1985 Edition

Agriculture

extensive irrigation; main crops — wheat, rice, sugarcane, cotton

Airfields

114 total, 94 usable; 68 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 29 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 38 with runways 1,200-2,439 m

Area

803,943 km2 (excludes Northern Areas and Azad Kashmir, the Pakistani-controlled parts of the former state of Jammu and Kashmir); larger than Texas; 40% arable, including 24% cultivated; 34% probably mostly waste; 23% unsuitable for cultivation; 3% forested

Branches

Army, Air Force, Navy, Civil Armed Forces, National Guards

Budget

FY83 — current expenditures, $5.3 billion; development expenditures, $2.2 billion (reflects impact of rupee devaluation)

Capital

Islamabad

Civil air

30 major transport aircraft

Coastline

1,046 km People

2,490 km People

Communists

party membership very small; sympathizers estimated at several thousand; party is outlawed

Elections

opposition agitation against rigging elections in March 1977 led to military coup; military promised to hold new national and provincial assembly elections in October 1977 but postponed them; in 1979 elections were postponed indefinitely; elections for municipal bodies were held in 1979 and 1983; national elections were held in February 1985; political parties were not permitted to participate Political parties and leaders: Pakistan People's Party (PPP), Benazin Bhutto (major leader) — opposed to accommodation with Zia; Ghulam Mustapha Jatoi (leading moderate); Tehrik-i-Istiqlal, Asghar Khan; National Democratic Party (NDP), Sherbaz Mazari (formed in 1975 by members of outlawed National Awami Party— NAP — of Abdul Wali Khan, who is de facto NDP leader); all the aforementioned are in the Movement for Restoration of Democracy (MRD), formed in February 1981; Pakistan National Party (PNP), Ghaus Bakhsh Bizenjo (Baluch elements of the former NAP); Jamiat-ul-Ulemai-Pakistan (JUP), Maulana Shah Ahmed Noorani; Pakistan Muslim League (PML) — Pir of Pagaro group; Jamaat-i-Islami (JI), Tofail Mohammed; Jamiat-ul-Ulema-i-Islam (JUI), Fazlur Rahman; political activity restricted but political discussion is permitted

Electric power

5,068,000 kW capacity (1984); 19.3 billion kWh produced (1984), 200 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

Punjabi, Sindhi, Pushtan (Pathan), Baluchi

70% mestizo, 14% West Indian, 10% white, 6% Indian

Exports

$2.7 billion (f.o.b., FY84); primarily rice, cotton (raw and manufactured)

Fiscal year

1 July-30 June Communications

Fishing

catch 337,000 metric tons (1982) Panama

GNP

figures reflect impact of rupee devaluation in 1982; $31 billion (FY84 est.); $300 per capita (FY84); real growth 4.6% (FY84)

Government leader

Gen. Mohammad ZIAUL-HAQ, President and Chief Martial Law Administrator (since July 1977)

Highways

98,000 km total (1984); 40,000 km paved, 23,000 km gravel, improved earth, and unimproved earth road sand tracks

Imports

$6.0 billion (f.o.b., FY84); petroleum (crude and products)

Inland waterways

negligible

Labor force

25.24 million (1982 est); extensive export of labor; 52% agriculture, 21% industry, 8% services, 19% other

est 625,000 (January 1982); 45% commerce, finance, and services; 29% agriculture, hunting, and fishing; 10%

Land boundaries

5,900 km Water

630 km Water

Language

Urdu and English (official); total spoken languages — 64% Punjabi, 12% Sindhi, 8% Pushtu, 7% Urdu, 9% Baluchi and other; English is lingua franca

Spanish (official); 14% speak English as native tongue; many Panamanians bilingual

Legal system

based on English common law but gradually being transformed to correspond to Koranic injunction; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations; President Zia's government has established Islamic Shariat courts paralleling the secular courts and has introduced Koranic punishments for criminal offenses; martial law courts also have jurisdiction to hear civil and criminal cases; common law procedures do not apply

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

200 nm (continental shelf, including sovereignty over superjacent waters)

Literacy

24%

90%

Major industries

cotton textiles, steel, food processing, tobacco, engineering, chemicals, natural gas

Major trade partners

exports — Iran 16%, US 9%, Japan 8%, Saudi Arabia 7%, UK 5%; imports — Iran 19%, Saudi Arabia 16%, Japan 13.0%, US 11%, UK 6%

Member of

ADB, Colombo Plan, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, IDA, IDB — Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, NAM, QIC, Regional Cooperation for Development, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WFTU, WIPO, WMO, WSG, WTO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 30 June 1984, $1.98 billion; about 29% of central government budget ISStem Caribbean Sea North Pacific Ocean Land 77,080 km2; slightly larger than West Virginia; 24% agricultural land (1 1 % pasture, 9% fallow, 4% crop); 20% exploitable forest; 56% other forest, urban or waste

Military manpower

males 15-49, 23,880,000; 16,251,000 fit for military service; 1,202,000 reach military age (17) annually

Monetary conversion rate

13.48 rupees=US$l (FY84 average); in January 1982, the rupee was delinked from the US dollar and floated

National holiday

Pakistan Day, 23 March

Nationality

noun — Pakistani(s); adjective — Pakistani

noun — Panamanian(s); adjective— Panamanian

Official name

Islamic Republic of Pakistan

Organized labor

negligible Government

Other political or pressure groups

military remains dominant political force; Ulema (clergy), industrialists, and small merchants also influential

Pipelines

250 km crude oil; 2,269 km natural gas; 750 km refined products

Political subdivisions

four provinces (Baluchistan, NorthWest Frontier, Punjab, Sind), 1 territory (Federally Administered Tribal Areas)

Population

99,199,000, excluding Junagardh, Manavadar, Gilgit, Baltistan, and the disputed area of Jammu and Kashmir (July 1985); average annual growth rate 2.6%

2,038,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 1.8%

Ports

2 major, 4 minor

Railroads

(1984) 8,822 km 1.676-meter broad gauge, 535 km 1.000-meter gauge, and 610 km 0.762-meter narrow gauge; 1,037 km broad gauge double track and 286 km electrified; government owned

Religion

97% Muslim, 3% Christian, Hindu, and other

over 93% Roman Catholic, 6% Protestant

Suffrage

universal from age 18

Telecommunications

good international radiocommunication service over microwave and INTELSAT satellite; domestic radio communications poor; broadcast service good; 314,000 telephones (0.3 per 100 popl.); 27 AM, no FM, 16 TV stations; 1 ground satellite station Defense Forces

Type

parliamentary, federal republic; military seized power 5 July 1977 and suspended 1973 constitution; President Mohammad Zia-ul-Haq won a special referendum in December 1984 confirming him as president through March 1990; he held parliamentary elections in February 1985 and declared he would end martial law and reinstate an amended constitution after the parliament is seated