2015 Edition

Background

The Pacific coast of Nicaragua was settled as a Spanish colony from Panama in the early 16th century. Independence from Spain was declared in 1821 and the country became an independent republic in 1838. Britain occupied the Caribbean Coast in the first half of the 19th century, but gradually ceded control of the region in subsequent decades. Violent opposition to governmental manipulation and corruption spread to all classes by 1978 and resulted in a short-lived civil war that brought the Marxist Sandinista guerrillas to power in 1979. Nicaraguan aid to leftist rebels in El Salvador prompted the US to sponsor anti-Sandinista contra guerrillas through much of the 1980s. After losing free and fair elections in 1990, 1996, and 2001, former Sandinista President Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra was elected president in 2006 and reelected in 2011. The 2008 municipal elections, 2010 regional elections, 2011 presidential election, 2012 municipal elections, and 2013 regional elections were marred by widespread irregularities. Nicaragua's infrastructure and economy - hard hit by the earlier civil war and by Hurricane Mitch in 1998 - are slowly being rebuilt, but democratic institutions have been weakened under the ORTEGA administration.

Area

land

119,990 sq km

total

130,370 sq km

water

10,380 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly larger than Pennsylvania; slightly smaller than New York state

Climate

tropical in lowlands, cooler in highlands

Coastline

910 km

Elevation extremes

highest point

Mogoton 2,438 m

lowest point

Pacific Ocean 0 m

Environment - current issues

deforestation; soil erosion; water pollution

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

265.9 cu m/yr (2008)

total

1.39 cu km/yr (23%/4%/73%)

Geographic coordinates

13 00 N, 85 00 W

Geography - note

largest country in Central America; contains the largest freshwater body in Central America, Lago de Nicaragua

Irrigated land

942.4 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

border countries (2)

Costa Rica 313 km, Honduras 940 km

total

1,253 km

Land use

arable land 12.5%; permanent crops 2.5%; permanent pasture 27.2%

agricultural land

42.2%

forest

25.3%

other

32.5% (2011 est.)

Location

Central America, bordering both the Caribbean Sea and the North Pacific Ocean, between Costa Rica and Honduras

Map references

Central America and the Caribbean

Maritime claims

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

natural prolongation

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes; volcanoes; landslides; extremely susceptible to hurricanes

volcanism

significant volcanic activity; Cerro Negro (elev. 728 m), which last erupted in 1999, is one of Nicaragua's most active volcanoes; its lava flows and ash have been known to cause significant damage to farmland and buildings; other historically active volcanoes include Concepcion, Cosiguina, Las Pilas, Masaya, Momotombo, San Cristobal, and Telica

Natural resources

gold, silver, copper, tungsten, lead, zinc, timber, fish

Terrain

extensive Atlantic coastal plains rising to central interior mountains; narrow Pacific coastal plain interrupted by volcanoes

Total renewable water resources

196.6 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

28.57% (male 860,721/female 827,136)

15-24 years

22.16% (male 657,339/female 651,744)

25-54 years

38.69% (male 1,081,081/female 1,204,669)

55-64 years

5.6% (male 153,711/female 177,334)

65 years and over

4.98% (male 131,965/female 162,181) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

18.03 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

note

data represents children ages 5-17 (2005 est.)

percentage

14%

total number

223,992

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

5.7% (2007)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

80.4% (2011/12)

Death rate

5.08 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Demographic profile

Despite being one of the poorest countries in Latin America, Nicaragua has improved its access to potable water and sanitation and has ameliorated its life expectancy, infant and child mortality, and immunization rates. However, income distribution is very uneven, and the poor, agriculturalists, and indigenous people continue to have less access to healthcare services. Nicaragua's total fertility rate has fallen from around 6 children per woman in 1980 to just above replacement level today, but the high birth rate among adolescents perpetuates a cycle of poverty and low educational attainment.

Nicaraguans emigrate primarily to Costa Rica and to a lesser extent the United States. Nicaraguan men have been migrating seasonally to Costa Rica to harvest bananas and coffee since the early 20th century. Political turmoil, civil war, and natural disasters from the 1970s through the 1990s dramatically increased the flow of refugees and permanent migrants seeking jobs, higher wages, and better social and healthcare benefits. Since 2000, Nicaraguan emigration to Costa Rica has slowed and stabilized. Today roughly 300,000 Nicaraguans are permanent residents of Costa Rica - about 75% of the foreign population - and thousands more migrate seasonally for work, many illegally.

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

7.8%

potential support ratio

12.8% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

54.1%

youth dependency ratio

46.3%

Drinking water source

urban: 99.3% of population

rural: 69.4% of population

total: 87% of population

urban: 0.7% of population

rural: 30.6% of population

total: 13% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

4.4% of GDP (2010)

Ethnic groups

mestizo (mixed Amerindian and white) 69%, white 17%, black 9%, Amerindian 5%

Health expenditures

8.4% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.27% (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

400 (2014 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

6,600 (2013 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.9 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

female

16.59 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

22.56 deaths/1,000 live births

total

19.65 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Spanish (official) 95.3%, Miskito 2.2%, Mestizo of the Caribbean coast 2%, other 0.5%

note

English and indigenous languages found on the Caribbean coast (2005 est.)

Life expectancy at birth

female

75.26 years (2015 est.)

male

70.81 years

total population

72.98 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

83.2% (2015 est.)

male

82.4%

total population

82.8%

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

high

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea, hepatitis A, and typhoid fever

vectorborne disease

dengue fever and malaria (2013)

Major urban areas - population

MANAGUA (capital) 956,000 (2015)

Median age

female

25.5 years (2015 est.)

male

23.8 years

total

24.7 years

Nationality

adjective

Nicaraguan

noun

Nicaraguan(s)

Net migration rate

-3 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

15.5% (2014)

Physicians density

0.9 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Population

5,907,881 (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

1% (2015 est.)

Religions

Roman Catholic 58.5%, Protestant 23.2% (Evangelical 21.6%, Moravian 1.6%), Jehovah's Witnesses 0.9%, other 1.6%, none 15.7% (2005 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 76.5% of population

rural: 55.7% of population

total: 67.9% of population

urban: 23.5% of population

rural: 44.3% of population

total: 32.1% of population (2015 est.)

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.01 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.9 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.87 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.81 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.94 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

9.7% (2006 est.)

male

8.1%

total

8.6%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.96% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

58.8% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

15 departments (departamentos, singular - departamento) and 2 autonomous regions* (regiones autonomistas, singular - region autonoma); Atlantico Norte*, Atlantico Sur*, Boaco, Carazo, Chinandega, Chontales, Esteli, Granada, Jinotega, Leon, Madriz, Managua, Masaya, Matagalpa, Nueva Segovia, Rio San Juan, Rivas

Capital

geographic coordinates

12 08 N, 86 15 W

name

Managua

time difference

UTC-6 (1 hour behind Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 19 November 1986, effective 9 January 1987; amended several times, last in 2014 (2014)

Country name

conventional long form

Republic of Nicaragua

conventional short form

Nicaragua

local long form

Republica de Nicaragua

local short form

Nicaragua

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Phyllis M. POWERS (since 24 April 2012)

embassy

Kilometer 5.5 Carretera Sur, Managua

FAX

[505] 2252-7250

mailing address

American Embassy Managua, APO AA 34021

telephone

[505] 2252-7100, 2252-7888; 2252-7634 (after hours)

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1627 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC 20009

chief of mission

Ambassador Francisco Obadiah CAMPBELL Hooker (since 23 June 2010)

consulate(s) general

Houston, Los Angeles, Miami, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 939-6545

telephone

[1] (202) 939-6570, 6573

Executive branch

cabinet

Council of Ministers appointed by the president

chief of state

President Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (since 10 January 2007); Vice President Moises Omar HALLESLEVENS Acevedo (since 10 January 2012); note - the president is both chief of state and head of government

election results

Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra reelected president; percent of vote - Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (FSLN) 62.5%, Fabio GADEA Mantilla (PLI) 31%, Arnoldo ALEMAN (PLC) 5.9%, other 0.6%

elections/appointments

president and vice president directly elected on the same ballot by simple majority popular vote for a 5-year term (no term limits); election last held on 6 November 2011 (next to be held by November 2016)

head of government

President Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra (since 10 January 2007); Vice President Moises Omar HALLESLEVENS Acevedo (since 10 January 2012)

Flag description

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and blue with the national coat of arms centered in the white band; the coat of arms features a triangle encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE NICARAGUA on the top and AMERICA CENTRAL on the bottom; the banner is based on the former blue-white-blue flag of the Federal Republic of Central America; the blue bands symbolize the Pacific Ocean and the Caribbean Sea, while the white band represents the land between the two bodies of water

note

similar to the flag of El Salvador, which features a round emblem encircled by the words REPUBLICA DE EL SALVADOR EN LA AMERICA CENTRAL centered in the white band; also similar to the flag of Honduras, which has five blue stars arranged in an X pattern centered in the white band

Government type

republic

Independence

15 September 1821 (from Spain)

International law organization participation

accepts compulsory ICJ jurisdiction with reservations; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

BCIE, CACM, CD, CELAC, FAO, G-77, IADB, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAES, LAIA (observer), MIGA, NAM, OAS, OPANAL, OPCW, PCA, Petrocaribe, SICA, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, Union Latina, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Corte Suprema de Justicia (consists of 16 judges organized into administrative, civil, criminal, and constitutional chambers)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges elected by the National Assembly to serve 5-year staggered terms

subordinate courts

Appeals Court; first instance civil, criminal, and military courts

Legal system

civil law system; Supreme Court may review administrative acts

Legislative branch

description

unicameral National Assembly or Asamblea Nacional (92 seats; 70 members in multi-seat constituencies and 20 members in a single nationwide constituency directly elected by proportional representation vote; 2 seats reserved for the previous president and the runner-up candidate in the previous presidential election; members serve 5-year terms;)

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - FSLN 62, PLI/MRS 26, PLC 2

elections

last held on 6 November 2011 (next to be held by November 2016)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Salomon Ibarra MAYORGA/traditional, arranged by Luis Abraham DELGADILLO

name

"Salve a ti, Nicaragua" (Hail to Thee, Nicaragua)

note

although only officially adopted in 1971, the music was approved in 1918 and the lyrics in 1939; the tune, originally from Spain, was used as an anthem for Nicaragua from the 1830s until 1876

National holiday

Independence Day, 15 September (1821)

National symbol(s)

turquoise-browed motmot (bird); national colors: blue, white

Political parties and leaders

Alliance for the Republic or APRE [Carlos CANALES]

Conservative Party or PC [Alejandro BOLANOS Davis]

Independent Liberal Party or PLI [Indalecio RODRIGUEZ]

Liberal Constitutionalist Party or PLC [Maria Haydee OSUNA]

Nicaraguan Liberal Alliance or ALN [Alejandro MEJIA Ferreti]

Sandinista National Liberation Front or FSLN [Jose Daniel ORTEGA Saavedra]

Sandinista Renovation Movement or MRS [Ana Margarita VIJIL]

Political pressure groups and leaders

National Workers Front or FNT (a Sandinista umbrella group of eight labor unions including: Farm Workers Association or ATC, Health Workers Federation or FETASALUD, Heroes and Martyrs Confederation of Professional Associations or CONAPRO, National Association of Educators of Nicaragua or ANDEN, National Union of Employees or UNE, National Union of Farmers and Ranchers or UNAG, Sandinista Workers Central or CST, and Union of Journalists of Nicaragua or UPN)

Nicaraguan Workers' Central or CTN (an independent labor union)

Permanent Congress of Workers or CPT (an umbrella group of four non-Sandinista labor unions including: Autonomous Nicaraguan Workers Central or CTN-A, Confederation of Labor Unification or CUS, Independent General Confederation of Labor or CGT-I, and Labor Action and Unity Central or CAUS)

Superior Council of Private Enterprise or COSEP (a confederation of business groups)

Suffrage

16 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

coffee, bananas, sugarcane, rice, corn, tobacco, cotton, sesame, soya, beans; beef, veal, pork, poultry, dairy products; shrimp, lobsters

Budget

expenditures

$3.131 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$2.903 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.9% of GDP (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

3% (31 December 2010)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

14.8% (31 December 2014 est.)

14.98% (31 December 2013 est.)

Current account balance

-$729 million (2014 est.)

-$1.263 billion (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$10.25 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$9.709 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

40.5 (2010)

60.3 (1998)

Economy - overview

Nicaragua, the poorest country in Central America and the second poorest in the Western Hemisphere, has widespread underemployment and poverty. The Dominican Republic-Central America-United States Free Trade Agreement (CAFTA-DR) has been in effect since April 2006 and has expanded export opportunities for many agricultural and manufactured goods. Textiles and agriculture combined account for nearly 50% of Nicaragua's exports. In 2013, the government granted a 50-year concession to a newly formed Chinese-run company to finance and build an inter-oceanic canal and related projects, at an estimated cost of $50 billion. The economy grew 4.7% in 2014, despite a steep decline in coffee export revenues due to a coffee rust fungus.

Exchange rates

cordobas (NIO) per US dollar -

26.01 (2014 est.)

24.723 (2013 est.)

23.55 (2012 est.)

22.424 (2011 est.)

21.356 (2010 est.)

Exports

$3.997 billion (2014 est.)

$4.123 billion (2013 est.)

Exports - commodities

coffee, beef, gold, sugar, peanuts, shrimp and lobster, tobacco, cigars, automobile wiring harnesses, textiles, apparel, cotton

Exports - partners

US 52.3%, Mexico 11.8%, Venezuela 6.8%, Canada 5.9% (2014)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

(2014 est.)

exports of goods and services

41%

government consumption

5.6%

household consumption

84.4%

imports of goods and services

-51.9%

investment in fixed capital

21%

investment in inventories

-0.1%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

14.9%

industry

28.8%

services

56.4% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$4,700 (2014 est.)

$4,500 (2013 est.)

$4,300 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

4.5% (2014 est.)

4.4% (2013 est.)

5% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.71 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$29.47 billion (2014 est.)

$28.19 billion (2013 est.)

$26.99 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

18.8% of GDP (2014 est.)

16.8% of GDP (2013 est.)

17.3% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

41.8% (2005)

lowest 10%

1.4%

Imports

$6.43 billion (2014 est.)

$6.402 billion (2013 est.)

Imports - commodities

consumer goods, machinery and equipment, raw materials, petroleum products

Imports - partners

US 16.2%, Venezuela 15.9%, Mexico 13.6%, China 9.1%, Guatemala 8.2%, Costa Rica 8%, El Salvador 5.4% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

9% (2014 est.)

Industries

food processing, chemicals, machinery and metal products, knit and woven apparel, petroleum refining and distribution, beverages, footwear, wood, electric wire harness manufacturing, mining

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

6% (2014 est.)

7.1% (2013 est.)

Labor force

2.953 million (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

31%

industry

18%

services

50% (2011 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$NA

Population below poverty line

42.5% (2009 est.)

Public debt

40.6% of GDP (2014 est.)

41.8% of GDP (2013 est.)

note

official data; data cover general Government Debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by Government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities, as well as intra-governmental debt; intra-governmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as retirement, medical care, and unemployment, debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions; Nicaragua rebased its GDP figures in 2012, which reduced the figures for debt as a percentage of GDP

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$2.08 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$1.993 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of broad money

$4.453 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

$4.136 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$5.215 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$4.977 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$919.6 million (31 December 2014 est.)

$846.7 million (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

24.5% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

4.8% (2014 est.)

6.1% (2013 est.)

note

underemployment was 46.5% in 2008

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

5.285 million Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Crude oil - imports

12,910 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - production

200 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2014 est.)

Electricity - consumption

2.777 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

16.23 million kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

57.6% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

8.3% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

34.1% of total installed capacity (2013 est.)

Electricity - imports

51.97 million kWh (2013 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.275 million kW (2013 est.)

Electricity - production

4.159 billion kWh (2013 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

34,070 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

1,000 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

15,830 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

15,870 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

multiple privately owned terrestrial TV networks, supplemented by cable TV in most urban areas; of more than 100 radio stations, nearly all are privately owned; Radio Nicaragua is government-owned and Radio Sandino is controlled by the Sandinista National Liberation Front (FSLN) (2007)

Internet country code

.ni

Internet users

percent of population

14.5% (2014 est.)

total

845,100

Radio broadcast stations

AM 63, FM 32, shortwave 1 (1998)

Telephone system

domestic

since privatization, access to fixed-line and mobile-cellular services has improved; fixed-line teledensity roughly 5 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular telephone subscribership has increased to roughly 85 per 100 persons

general assessment

system being upgraded by foreign investment; nearly all installed telecommunications capacity now uses digital technology, owing to investments since privatization of the formerly state-owned telecommunications company

international

country code - 505; the Americas Region Caribbean Ring System (ARCOS-1) fiber optic submarine cable provides connectivity to South and Central America, parts of the Caribbean, and the US; satellite earth stations - 1 Intersputnik (Atlantic Ocean region) and 1 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

6 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

340,000

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

121 (2014 est.)

total

7.1 million

Television broadcast stations

16 (2009)

Airports

147 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

2

2,438 to 3,047 m

3

914 to 1,523 m

3

total

12

under 914 m

4 (2013)

Airports - with unpaved runways

119 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

15

total

135

Pipelines

oil 54 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Bluefields, Corinto

Roadways

paved

3,282 km

total

23,897 km

unpaved

20,615 km (2012)

Waterways

2,220 km (navigable waterways as well as the use of the large Lake Managua and Lake Nicaragua; rivers serve only the sparsely populated eastern part of the country) (2011)

Manpower available for military service

females age 16-49

1,552,698 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,452,107

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

1,335,653 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

1,227,757

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

67,522 (2010 est.)

male

69,093

Military branches

National Army of Nicaragua (Ejercito Nacional de Nicaragua, ENN; includes Navy, Air Force) (2013)

Military expenditures

0.63% of GDP (2012)

0.53% of GDP (2011)

0.63% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18-30 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; tour of duty 18-36 months; requires Nicaraguan nationality and 6th-grade education (2012)

Disputes - international

the 1992 (International Court of Justice) ICJ ruling for El Salvador and Honduras advised a tripartite resolution to establish a maritime boundary in the Gulf of Fonseca, which considers Honduran access to the Pacific; Nicaragua and Costa Rica regularly file border dispute cases over the delimitations of the San Juan River and the northern tip of Calero Island to the ICJ; in 2009, the ICJ ruled that Costa Rican vessels carrying out police activities could not use the river, but official Costa Rican vessels providing essential services to riverside inhabitants and Costa Rican tourists could travel freely on the river; in 2011, the ICJ provisionally ruled that both countries must remove personnel from the disputed area; in 2013, the ICJ rejected Nicaragua's 2012 suit to halt Costa Rica's construction of a highway paralleling the river on the grounds of irreparable environmental damage; in 2013, the ICJ, regarding the disputed territory, ordered that Nicaragua should refrain from dredging or canal construction and refill and repair damage caused by trenches connecting the river to the Caribbean and upheld its 2010 ruling that Nicaragua must remove all personnel; in early 2014, Costa Rica brought Nicaragua to the ICJ over offshore oil concessions in the disputed region

Illicit drugs

transshipment point for cocaine destined for the US and transshipment point for arms-for-drugs dealing