1981 Edition

Area

About 240 km"

21,400 km2; 32% cropland (9% corn, 5% cotton, 7% coffee, 11% other), 26% meadows and pastures, 31% nonagricultural, 11% forested

108,880 km2; 14% cultivated, 10% pasture, 57% forest, 19% other

112,150 km2; 27% forested, 30% pasture, 36% waste and built up, 7% cropland

21.2 km2; insignificant arable land, no urban areas, extensive phosphate mines

997 km2 (169 islands, only 36 inhabited); 77% arable, 3% pasture, 13% forest, 3% inland water, 4% other

M1 Jf NEW Sgr ZEALAND *****rS

2,849 km2; comprised of 2 large islands of Savai'i and Upolu and several smaller islands, including Manono and Apolima; 65% forested, 24% cultivated, 11% industry, waste, or urban

Coastline

about 120 km

307 km

400 km

820 km

24 km

419 km (est.)

403 km

Land boundaries

515 km

1,625 km

1,530 km

Limits of territorial waters

3 nm

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

200 nm

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

rectangular/polygonal claim (12 nm for Minerva Reef)

12 nm

Ethnic divisions

81.3% Polynesian (full blood), 7.7% Polynesian and European, 7.7% Polynesian and other, 2.4% European, 0.9% other

92% mestizo; Indian and white minorities, 4% each at most

58.6% Ladino (mestizo and westernized Indian), 41.4% Indian

90% mestizo, 7% Indian, 2% Negro, and 1% white

58% Nauruans, 26% other Pacific Islanders, 8% Chinese, 8% Europeans

Polynesian, about 300 Europeans

Polynesians, about 12,000 Euronesians (persons of European and Polynesian blood), 700 Europeans

Labor force

1.7 million (est. 1982); 50% agriculture, 14% manufacturing and construction, 7% commerce, 29% public and private services; shortage of skilled labor and large pool of unskilled labor, but manpower training programs improving situation

approx. 1 million (1980); 59.3% agriculture, 12.7% services, 12.5% manufacturing, 8.3% commerce, 3.0% transportation, 2.7% construction, 1.1% financial sector, 0.4% mining; 10.8% unemployed; 3% unspecified

agriculture 10,303; mining 599

38,200 (1976), 90% in agriculture

Language

Spanish

Spanish, but over 40% of the population speaks an Indian language as a primary tongue

Spanish

Nauruan, a distinct Pacific Island tongue; English, the language of school instruction, spoken and understood by nearly all

Tongan, English

Samoan (Polynesian), English

Literacy

50% literacy in urban areas, 30% in rural areas

about 30% Labor force (1974): 1.8 million; 52.5% agriculture, 10.1% manufacturing, 21.7% services, 7.9% commerce, 3.9% construction, 2.1% transport, 0.7% mining, 1.2% electrical, 0.8% other; unemployment estimates vary from 3% to 25%

47% of persons 10 years of age and over (est. 1970)

nearly universal

90%-95%; compulsory education for children between ages of 6-14

85%-90% (education compulsory for all children from 7-15 years)

Nationality

noun — Cook Islander(s); adjective — Cook Islander

noun — Salvadoran(s); adjective — Salvadoran

noun — Guatemalan(s); adjective — Guatemalan

noun — Honduran(s); adjective — Honduran

noun — Nauruan(s); adjective — Nauruan

noun — Tongan(s); adjective — Tongan

noun — Western Samoan(s); adjective — Western Samoa

Organized labor

8% total labor force; 10% agricultural labor force; 7% urban labor force (1982)

6.4% of labor force (1975)

40% of urban labor force, 20% of rural work force (1981)

unorganized

unorganized

Population

17,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.0%

4,617,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate -2.4%

7,537,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 3.1%

4,103,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 4.1%

9,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 1.7%

102,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 2.1%

158,000 (July 1982), average annual growth rate 0.7%

Religion

Christian, majority of populace members of Cook Islands Christian Church

predominantly Roman Catholic, probably 97%-98%

predominantly Roman Catholic

about 97% Roman Catholic

Christian (two-thirds Protestant, one-third Catholic)

Christian; Free Wesleyan Church claims over 30,000 adherents

99.7% Christian (about half of population associated with the London Missionary Society)

Branches

New Zealand Governor General appoints Representative to Cook Islands, who represents the Queen and the New Zealand Government; Representative appoints the Prime Minister; Parliament of 22 members, popularly elected; House of Arikis (chiefs), 15 members, appointed by Representative, an advisory body only

Constituent Assembly elected on 28 March 1982 (60 seats)

traditionally dominant executive; elected unicameral legislature; seven-member (minimum) Supreme Court

constitution provides for elected President, unicameral legislature, and national judicial branch

president elected from and by Parliament for an unfixed term; popularly elected 18-member unicameral legislature, the Parliament; Cabinet to assist the President, four members, appointed by President from Parliament members

executive (King and Privy Council); legislative (Legislative Assembly composed of seven nobles elected by their peers, seven elected representatives of the people, eight Ministers of the Crown; the King appoints one of the seven nobles to be the speaker); Judiciary (Supreme Court, magistrate courts, Land Court)

Head of State and Executive Council; Legislative Assembly; Supreme Court, Court of Appeal, Land and Titles Court, village courts

Business organizations

National Association of Private Enterprise (ANEP), conservative; Productive Alliance (AP), moderate; National Federation of Salvadoran Small Businessmen (FENAPES), moderate

Capital

Rarotonga

San Salvador

Guatemala

Tegucigalpa

no capital city per se; government offices in Yaren District

Nuku'alofa (located on Tongatapu Island)

Apia

Communists

Guatemalan Labor Party (PGT); main radical left guerrilla groups — Guerrilla Army of the Poor (EGP), Revolutionary Organization of the People in Arms (ORPA), Rebel Armed Forces (FAR), and PGT Dissidents

about 1,500

unknown

Elections

every five years, latest in March 1978

28 March 1982 Constituent Assembly election; Constituent Assembly to write new constitution and appoint new provisional government until scheduled presidential elections in 1983 Political parties and leaders: Christian Democratic Party (PDC), Julio Samayoa; National Conciliation Party (PCN), Raul Molina; Democratic Action (AD), Rene Forti'n Magafla; Salvadoran Popular Party (PPS), Francisco Quifionez; Popular Orientation Party (POP), Gen. Jose Alberto Medrano; National Republican Alliance (ARENA), Maj. Roberto D'Aubuisson; Renovative Action Party (PAR), Ernesto Oyarbide

last elections (President and Congress) 7 March Political parties and leaders: Democratic Institutional Party (PID), Donaldo Alvarez Ruiz; Revolutionary Party (PR), Jorge Garcia-Granados Quifionez (secretary general); National Liberation Movement (MLN), Mario Sandoval Alarcon; Guatemalan Christian Democratic Party (DCG), Vinicio Cerezo Arevalo (secretary general); Rene de Leon Schlotter (honorary president and party strongman); Nationalist Authentic Central (CAN), Luis Alfonso Lopez (secretary general), Gustavo Anzueto Vielman (secretary and 1982 presidential candidate), Gen. Carlos Arana Osorio (party strongman); National United Front (FUN), Col. Enrique Peralta Azurdia; Nationalist Renovator Party (PNR), Alejandro Maldonado Aguirre; United Revolutionay Party (FUR); suspended political activity of all parties following March 1982 coup

national election 29 November 1981 for president; members of unicameral legislature chosen by proportional representation and 281 municipal councils Political parties and leaders: the armed forces have fulfilled their pledge to restore civilian government; they will monitor Suazo's administration closely, however, and could seize power once again; major political leaders — Liberal Party (PLH), Roberto Suazo Cordova (Rodista faction), Carlos Roberto Reina Idiaquez and Jorge Arturo Reina Idiaquez (ALIPO faction), Ramon Villeda Bermudez and Conrado Napky Damas (FUL faction); National Party (PNH), Ricardo Zuniga Augustinus, Mario Rivera Lopez; National Innovation and Unity Party (PINU), Miguel Andonie Fernandez, Enrique Aguilar Paz; Honduran Christian Democratic Party (PDCH), Hernan Corrales Padilla; Communist Party of Honduras (PCH), Rigoberto Padilla Rush (uninscribed) Voting strength (1981 election with 98% vote tally): PLH 633,365; PNH 486,092, PINU 29,133, PDCH 18,785; legislative seats (with 98% vote tally)— PLH 44, PNH 34, PINU 23, PDCH 1

last held in December 1980 Political parties and leaders: governing faction, President DeRoburt; opposition Nauru Party, Lagumot Harris

held triennially, last in February 1982 Political parties and leaders: no clearly defined political party structure

Extreme rightist vigilante organizations

National Democratic Organization (ORDEN), White Warriors Union (UGB), Death Squadron (EM), Mano Blanca (MANO), Organization for Liberation from Communism (OLC)

Government leader

Prime Minister Dr. Thomas (Tom) DAVIS

military junta under the presidency of Gen. (Ret.) Efrain RIOS MONTT following coup of 23 March 1982, which removed President Maj. Gen. Fernando Romeo Lucas Garcia; Gen. Angel Anibal Guevara had been elected president in the March 1982 election and was scheduled to take office on 1 July 1982

President Roberto SUAZO Cordova took office in January 1982

President Hammer DEROBURT

Government leaders

military/civilian junta composed of Jose Napoleon DUARTE (President), Army Col. Jaime Abdul GUTIERREZ (Vice President), Jose Antonio MORALES Ehrlich, Dr. Ramon AVALOS Navarrete

King Taufa'ahau TUPOU IV; Premier, Prince Fatafehi TU'IPELEHAKE (younger brother of the King)

Head of State, MALIETOA Tanumafili II; Prime Minister Taisi Tupuola EFI

Labor organizations

Federation of Construction and Transport Workers Unions (FESINCONSTRANS), independent; Salvadoran Communal Union (UCS), peasant association; General Confederation of Trade Unions (CGS); United Confederation of Workers (CUT), leftist; Popular Democratic Unity (UPD), moderate political pressure group headed by FESINCONSTRANS, UCS, and other democratic labor organizations

Legal system

based on Spanish law, with traces of common law; constitution adopted 1962; military coup on 15 October 1979; judicial review of legislative acts in the Supreme Court; legal education at University of El Salvador; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

civil law system; constitution came into effect 1966; constitution suspended following March 1982 coup; judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at University of San Carlos of Guatemala; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Roman and Spanish civil law; some influence of English common law; new constitution became effective in January 1982; judicial review of legislative acts in Supreme Court; legal education at University of Honduras in Tegucigalpa; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on English law

based on English common law and local customs; constitution came into effect upon independence in 1962; judicial review of legislative acts with respect to fundamental rights of the citizen; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Member of

CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, ISO, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, OAS, ODECA, SELA, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO

CACM, FAO, G-77, IADB, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IDE, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMCO, IMF, ISO, ITU, OAS, UN, UNESCO, UPEB, UPU, WHO, WMO

ADB, Commonwealth, ESCAP, FAO, G-77, IBRD, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IMF, South Pacific Forum, South Pacific Commission, UN, UPU, WHO

National holiday

Independence Day, 15 September

Independence Day, 15 September

Independence Day, 15 September

1 January YEMEN (ADEN) WESTERN SAMOA (Continued)

Official name

Cook Islands

Republic of El Salvador

Republic of Guatemala

Republic of Honduras

Republic of Nauru

Kingdom of Tonga

Independent State of Western Samoa

Other political or pressure groups

Federated Chambers of Commerce and Industry (CACIF)

National Association of Honduran Campesinos (ANACH), Council of Honduran Private Enterprise (COHEP), Confederation of Honduran Workers (CTH), National Union of Campesinos (UNC), General Workers Confederation (CGT), United Federation of Honduran Workers (FUTH)

Political subdivisions

14 departments

22 departments

18 departments

14 districts

three main island groups (Tongatapu, Ha'api, Vava'u)

Suffrage

universal adult

universal over age 18

universal over age 18, compulsory for literates, optional for illiterates

universal and compulsory over age 21

universal adult

45 Samoan members of Legislative Assembly are elected by holders of matai (heads of family) titles (about 12,000 persons); two members who do not have traditional family ties are elected by universal adult suffrage

Type

self-governing in "free association" with New Zealand; Cook Islands Government fully responsible for internal affairs and has right at any time to move to full independence by unilateral action; New Zealand retains responsibility for external affairs, in consultation with Cook Islands Government

republic

republic

republic

republic; independent since January 1968

constitutional monarchy

constitutional monarchy under native chief; special treaty relationship with New Zealand

Voting strength

PDC 24 seats, ARENA 19 seats, PNC 14 seats, AD 2 seats, POP 0 seats, and PPS 1 seat; ACAN-EFE Coalition (composed of ARENA, PCN, AD, POP, and PPS) controls 36 of 60 seats Leftist revolutionary movement (Farabundo Marti National Liberation Front — FMLN): armed insurgents — Unified Revolutionary Directorate (DRU; alliance of guerrilla groups), Farabundo Marti Popular Liberation Forces (FPL), Armed Forces of the National Resistance (FARN), People's Revolutionary Army (ERP), Communist Party of El Salvador/Liberation Armed Forces (PCES/FAL), and Central American Workers' Revolutionary Party (PRTC); militant front organizations — Revolutionary Coordinator of Masses (CRM; alliance of front groups), Popular Revolutionary Bloc (BPR), Unified Popular Action Front (FAPU), 28 February Popular Leagues (LP-28), National Democratic Union (UDN), and Popular Liberation Movement (MLP); revolutionary coalition — Revolutionary Democratic Front (FDR), coalition of CRM and Democratic Front (FD), controlled by DRU; FD consists of moderate leftist groups — Independent Movement of Professionals and Technicians of El Salvador (MIPTES), National Revolutionary Movement (MNR), and Popular Social Christian Movement (MPSC)

(1978) for President— PID/PR, 269,973 (42.3%); MLN, 211,393 (33.1%); DCG, 156,730 (24.6%); for congressional seats— PID/PR, 34 seats; MLN, 20 seats; DCG, 7 seats

Agriculture

main products— -coffee, cotton, corn, beans, sugarcane, bananas, livestock; caloric intake, 2,156 calories per day per capita (1977) GUINEA GUATEMALA (Continued)

main crops — bananas, coffee, corn, beans, cotton, sugarcane, tobacco; caloric intake, 2,015 calories per day per capita (1977)

cocoa, bananas, copra; staple foods include coconut, bananas, taro, and yams

Aid

economic commitments — US, including Ex-Im, (FY70-80), $260 million loans; other Western (non-US) countries, ODA and ODF, (1970-79), $90.0 million; militaryassistance from US (FY79-80), $23 million

economic commitments — US (FY70-80), $8 million; Western (non-US) countries, ODA and OOF (1970-79), $72 million

Budget

(1980) expenditures $448 million, revenues $379 million

(1977) $53.3 million

Electric power

420,000 kW capacity (1980); 1.43 billion kWh produced (1980), 200 kWh per capita

178,000 kW capacity (1980); 970 million kWh produced (1980), 253 kWh per capita HONG KONG HONDURAS (Continued)

16,900 kW capacity (1981); 41 million kWh produced (1981), 263 kWh per capita

Exports

$1,757 million (f.o.b., 1980); coffee, cotton, sugar, bananas, meat

$835 million (f.o.b., 1980); bananas, coffee, lumber, meat, petroleum products

$11.1 million (f.o.b., 1978); copra 43.3%, cocoa 32.3%, timber 2.0%, mineral fuel, bananas

Fiscal year

calendar year

Fishing

catch 6,405 metric tons (1978); exports est. $0.8 million (1976); imports $0.8 million (1974)

GDP

$2.5 billion (1980), $660 per capita; 62% private consumption, 13% government consumption, 30% domestic investment; —5% net foreign balance (1978); real growth rate, average 1975-79, 6.9%; real growth rate 1980, 2.5%

GNP

$7.8 billion (1980 est), $1,080 per capita; 76% private consumption, 7% government consumption, 22% domestic investment (1978), —5% net foreign balance (1978); average annual real growth rate (1974-80), 4.3%

$70 million (1978), $450 per capita

Imports

$1,971 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, fuels

$1,019 million (c.i.f., 1980); manufactured products, machinery, transportation equipment, chemicals, petroleum

$52.5 million (c.i.f., 1978); food 30%, manufactured goods 25%, machinery

Major industries

food processing, textiles and clothing, furniture, chemicals, nonmetallic minerals, metals

agricultural processing, textiles, clothing, wood products

timber, tourism

Major trade partners

exports (1979)— 31% US, 26% CACM, 10% West Germany, 9% Japan; imports (1979)— 33% US, 15% CACM, 10% Venezuela, 10% Japan, 6% West

exports— 50% US, 9% CACM, 18% West Germany (1977); imports— 43% US, 6% Venezuela, 12% CACM, 11% Japan, 4% West Germany (1977)

exports — 37% New Zealand, 7% Netherlands, 36% West Germany, 8% US; imports— 28% New Zealand, 20% Australia, 15% Japan, 13% US

Monetary conversion rate

2 lempiras=US$l (official)

WS Tala=US$1.22 (1979)

Airfields

217 total, 213 usable; 5 with permanent-surface runways; 2 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 6 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

4 total, 4 usable; 1 with permanent-surface runways, 1 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Civil air

14 major transport aircraft, including 1 leased in

2 major transport aircraft

Highways

8,950 km total; 1,700 km paved, 5,000 km otherwise improved, 2,250 km unimproved earth

784 km total; 375 km bituminous, remainder mostly gravel, crushed stone, or earth

Inland waterways

1,200 km navigable by small craft

none

Military budget

proposed for fiscal year ending 31 December 1981, $45.2 million; about 6.7% of central government budget (includes the armed forces and other military)

Military manpower

males 15-49, 874,000; 521,000 fit for military service; about 44,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 35,000; 18,000 fit for military service

Ports

5 major (Puerto Cortes, La Ceiba, Tela, San Lorenzo, Puerto Castilla), 3 minor

1 principal (Apia), 1 minor

Railroads

751 km total; 293 km 1.067-meter gauge, 458 km 0.914-meter gauge

none

Telecommunications

improved, but still inadequate; connection into Central American microwave net; 20,000 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 104 AM, 12 FM, and 7 TV stations DEFENSE FORCES

3,800 telephones (2.5 per 100 popl.); 20,000 radio receivers; 1 AM station DEFENSE FORCES