1985 Edition

Agriculture

animal husbandry predominates; main crops — feed grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables; 40% self-sufficient; food shortages — food grains, sugar

based on subsistence farming (fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing

Aid

donor — bilateral economic commitments(ODA and OOF), $2. 1 billion (1970-82)

Airfields

96 total, 95 usable; 54 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 14 with runways 1,2202,439 m

123 total, 1 17 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 54 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Area

Continental Norway, 324,219 km2; slightly larger than New Mexico; Svalbard, 62,160 km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 21 % forest; 3% arable, 2% meadow and pasture; 74% other

Branches

legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Storting — Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower house); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts

Royal Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force

executive — Sultan, who appoints 45-member State Consultative Assembly to advise him; legislative — none; judicial — traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system

Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police

Budget

(1982) revenues, $28.3 billion; expenditures, $26.6 billion

(1983) revenues, $3.7 billion; expenditures, $4.3 billion

Capital

Oslo

Muscat

Civil air

62 major transport aircraft

22 major transport aircraft, including multinational^ owned Gulf Air Fleet

Coastline

mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413 km (excludes long fjords and numerous small islands and minor indentations, which total as much as 16,093 km overall) People

2,092 km People

Communists

15,500 est; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist Party Marxist-Leninist (AKPML, pro-Chinese)

Crude petroleum

20.7 million metric tons produced (1983), exports $5.6 billion (1983)

Crude steel

768,000 metric tons produced (1982), 185 kg per capita Norway (continued) Oman

Elections

held every four years (next in 1985) Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Erling Norvik; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Liberal, Odd Einar D0rum; Socialist Left, Theo Koritzinsky; Norwegian Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progressive, Carl I. Hagen

Electric power

22,915,000 kW capacity (1984); 1 17.882 billion kWh produced (1984), 28,440 kWh per capita

984,000 kW capacity (1984); 2.155 billion kWh produced (1984), 1,820 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 Lapps

almost entirely Arab, with small Baluchi, Zanzibar!, and Indian groups

Exports

$18.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); principal items — oil, natural gas, metals, pulp and paper, fish products, ships, chemicals, oil

$4.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983), mostly petroleum; nonoil consist mostly of re-exports and some agricultural goods

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 2.5 million metric tons (1982); exports $750 million (1982)

GNP

$55. 1 billion in 1983, $13,300 per capita; 47.9% private consumption; 19.5% government; 24.5% private investment; net exports of goods and services 8.1%; 1983 growth rate 3.2%, in 1980 prices

$6.8 billion (1982), $6,300 per capita est.

Government leader

QABOOS bin Said, Sultan (since July 1970)

Government leaders

OLAV V, King (since 1957); Kare W1LLOCH, Prime Minister (since September 1981)

Highways

78,116 km total; 17,699 km concrete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

16,900 km total; 2,200 km bituminous surface, 14,700 km motorable track

Imports

$13.5 million (c.i.f ., 1983); principal items — foodstuffs, ships, fuels, motor vehicles, iron and steel, chemical compounds, textiles

$3.0 billion ( c.i.f., 1983), machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, mineral fuels, lubricants

Inland waterways

1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels maximum

Labor force

2.024 million (1983); 30.9% services; 19.6% mining and manufacturing; 16.7% commerce; 8.8% transportation; 7.6% construction; 7.2% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 5.7% banking and financial services; 3.3% unemployed

500,000; 50% are non-Omani; est. 60% agriculture Government

Land boundaries

2,579 km Water

1,384 km Water

Language

Norwegian (official); small Lappand Finnish-speaking minorities

Arabic (official); English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Legal system

mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; legal education at University of Oslo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on English common law and Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

4 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

12 nm (economic, including fishing, 200 nm)

Literacy

100%

20%

Major industries

oil and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper products, metals, chemicals

petroleum discovery in 1964; production began in 1967; production 1982, 320,000 b/d; pipeline capacity, 400,000 b/d; copper mine and smelter recently opened

Major trade partners

69% EC(34% UK, 19% FRG, 10% Sweden), 4.3% US (1983)

exports — 52% Japan, 30% Europe, 8% US; imports— 22% Japan, 19% UK, 18% UAE, 8% US (1983)

Member of

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ITU, IWC — International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG Economy

Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDE— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, QIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $1.7 billion; about 10.7% of central government budget 250 Km Gulf of Oman - TK MUSCAT Boundary representation is not necessarily authoritative Arabian Sea SM reflonal map VI Land About 212,380 km2; about the size of New Mexico; negligible amount forested; remainder desert, waste, or urban

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $1.9 billion; 38.4% of central government budget

Military manpower

males 15-49, 1,048,000; 851,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 275,000; 157,000 fit for military service

Monetary conversion rate

9.1500 kroner=US$l (2 January 1985)

.3454 rial=US$l (October 1984)

National holiday

Constitution Day, 17 May

National Day, 18-19 November

Nationality

noun — Norwegian(s); adjective— Norwegian

noun — Omani(s); adjective — Omani

Official name

Kingdom of Norway

Sultanate of Oman

Organized labor

60% of labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen

Pipelines

refined products, 53 km

crude oil 1,300km; natural gas 850 km

Political parties

none

Political subdivisions

19 counties, 2 territories, 404 communes, 47 towns

1 province (Dhofar), 2 governorates (Musandam and Muscat), and numerous districts (wilayats)

Population

4,160,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 0.4%

1,228,000 (July 1985), average annual growth rate 3.9%

Ports

9 major, 69 minor

1 major (Qaboos, Rayzut), 3 minor

Railroads

4,257 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,241 km (2,440 km electrified and 91 km double track); 16 km privately owned and electrified

none

Religion

94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% other

75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder Sunni Muslim, Sh'ia Muslim, some Hindu

Shortages

most raw materials except timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore; dairy products and fish

Suffrage

universal at age 18 but not compulsory

Telecommunications

high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex services; 2.20 million telephones (53.5 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 806 FM, 1,623 TV stations; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 6 domestic satellite stations Defense Forces

fair system of openwire, radiorelay, and radio communications stations; 23,000 telephones (2.2 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 11 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite station, 7 domestic satellite stations Defense Forces

Type

constitutional monarchy

absolute monarchy; independent, with strong residual UK influence

Voting strength

(1981 election) Labor, 37.3%; Conservative, 31.6%; Christian People's, 9.3%; Center, 6.7%; Socialist Left (Socialist Electoral Alliance), 4.9%; Progressive, 4.5%; Liberal, 3.9%; Red Electoral Alliance, 0.7%; Liberal People's Party (antitax), 0.6%; Norwegian Communist, 0.3%