1983 Edition

Agriculture

main crops — peanuts, cotton, cocoa, rubber, yams, cassava, sorghum, palm kernels, millet, corn, rice; livestock

animal husbandry predominates; main crops — feed grains, potatoes, fruits, vegetables; 40% selfsufficient; food shortages— food grains, sugar

based on subsistence farming (fruits, dates, cereals, cattle, camels), fishing

Aid

donor — bilateral economic commitments (ODA and OOF), $1.8 billion (1970-81)

Airfields

80 total, 75 usable; 27 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 12 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 19 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

98 total, 97 usable; 53 with permanent-surface runways; 12 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 15 with runways 1, 220-2,439 m Oman

140 total, 126 usable; 6 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m, 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 59 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Branches

Army, Navy, Air Force

legislative authority rests jointly with Crown and parliament (Storting — Lagting, upper house; Odelsting, lower house); executive power vested in Crown but exercised by Cabinet responsible to parliament; Supreme Court, 5 superior courts, 104 lower courts

Royal Norwegian Army, Royal Norwegian Navy, Royal Norwegian Air Force

executive — Sultan, who appoints 45-member State Consultative Assembly to advise him; legislative — none; judicial — traditional Islamic judges and a nascent civil court system

Army, Navy, Air Force, Royal Oman Police

Budget

(1981) revenues $14 billion, current expenditures $4.6 billion, development expenditures $9.4 billion

(1982) revenues $24.1 billion, expenditures $21.8 billion

(1982) revenues $3.4 billion, expenditures $3.95 billion

Capital

Oslo

Muscat

Civil air

9 major transport aircraft

54 major transport aircraft

22 major transport aircraft, including multinationally owned Gulf Air Fleet

Coastline

mainland 3,419 km; islands 2,413 km (excludes long fjords and numerous small islands and minor indentations, which total as much as 16,093 km overall) People

2,092 km People

Communists

the pro-Communist underground comprises a fraction of the small Nigerian left; leftist leaders are prominent in the country's central labor organization but have little influence on government

15,500 est.; 5,500 Norwegian Communist Party (NKP); 10,000 Workers Communist Party-Marxist-Leninist (AKPML, pro-Chinese)

Crude petroleum

20.7 million metric tons produced (1982), exports $4.9 billion (1982)

Crude steel

921,000 metric tons produced (1979), 230 kg per capita

Elections

held every four years (next in 1985) Political parties and leaders: Labor, Gro Harlem Brundtland; Conservative, Jo Benkow; Center, Johan J. Jakobsen; Christian People's, Kjell Magne Bondevik; Liberal, Odd Einar Durum; Socialist Left, Theo Koritzinsky; Norwegian Communist, Hans I. Kleven; Progressive, Carl I. Hagen

Electric power

3,050,000 kW capacity (1983); 7.0 billion kWh produced (1983), 80 kWh per capita

22,860,400 kW capacity (1983); 92.821 billion kWh produced (1983), 22,470 kWh per capita

984,000 kW capacity (1983); 1.724 million kWh produced (1983), 1,762 kWh per capita Oman (continued) Pakistan

Ethnic divisions

Germanic (Nordic, Alpine, Baltic) and racial-cultural minority of 20,000 Lapps

almost entirely Arab, with small Baluchi, Zanzibar!, and Indian groups

Exports

$11.3 billion (f.o.b., 1983); oil (98%), cocoa, palm products, rubber, timber, tin

$17.5 billion (f.o.b., 1982); principal items — oil, natural gas, metals, pulp and paper, fish products, ships, chemicals, oil

$4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1982), mostly petroleum; nonoil consist mostly of re-exports and some agricultural goods

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

calendar year Communications

Fishing

catch 722.185 metric tons (1981); imports nonprocessed and processed fish

catch 2.5 million metric tons (1981); exports $1 billion (1981)

GDP

$74 billion (1983 current prices), $827 per capita; - 10.0% growth rate (1983 est.)

GNP

$56.2 billion in 1982, $13,600 per capita; 48.6% private consumption; 19.4% government; 24.6% private investment; net exports of goods and services 5.6%; 1982 growth rate —0.6%, in 1975 prices

$6.3 billion (1981), $6,828 per capita est.

Government leader

Q ABOOS bin Sa'id Al Bu Sa'id, Sultan

Government leaders

OLAV V, King; Kare WILLOCH, Prime Minister

Highways

107,990 km total 30,019 km paved (mostly bituminous surface treatment); 25,411 km laterite, gravel, crushed stone, improved earth; 52,560 km unimproved

78,116 km total; 17,699 km concrete and bitumen; 19,277 km bituminous treated; 41,140 km gravel, crushed stone, and earth

16,900km total; 2,200 km bituminous surface, 14,700 km motorable track

Imports

$9.0 billion (f.o.b., 1983); machinery and transport equipment, manufactured goods, chemicals

$15.5 million (c.i.f., 1982); principal items — foodstuffs, ships, fuels, motor vehicles, iron and steel, chemical compounds, textiles

$3.2 billion (c.i.f., 1982), machinery, transportation equipment, manufactured goods, food, livestock, mineral fuels, lubricants

Inland waterways

8,575 km consisting of Niger and Benue rivers and smaller rivers and creeks

1,577 km; 1.5-2.4 m draft vessels maximum

Labor force

1.971 million; 32.0% services; 19.8% mining and manufacturing, 15% commerce; 9.1% construction; 8.4% agriculture, forestry, fishing; 8.4% construction; 5.2% banking and financial services; 3.7% unemployed (November 1984)

300,000; 50% are non-Omani; est. 66% agriculture Government

Land boundaries

2,579 km Water

1,384 km Water

Language

Norwegian (official); small Lappand Finnish-speaking minorities

Arabic (official); English, Baluchi, Urdu, Indian dialects

Legal system

mixture of customary law, civil law system, and common law traditions; constitution adopted 1814, modified 1884; Supreme Court renders advisory opinions to legislature when asked; legal education at University of Oslo; accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction, with reservations

based on English common law and Islamic law; no constitution; ultimate appeal to the Sultan; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

4 nm (fishing 200 nm; 200 nm exclusive economic zone)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

Literacy

100%

20%

Major industries

mining — crude oil, natural gas, coal, tin, columbite; processing industries— oil palm, peanut, cotton, rubber, petroleum, wood, hides, skins; manufacturing industries — textiles, cement, building materials, food products, footwear, chemical, printing, ceramics

oil and gas, food processing, shipbuilding, wood pulp, paper products, metals, chemicals

petroleum discovery in 1964; production began in 1967; production 1982, 320,000 b/d; pipeline capacity, 400,000 b/d; copper mine and smelter recently opened

Major trade partners

UK, EC, US

72% EC (36% UK, 20% FRG, 9% Sweden); 2.8% US (1982)

exports — 52% Japan, 30% Europe, 8% US; imports— 21% Japan, 14% UAE, 14% UK, 8% US (1982)

Member of

Af DB, APC, Commonwealth, ECA, ECOWAS, FAO, G-77, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMO, IMF, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, IRC, ISO, ITC, ITU, IWC— International Wheat Council, Lake Chad Basin Commission, Niger River Commission, NAM, OAU, OPEC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO, WTO Economy

ADB, Council of Europe, DAC, EC (Free Trade Agreement), EFTA, ESRO (observer), FAO, GATT, IAEA, IBRD, ICAC, ICAO, ICES, ICO, IDA, IEA (associate member), IFAD, IFC, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, International Lead and Zinc Study Group, IPU, ITU, IWC — International Whaling Commission, IWC — International Wheat Council, NATO, Nordic Council, OECD, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WSG* Economy

Arab League, FAO, G-77, GCC, IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IDB— Islamic Development Bank, IFAD, IFC, IMF, IMO, INTELSAT, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OIC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WMO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1983, $1.7 billion; about 10.9% of central government budget Land About 212,380 km2; negligible amount forested; remainder desert, waste, or urban

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1984, $1.9 billion; 38.4% of central government budget k K §. l~> SOVIET UNION

Military manpower

males 15-49, 18,934,000; 10,887,000 fit for military service; 904,000 reach military age (18) annually Land Continental Norway, 323,750km2; Svalbard, 62,160 km2; Jan Mayen, 373 km2; 21% forest; 3% arable, 2% meadow and pasture; 74% other

males 15-49, 1,031,000; 837,000 fit for military service; 33,000 reach military age (20) annually

males 15-49, 227,000; 130,000 fit for military service

Monetary conversion rate

.7259 naira= US$1 (February 1984)

7.40 kroner= US$1 (third quarter, 1983 average)

.3456 riaI=US$l (February 1984)

National holiday

Constitution Day, 17 May

National Day, 18-19 November

Nationality

noun — Norwegian(s); adjective — Norwegian

noun — Omani(s); adjective — Omani

Official name

Kingdom of Norway

Sultanate of Oman

Organized labor

60% of labor force Government

Other political or pressure groups

outlawed Popular Front for the Liberation of Oman (PFLO), based in South Yemen

Pipelines

1,918 km crude oil; 102 km natural gas; 3,000 km refined products

refined products, 53 km

crude oil 960 km; natural gas 730 km

Political parties

none

Political subdivisions

19 counties, 2 territories, 404 communes, 47 towns

1 province (Dhofar), 2 governorates (Musandam and Muscat), and numerous districts (wilayats)

Population

4,145,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 0.4%

1,009,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.1%

Ports

6 major (Lagos, Port Harcourt, Calabar, Warri, Onne, Sapele), 9 minor

9 major, 69 minor •

1 major (Qaboos), 3 minor

Railroads

3,505 km 1.067-meter gauge

4,257 km 1.435-meter standard gauge; Norwegian State Railways (NSB) operates 4,241 km (2,440 km electrified and 91 km double track); 16km privately owned and electrified

Religion

94% Evangelical Lutheran (state church), 4% other Protestant and Roman Catholic, 2% other

75% Ibadhi Muslim; remainder Sunni Muslim, Shi'a Muslim, some Hindu

Shortages

most raw materials except of timber, petroleum, iron, copper, and ilmenite ore; dairy products and fish

Suffrage

universal at age 18 but not compulsory

Telecommunications

above-average system with major expansion in progress; radio-relay and cable routes; 154,200 telephones (0.2 per 100 popl.); 37 AM, 9 FM, and 34 TV stations; satellite station with Atlantic and Indian Ocean antennas, domestic satellite system with 19 stations; 1 coaxial submarine cable Defense Forces

high-quality domestic and international telephone, telegraph, and telex services; 1.85 million telephones (45.3 per 100 popl.); 8 AM, 806 FM, and 1,623 TV stations; 6 coaxial submarine cables; 6 domestic satellite stations Defense Forces

fair system of openwire, radio-relay, and radiocommunications stations; 13,000 telephones (0.9 per 100 popl.); 3 AM, 2 FM, 1 1 TV stations; 2 Indian Ocean satellite stations, 7 domestic antennas Defense Forces

Type

constitutional monarchy

absolute monarchy; independent, with strong residual UK influence

Voting strength

(1981 election) Labor, 37.3%; Conservative, 31.6%; Christian People's, 9.3%; Center, 6.7%; Socialist Left (Socialist Electoral Alliance), 4.9%; Progressive, 4.5%; Liberal, 3.9%; Red Electoral Alliance, 0.7%; Liberal People's Party (antitax), 0.6%; Norwegian Communist, 0.3%