76 billion (31 December 2011 est.) $38.17 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

22.3% (FY2005 est.)

Public debt

57.3% of GDP (2015 est.) 56% of GDP (2014 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$20.05 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $14.29 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of broad money

$107 billion (31 October 2015 est.) $97.95 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$2.009 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $1.784 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$31.82 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $32.64 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$127.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $119.4 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$89.3 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $79.67 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

14.2% of GDP (2015 est.)

Unemployment rate

6.4% (2015 est.) 6.3% (2014 est.) substantial underemployment exists

note

substantial underemployment exists

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

145 million Mt (2013 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - imports

150,800 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - production

90,210 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

400 million bbl (1 January 2016 es)

Electricity - consumption

82 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - exports

0 kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

67.1% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

29.2% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

3.2% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.4% of total installed capacity (FY2014 est.)

Electricity - imports

400 million kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

24 million kW (2014 est.)

Electricity - production

100 billion kWh (2014 est.)

Electricity access

49,500,000 73% 91% 62% (2013)

electrification - rural areas

62% (2013)

electrification - total population

73%

electrification - urban areas

91%

population without electricity

49,500,000

Natural gas - consumption

39.97 billion cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - production

39.07 billion cu m (2014 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

669.4 billion cu m (1 January 2016 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

450,000 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

17,120 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

228,000 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

235,300 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Broadcast media

media is government regulated; 1 dominant state-owned TV broadcaster, Pakistan Television Corporation (PTV), operates a network consisting of 8 channels; private TV broadcasters are permitted; to date 69 foreign satellite channels are operational; the state-owned radio network operates more than 40 stations; nearly 100 commercially licensed, privately owned radio stations provide programming mostly limited to music and talk shows (2015)

Internet country code

.pk

Internet users

35.835 million 18% (July 2015 est.)

percent of population

18% (July 2015 est.)

total

35.835 million

Telephone system

the telecommunications infrastructure is improving, with investments in mobile-cellular networks increasing, but fixed-line subscriptions declining; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks; 3G and 4G mobile services introduced mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed; more than 90% of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage; fiber-optic networks are being constructed throughout the country to increase broadband access, though broadband penetration in Pakistan is still relatively low country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2015)

domestic

mobile-cellular subscribership has skyrocketed; more than 90% of Pakistanis live within areas that have cell phone coverage; fiber-optic networks are being constructed throughout the country to increase broadband access, though broadband penetration in Pakistan is still relatively low

general assessment

the telecommunications infrastructure is improving, with investments in mobile-cellular networks increasing, but fixed-line subscriptions declining; system consists of microwave radio relay, coaxial cable, fiber-optic cable, cellular, and satellite networks; 3G and 4G mobile services introduced

international

country code - 92; landing point for the SEA-ME-WE-3 and SEA-ME-WE-4 submarine cable systems that provide links to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 3 Intelsat (1 Atlantic Ocean and 2 Indian Ocean); 3 operational international gateway exchanges (1 at Karachi and 2 at Islamabad); microwave radio relay to neighboring countries (2015)

Telephones - fixed lines

2,990,954 2 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

2 (July 2015 est.)

total subscriptions

2,990,954

Telephones - mobile cellular

125.9 million 63 (July 2015 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

63 (July 2015 est.)

total

125.9 million

Airports

151 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

10 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

43

2,438 to 3,047 m

20

914 to 1,523 m

20

over 3,047 m

15

total

108

under 914 m

10 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

24 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

9

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

9

total

43

under 914 m

24 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

AP (2016)

Heliports

23 (2013)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 5, cargo 3, petroleum tanker 3 11 (Comoros 5, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 1, Panama 3, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2010)

by type

bulk carrier 5, cargo 3, petroleum tanker 3

registered in other countries

11 (Comoros 5, Marshall Islands 1, Moldova 1, Panama 3, Saint Kitts and Nevis 1) (2010)

total

11

National air transport system

8,467,827 183,177,313 mt-km (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

183,177,313 mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

8,467,827

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

67

number of registered air carriers

4

Pipelines

gas 12,646 km; oil 2,576 km; refined products 1,087 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim Karachi (1,545,434) Port Qasim

container port(s) (TEUs)

Karachi (1,545,434)

LNG terminal(s) (import)

Port Qasim

major seaport(s)

Karachi, Port Muhammad Bin Qasim

Railways

11,881 km 11,492 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified) 389 km 1.000-m gauge (2015)

broad gauge

11,492 km 1.676-m gauge (293 km electrified)

narrow gauge

389 km 1.000-m gauge (2015)

total

11,881 km

Roadways

263,942 km 185,063 km (includes 708 km of expressways) 78,879 km (2014)

paved

185,063 km (includes 708 km of expressways)

total

263,942 km

unpaved

78,879 km (2014)

Military branches

Pakistan Army (includes National Guard), Pakistan Navy (includes Maritime Security Agency), Pakistan Air Force (Pakistan Fiza'ya) (2015)

Military expenditures

3.5% of GDP (2013) 3.5% of GDP (2012) 3.2% of GDP (2011)

Military service age and obligation

16-23 years of age for voluntary military service; soldiers cannot be deployed for combat until age 18; the Pakistani Air Force and Pakistani Navy have inducted their first female pilots and sailors; the Pakistan Air Force recruits aviation technicians at age 15; service obligation (Navy) 10-18 years; retirement required after 18-30 years service or age 40-52 (2012)

Disputes - international

various talks and confidence-building measures cautiously have begun to defuse tensions over Kashmir, particularly since the October 2005 earthquake in the region; Kashmir nevertheless remains the site of the world's largest and most militarized territorial dispute with portions under the de facto administration of China (Aksai Chin), India (Jammu and Kashmir), and Pakistan (Azad Kashmir and Northern Areas); UN Military Observer Group in India and Pakistan has maintained a small group of peacekeepers since 1949; India does not recognize Pakistan's ceding historic Kashmir lands to China in 1964; India and Pakistan have maintained their 2004 cease-fire in Kashmir and initiated discussions on defusing the armed standoff in the Siachen glacier region; Pakistan protests India's fencing the highly militarized Line of Control and construction of the Baglihar Dam on the Chenab River in Jammu and Kashmir, which is part of the larger dispute on water sharing of the Indus River and its tributaries; to defuse tensions and prepare for discussions on a maritime boundary, India and Pakistan seek technical resolution of the disputed boundary in Sir Creek estuary at the mouth of the Rann of Kutch in the Arabian Sea; Pakistani maps continue to show the Junagadh claim in India's Gujarat State; since 2002, with UN assistance, Pakistan has repatriated 3.8 million Afghan refugees, leaving about 2.6 million; Pakistan has sent troops across and built fences along some remote tribal areas of its treaty-defined Durand Line border with Afghanistan, which serve as bases for foreign terrorists and other illegal activities; Afghan, Coalition, and Pakistan military meet periodically to clarify the alignment of the boundary on the ground and on maps

Illicit drugs

significant transit area for Afghan drugs, including heroin, opium, morphine, and hashish, bound for Iran, Western markets, the Gulf States, Africa, and Asia; financial crimes related to drug trafficking, terrorism, corruption, and smuggling remain problems; opium poppy cultivation estimated to be 2,300 hectares in 2007 with 600 of those hectares eradicated; federal and provincial authorities continue to conduct anti-poppy campaigns that utilizes forced eradication, fines, and arrests

Refugees and internally displaced persons

2.6 million (1.6 million registered, 1.0 million undocumented) (Afghanistan) (2015) 1.459 million (primarily those who remain displaced by counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations and violent conflict between armed non-state groups in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Khyber-Paktunkwa Province; more than 1 million displaced in Northern Waziristan in 2014; individuals also have been displaced by repeated monsoon floods) (2015)

IDPs

1.459 million (primarily those who remain displaced by counter-terrorism and counter-insurgency operations and violent conflict between armed non-state groups in the Federally Administered Tribal Areas and Khyber-Paktunkwa Province; more than 1 million displaced in Northern Waziristan in 2014; individuals also have been displaced by repeated monsoon floods) (2015)

refugees (country of origin)

2.6 million (1.6 million registered, 1.0 million undocumented) (Afghanistan) (2015)

Trafficking in persons

Pakistan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the largest human trafficking problem is bonded labor in agriculture, brickmaking and, to a lesser extent, fishing, mining and carpet-making; children are bought, sold, rented, and placed in forced begging rings, domestic service, small shops, brick kilns, or prostitution; militant groups also force children to spy, fight, or die as suicide bombers, kidnapping the children or getting them from poor parents through sale or coercion; women and girls are forced into prostitution or marriages; Pakistani adults migrate to the Gulf States and African and European states for low-skilled jobs and sometimes become victims of forced labor, debt bondage, or prostitution; foreign adults and children, particularly from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, may be subject to forced labor, and foreign women may be sex trafficked in Pakistan, with refugees and ethnic minorities being most vulnerable Tier 2 Watch List – Pakistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government lacks political will and capacity to fully address human trafficking, as evidenced by ineffective law enforcement efforts, official complicity, penalization of victims, and the continued conflation of migrant smuggling and human trafficking by many officials; not all forms of trafficking are prohibited; an anti-trafficking bill drafted in 2013 to address gaps in existing legislation remains pending, and a national action plan drafted in 2014 is not finalized; feudal landlords and brick kiln owners use their political influence to protect their involvement in bonded labor, while some police personnel have taken bribes to ignore prostitution that may have included sex trafficking; authorities began to use standard procedures for the identification and referral of trafficking victims, but it is not clear how widely these methods were practiced; in other instances, police were reluctant to assist NGOs with rescues and even punished victims for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked (2015)

current situation

Pakistan is a source, transit, and destination country for men, women, and children subjected to forced labor and sex trafficking; the largest human trafficking problem is bonded labor in agriculture, brickmaking and, to a lesser extent, fishing, mining and carpet-making; children are bought, sold, rented, and placed in forced begging rings, domestic service, small shops, brick kilns, or prostitution; militant groups also force children to spy, fight, or die as suicide bombers, kidnapping the children or getting them from poor parents through sale or coercion; women and girls are forced into prostitution or marriages; Pakistani adults migrate to the Gulf States and African and European states for low-skilled jobs and sometimes become victims of forced labor, debt bondage, or prostitution; foreign adults and children, particularly from Afghanistan, Bangladesh, and Sri Lanka, may be subject to forced labor, and foreign women may be sex trafficked in Pakistan, with refugees and ethnic minorities being most vulnerable

tier rating

Tier 2 Watch List – Pakistan does not fully comply with the minimum standards for the elimination of trafficking; however, it is making significant efforts to do so; the government lacks political will and capacity to fully address human trafficking, as evidenced by ineffective law enforcement efforts, official complicity, penalization of victims, and the continued conflation of migrant smuggling and human trafficking by many officials; not all forms of trafficking are prohibited; an anti-trafficking bill drafted in 2013 to address gaps in existing legislation remains pending, and a national action plan drafted in 2014 is not finalized; feudal landlords and brick kiln owners use their political influence to protect their involvement in bonded labor, while some police personnel have taken bribes to ignore prostitution that may have included sex trafficking; authorities began to use standard procedures for the identification and referral of trafficking victims, but it is not clear how widely these methods were practiced; in other instances, police were reluctant to assist NGOs with rescues and even punished victims for crimes committed as a direct result of being trafficked (2015)