2021 Edition

Background

Two centuries of Viking raids into Europe tapered off following the adoption of Christianity by King Olav TRYGGVASON in 994; conversion of the Norwegian kingdom occurred over the next several decades. In 1397, Norway was absorbed into a union with Denmark that lasted more than four centuries. In 1814, Norwegians resisted the cession of their country to Sweden and adopted a new constitution. Sweden then invaded Norway but agreed to let Norway keep its constitution in return for accepting the union under a Swedish king. Rising nationalism throughout the 19th century led to a 1905 referendum granting Norway independence. Although Norway remained neutral in World War I, it suffered heavy losses to its shipping. Norway proclaimed its neutrality at the outset of World War II, but was nonetheless occupied for five years by Nazi Germany (1940-45). In 1949, Norway abandoned neutrality and became a member of NATO. Discovery of oil and gas in adjacent waters in the late 1960s boosted Norway's economic fortunes. In referenda held in 1972 and 1994, Norway rejected joining the EU. Key domestic issues include immigration and integration of ethnic minorities, maintaining the country's extensive social safety net with an aging population, and preserving economic competitiveness.

Area

land

304,282 sq km

total

323,802 sq km

water

19,520 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than twice the size of Georgia; slightly larger than New Mexico

Climate

temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast

Coastline

25,148 km (includes mainland 2,650 km, as well as long fjords, numerous small islands, and minor indentations 22,498 km; length of island coastlines 58,133 km)

Elevation

highest point

Galdhopiggen 2,469 m

lowest point

Norwegian Sea 0 m

mean elevation

460 m

Geographic coordinates

62 00 N, 10 00 E

Geography - note

about two-thirds mountains; some 50,000 islands off its much-indented coastline; strategic location adjacent to sea lanes and air routes in North Atlantic; one of the most rugged and longest coastlines in the world

Irrigated land

900 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Finland 709 km, Sweden 1666 km, Russia 191 km

total

2,566 km

Land use

agricultural land

2.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)

forest

27.8% (2018 est.)

other

69.5% (2018 est.)

Location

Northern Europe, bordering the North Sea and the North Atlantic Ocean, west of Sweden

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

10 nm

continental shelf

200 nm

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

rockslides, avalanchesvolcanism: Beerenberg (2,227 m) on Jan Mayen Island in the Norwegian Sea is the country's only active volcano

Natural resources

petroleum, natural gas, iron ore, copper, lead, zinc, titanium, pyrites, nickel, fish, timber, hydropower

Population distribution

most Norweigans live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the North Sea coast in the southwest, and Skaggerak in the southeast; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated

Terrain

glaciated; mostly high plateaus and rugged mountains broken by fertile valleys; small, scattered plains; coastline deeply indented by fjords; arctic tundra in north

Age structure

0-14 years

17.96% (male 503,013/female 478,901)

15-24 years

12.02% (male 336,597/female 320,720)

25-54 years

40.75% (male 1,150,762/female 1,077,357)

55-64 years

11.84% (male 328,865/female 318,398)

65 years and over

17.43% (male 442,232/female 510,594) (2020 est.)

Birth rate

12.09 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

NA

Contraceptive prevalence rate

NA

Current Health Expenditure

10.1% (2018)

Death rate

8.01 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

26.9

note

note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

potential support ratio

3.7 (2020 est.)

total dependency ratio

53.3

youth dependency ratio

26.5

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population

improved: total

total: 100% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

Education expenditures

7.6% of GDP (2018)

Ethnic groups

Norwegian 81.5% (includes about 60,000 Sami), other European 8.9%, other 9.6% (2021 est.)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

<100 (2020 est.)

note

note: estimate does not include children

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

5,800 (2018 est.)

Hospital bed density

3.5 beds/1,000 population (2018)

Infant mortality rate

female

1.98 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

male

2.68 deaths/1,000 live births

total

2.34 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

Bokmal Norwegian (official), Nynorsk Norwegian (official), small Sami- and Finnish-speaking minorities; note - Sami has three dialects: Lule, North Sami, and South Sami; Sami is an official language in nine municipalities in Norway's three northernmost counties: Finnmark, Nordland, and Troms

major-language sample(s)

Verdens Faktabok, den essensielle kilden for grunnleggende informasjon. (Norwegian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

84.6 years (2021 est.)

male

80.21 years

total population

82.35 years

Major urban areas - population

1.056 million OSLO (capital) (2021)

Maternal mortality ratio

2 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

40.2 years (2020 est.)

male

38.8 years

total

39.5 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

29.7 years (2019 est.)

note

note: data is calculated based on actual age at first births

Nationality

adjective

Norwegian

noun

Norwegian(s)

Net migration rate

3.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.1% (2016)

Physicians density

2.92 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population

5,509,591 (July 2021 est.)

Population distribution

most Norweigans live in the south where the climate is milder and there is better connectivity to mainland Europe; population clusters are found all along the North Sea coast in the southwest, and Skaggerak in the southeast; the interior areas of the north remain sparsely populated

Population growth rate

0.8% (2021 est.)

Religions

Church of Norway (Evangelical Lutheran - official) 67.5%, Muslim 3.1%, Roman Catholic 3.1%, other Christian 3.8%, other 2.6%, unspecified 19.9% (2021 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population

improved: total

total: 100% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

19 years (2019)

male

18 years

total

18 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.05 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.05 male(s)/female

25-54 years

1.07 male(s)/female

55-64 years

1.03 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.87 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1.02 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.84 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

10.5% (2020 est.)

male

12.1%

total

11.3%

Urbanization

note

note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

rate of urbanization

1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

83.3% of total population (2021)

Administrative divisions

18 counties (fylker, singular - fylke); Akershus, Aust-Agder, Buskerud, Finnmark, Hedmark, Hordaland, More og Romsdal, Nordland, Oppland, Oslo, Ostfold, Rogaland, Sogn og Fjordane, Telemark, Troms, Trondelag, Vest-Agder, Vestfold

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the medieval name was spelt "Aslo"; the "as" component refered either to the Ekeberg ridge southeast of the town ("as" in modern Norwegian), or to the Aesir (Norse gods); "lo" refered to "meadow," so the most likely interpretations would have been either "the meadow beneath the ridge" or "the meadow of the gods"; both explanations are considered equally plausible

geographic coordinates

59 55 N, 10 45 E

name

Oslo

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Norway

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

7 years

Constitution

amendments

proposals submitted by members of Parliament or by the government within the first three years of Parliament's four-year term; passage requires two-thirds majority vote of a two-thirds quorum in the next elected Parliament; amended over 400 times, last in 2020

history

drafted spring 1814, adopted 16 May 1814, signed by Constituent Assembly 17 May 1814

Country name

conventional long form

Kingdom of Norway

conventional short form

Norway

etymology

derives from the Old Norse words "nordr" and "vegr" meaning "northern way" and refers to the long coastline of western Norway

local long form

Kongeriket Norge

local short form

Norge

Dependent areas

Bouvet Island, Jan Mayen, Svalbard

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Sharon HUDSON-DEAN (since 29 July 2021)

email address and website

OsloACS@state.govhttps://no.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Morgedalsvegen 36, 0378 Oslo

FAX

[47] 22-56-27-51

mailing address

5460 Oslo Place,  Washington DC  20521-5460

telephone

[47] 21-30-85-40

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2720 34th Street NW, Washington, DC 20008

chief of mission

Ambassador Anniken Ramberg KRUTNES (since 17 September 2020)

consulate(s) general

Houston, New York, San Francisco

email address and website

emb.washington@mfa.nohttps://www.norway.no/en/usa/

FAX

[1] (202) 469-3990

telephone

[1] (202) 333-6000

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of State appointed by the monarch, approved by Parliament

chief of state

King HARALD V (since 17 January 1991); Heir Apparent Crown Prince HAAKON MAGNUS (son of the monarch, born 20 July 1973)

elections/appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; following parliamentary elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually appointed prime minister by the monarch with the approval of the parliament

head of government

Prime Minister Jonas Gahr STORE (since 14 October 2021); note - Prime Minister Erna SOLBERG resigned on 12 October 2021

Flag description

red with a blue cross outlined in white that extends to the edges of the flag; the vertical part of the cross is shifted to the hoist side in the style of the Dannebrog (Danish flag); the colors recall Norway's past political unions with Denmark (red and white) and Sweden (blue)

Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

7 June 1905 (declared the union with Sweden dissolved); 26 October 1905 (Sweden agreed to the repeal of the union); notable earlier dates: ca. 872 (traditional unification of petty Norwegian kingdoms by HARALD Fairhair); 1397 (Kalmar Union of Denmark, Norway, and Sweden); 1524 (Denmark-Norway); 17 May 1814 (Norwegian constitution adopted); 4 November 1814 (Sweden-Norway union confirmed)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB (nonregional member), AfDB (nonregional member), Arctic Council, Australia Group, BIS, CBSS, CD, CE, CERN, EAPC, EBRD, EFTA, EITI (implementing country), ESA, FAO, FATF, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IEA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IGAD (partners), IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, MINUSMA, NATO, NC, NEA, NIB, NSG, OAS (observer), OECD, OPCW, OSCE, Paris Club, PCA, Schengen Convention, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNITAR, UNMISS, UNRWA, UNTSO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO, ZC

Judicial branch

highest courts

Supreme Court or Hoyesterett (consists of the chief justice and 18 associate justices)

judge selection and term of office

justices appointed by the monarch (King in Council) upon the recommendation of the Judicial Appointments Board; justices can serve until mandatory retirement at age 70

subordinate courts

Courts of Appeal or Lagmennsrett; regional and district courts; Conciliation Boards; ordinary and special courts; note - in addition to professionally trained judges, elected lay judges sit on the bench with professional judges in the Courts of Appeal and district courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil, common, and customary law; Supreme Court can advise on legislative acts

Legislative branch

description

unicameral Parliament or Storting (169 seats; members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by list proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - Ap 26.3%, H 20.5%, SP 13.6%, FrP 11.7%, SV 7.6%, R 4.7%, V 4.6%, MDG 3.9%, KrF 3.8%, PF 0.2%, other 3.1%; seats by party - Ap 48, H 36, SP 28, FrP 21, SV 13, R 8, V 8, , KrF 3, MDG 3, PF 1; composition (as of October 2021) men 93, women 76, percent of women 45%

elections

last held on 13 September 2021 (next to be held on 30 September 2025)

National anthem

lyrics/music

lyrics/music: Bjornstjerne BJORNSON/Rikard NORDRAAK

name

"Ja, vi elsker dette landet" (Yes, We Love This Country)

note

note: adopted 1864; in addition to the national anthem, "Kongesangen" (Song of the King), which uses the tune of "God Save the Queen," serves as the royal anthem

National holiday

Constitution Day, 17 May (1814)

National symbol(s)

lion; national colors: red, white, blue

Political parties and leaders

Center Party or Sp [Trygve Slagsvold VEDUM]Christian Democratic Party or KrF [Olaug BOLLESTAD] Conservative Party or H [Erna SOLBERG] Green Party or MDG [Une Aina BASTHOLM]  Labor Party or Ap [Jonas Gahr STORE] Liberal Party or V [Guri MELBY]Patient Focus or PF [Irene OJALA]Progress Party or FrP [Sylvi LISTHAUG] Red Party or R [Bionar MOXNES]Socialist Left Party or SV [Audun LYSBAKKEN]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, barley, wheat, potatoes, oats, pork, poultry, beef, eggs, rye

Budget

expenditures

199.5 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

217.1 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

4.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

AAA (1995)

Moody's rating

Aaa (1997)

Standard & Poors rating

AAA (1975)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2018

$31.111 billion (2018 est.)

Current account balance 2019

$16.656 billion (2019 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$648.878 billion (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$651.04 billion (2019 est.)

note

note: Norway is a net external creditor

Economic overview

Norway has a stable economy with a vibrant private sector, a large state sector, and an extensive social safety net. Norway opted out of the EU during a referendum in November 1994. However, as a member of the European Economic Area, Norway partially participates in the EU’s single market and contributes sizably to the EU budget.The country is richly endowed with natural resources such as oil and gas, fish, forests, and minerals. Norway is a leading producer and the world’s second largest exporter of seafood, after China. The government manages the country’s petroleum resources through extensive regulation. The petroleum sector provides about 9% of jobs, 12% of GDP, 13% of the state’s revenue, and 37% of exports, according to official national estimates. Norway is one of the world's leading petroleum exporters, although oil production is close to 50% below its peak in 2000. Gas production, conversely, has more than doubled since 2000. Although oil production is historically low, it rose in 2016 for the third consecutive year due to the higher production of existing oil fields and to new fields coming on stream. Norway’s domestic electricity production relies almost entirely on hydropower.In anticipation of eventual declines in oil and gas production, Norway saves state revenue from petroleum sector activities in the world's largest sovereign wealth fund, valued at over $1 trillion at the end of 2017. To help balance the federal budget each year, the government follows a "fiscal rule," which states that spending of revenues from petroleum and fund investments shall correspond to the expected real rate of return on the fund, an amount it estimates is sustainable over time. In February 2017, the government revised the expected rate of return for the fund downward from 4% to 3%.After solid GDP growth in the 2004-07 period, the economy slowed in 2008, and contracted in 2009, before returning to modest, positive growth from 2010 to 2017. The Norwegian economy has been adjusting to lower energy prices, as demonstrated by growth in labor force participation and employment in 2017. GDP growth was about 1.5% in 2017, driven largely by domestic demand, which has been boosted by the rebound in the labor market and supportive fiscal policies. Economic growth is expected to remain constant or improve slightly in the next few years.

Exchange rates

currency

Norwegian kroner (NOK) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

6.3021 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

8.0646 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

8.4837 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

9.14245 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

8.81535 (2020 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$165.37 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Exports 2019

$146.71 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Exports 2020

$117.06 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Exports - commodities

crude petroleum, natural gas, fish, refined petroleum, aluminum (2019)

Exports - partners

United Kingdom 18%, Germany 14%, Netherlands 10%, Sweden 9%, France 6%, United States 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

35.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption

24% (2017 est.)

household consumption

44.8% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-33.2% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

24.1% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

4.8% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

2.3% (2017 est.)

industry

33.7% (2017 est.)

services

64% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$405.695 billion (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 1995

25.8 (1995)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2017

27 (2017 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

21.2% (2014)

lowest 10%

3.8%

Imports

Imports 2018

$140.3 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Imports 2019

$140.14 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Imports 2020

$119.08 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Imports - commodities

cars, refined petroleum, broadcasting equipment, natural gas, crude petroleum (2019)

Imports - partners

Sweden 17%, Germany 12%, China 8%, Denmark 7%, United States 6%, United Kingdom 5%, Netherlands 5% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

1.5% (2017 est.)

Industries

petroleum and gas, shipping, fishing, aquaculture, food processing, shipbuilding, pulp and paper products, metals, chemicals, timber, mining, textiles

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

1.8% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

2.7% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

2.1% (2019 est.)

Labor force

2.699 million (2020 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

2.1%

industry

19.3%

services

78.6% (2016 est.)

Population below poverty line

12.7% (2018 est.)

Public debt

note

note: data cover general government debt and include debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data exclude treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data exclude debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Public debt 2016

36.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

36.5% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$341.78 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$344.69 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$342.06 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2017

2.75% (2017 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2018

1.36% (2018 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2019

0.86% (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2010 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$64,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$64,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$63,600 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2015

$57.46 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$65.92 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

54.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2018

3.89% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate 2019

3.72% (2019 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

10.5% (2020 est.)

male

12.1%

total

11.3%

Crude oil - exports

1.383 million bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - imports

36,550 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Crude oil - production

1.517 million bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

6.376 billion bbl (1 January 2018)

Electricity - consumption

122.2 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

15.53 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

3% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

93% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

4% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

5.741 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

33.86 million kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

147.7 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2020)

Natural gas - consumption

4.049 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

120.2 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

5.663 million cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

123.9 billion cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

1.782 trillion cu m (1 January 2018 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

205,300 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

432,800 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

135,300 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

371,600 bbl/day (2017 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

44.04 (2020 est.)

total

2,387,661 (2020)

Broadcast media

state-owned public radio-TV broadcaster operates 3 nationwide TV stations, 3 nationwide radio stations, and 16 regional radio stations; roughly a dozen privately owned TV stations broadcast nationally and roughly another 25 local TV stations broadcasting; nearly 75% of households have access to multi-channel cable or satellite TV; 2 privately owned radio stations broadcast nationwide and another 240 stations operate locally; Norway is the first country in the world to phase out FM radio in favor of Digital Audio Broadcasting (DAB), a process scheduled for completion in late 2017 (2019)

Internet country code

.no

Internet users

percent of population

97% (2020 est.)

total

5.39 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

Norway has a domestic satellite system; the prevalence of rural areas encourages the wide use of mobile-cellular systems; fixed-line 11 per 100 and mobile-cellular 107 per 100 (2019)

general assessment

sophisticated telecom market with high broadband and mobile penetration rates and a highly developed digital media sector; synchronized with EC legislation; comprehensive LTE and focus on 5G;  broadband penetration among highest in Europe; operators will migrate all DSL subscribers to fiber by 2023 and close 2G and 3G networks by 2025; regulator assigned spectrum for 5G; operator partners with Huawei for smart agriculture project; Oslo utilizes smart city technology; municipalities access EU-funded public Wi-Fi; importer of broadcasting equipment and computers from China (2020)

international

country code - 47; landing points for the Svalbard Undersea Cable System, Polar Circle Cable, Bodo-Rost Cable, NOR5KE Viking, Celtic Norse, Tempnet Offshore FOC Network, England Cable, Denmark-Norwary6, Havfrue/AEC-2, Skagerrak 4, and the Skagenfiber West & East submarine cables providing links to other Nordic countries, Europe and the US; satellite earth stations - Eutelsat, Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean), and 1 Inmarsat (Atlantic and Indian Ocean regions); note - Norway shares the Inmarsat earth station with the other Nordic countries (Denmark, Finland, Iceland, and Sweden) (2019)

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

6.43 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

348,808 (2020)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

107.5 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

5,825,584 (2020)

Airports

total

95 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

10

2,438 to 3,047 m

14

914 to 1,523 m

22

total

67

under 914 m

21 (2017)

Airports - with unpaved runways

914 to 1,523 m

6

total

28

under 914 m

22 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

LN

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 109, container ship 1, general cargo 242, oil tanker 96, other 1,196 (2021)

total

1,644

National air transport system

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

125

number of registered air carriers

8 (2020)

Pipelines

8520 km gas, 1304 km oil/condensate (2017)

Ports and terminals

LNG terminal(s) (export)

Kamoy, Kollsnes, Melkoya Island

LNG terminal(s) (import)

Fredrikstad, Mosjoen

major seaport(s)

Bergen, Haugesund, Maaloy, Mongstad, Narvik, Sture

Railways

standard gauge

4,200 km 1.435-m gauge (2,480 km electrified) (2019)

total

4,200 km (2019)

Roadways

total

94,902 km (includes 455 km of expressways) (2018)

Waterways

1,577 km (2010)

Military - note

Norway is a member of NATO and was one of the original 12 countries to sign the North Atlantic Treaty (also known as the Washington Treaty) in 1949 the Norwegian Armed Forces cooperate closely with the militaries of other Nordic countries through the Nordic Defense Cooperation (NORDEFCO), which consists of Denmark, Finland, Iceland, Norway, and Sweden; areas of cooperation include armaments, education, human resources, training and exercises, and operations; NORDEFCO was established in 2009 (2021)

Military and security forces

Norwegian Armed Forces:  Norwegian Army (Haeren), Royal Norwegian Navy (Kongelige Norske Sjoeforsvaret; includes Coastal Rangers and Coast Guard (Kystvakt)), Royal Norwegian Air Force (Kongelige Norske Luftforsvaret), Norwegian Special Forces, Norwegian Cyber Defense, Home Guard (Heimevernet, HV) (2021)

Military and security service personnel strengths

the Norwegian Armed Forces have approximately 23,000 active personnel (8,500 Army; 3,500 Navy; 3,500 Air Force; 7,500 other, including special operations, cyber, joint staff, intelligence, logistics support, active Home Guard, etc.); 40,000 Home Guard (2021)

Military deployments

120 Lithuania (NATO) (2021)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the Norwegian Armed Forces inventory includes mostly imported European and US weapons systems, as well as a limited mix of domestically-produced equipment, particularly small naval craft; since 2010, the US is the leading supplier of weapons systems to Norway, followed by a variety of other countries, including France, Italy, South Korea, and Spain (2020)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2016

1.74% of GDP (2016)

Military Expenditures 2017

1.72% of GDP (2017)

Military Expenditures 2018

1.73% of GDP (2018)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.86% of GDP (2019)

Military Expenditures 2020

2% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military service age and obligation

19-35 years of age for male and female selective compulsory military service; 17 years of age for male volunteers (16 in wartime); 18 years of age for women; 19-month service obligation; conscripts first serve 12 months from 19-28, and then up to 4-5 refresher training periods until age 35, 44, 55, or 60 depending on rank and function (2019)

note

note - Norway was the first NATO country to allow females to serve in all combat arms branches of the military (1988); it also has an all-female commando unit known as Jegertroppen (The Hunter Troop), which was established in 2014

Disputes - international

Norway asserts a territorial claim in Antarctica (Queen Maud Land and its continental shelf); Denmark (Greenland) and Norway have made submissions to the Commission on the Limits of the Continental Shelf (CLCS) and Russia is collecting additional data to augment its 2001 CLCS submission; Norway and Russia signed a comprehensive maritime boundary agreement in 2010

Refugees and internally displaced persons

refugees (country of origin)

15,311 (Syria), 12,520 (Eritrea), 5,263 (Somalia) (2020)

stateless persons

4,206 (2020)

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

41.02 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

4.81 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

7.02 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

temperate along coast, modified by North Atlantic Current; colder interior with increased precipitation and colder summers; rainy year-round on west coast

Environment - current issues

water pollution; acid rain damaging forests and adversely affecting lakes, threatening fish stocks; air pollution from vehicle emissions

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Multi-effect Protocol, Air Pollution-Nitrogen Oxides, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Air Pollution-Sulphur 85, Air Pollution-Sulphur 94, Air Pollution-Volatile Organic Compounds, Antarctic-Environmental Protection, Antarctic-Marine Living Resources, Antarctic Seals, Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Dumping-London Protocol, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Tropical Timber 2006, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land

2.7% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 2.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 0.5% (2018 est.)

forest

27.8% (2018 est.)

other

69.5% (2018 est.)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

0.05% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

393 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

844.9 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

1.071 billion cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

775.3 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

note

note: data include Svalbard and Jan Mayen Islands

rate of urbanization

1.32% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

83.3% of total population (2021)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

2.187 million tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

572,119 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

26.2% (2015 est.)