1984 Edition

Agriculture

principal crops are corn, sorghum, millet, cowpeas; livestock raised and exported; heavy dependence on imported food

cash crops — raw cotton, cashew nuts, sugar, tea, copra, sisal; other crops — corn, wheat, peanuts, potatoes, beans, sorghum, and cassava; imports corn and wheat

livestock raising (cattle and sheep) predominates, subsistence crops (millet, sorghum, corn, and some wheat) are raised but most food must be imported

Airfields

87 total, 79 usable; 9 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways 2,440-3,659 m, 17 with runways 1,220-2,439

263 total, 219 usable; 29 with permanent surface runways; 5 with runways 2,440-3,659 m; 34 with runways 1,2202,439 m

118 total, 105 usable; 20 with permanent-surface runways; 1 with runways over 3,659 m; 3 with runways 2,4403,659 m, 45 with runways 1,220-2,439 m

Area

600,372 km2; about 6% arable: less than 1% cultivated; mostly desert

789,800 km2; 56% wood and forest; 30% arable, of which 1% cultivated; 14% waste and inland water

Branch

unicameral legislature (People's Assembvernment leader: Samora Moi'ses MACHEL, President

Branches

executive — President appoints and presides over the Cabinet, which is responsible to Legislative Assembly; bicameral legislature (National Assembly with 32 popularly elected members and four members elected by the 32 representatives; House of Chiefs with deliberative powers only); judicial— local courts administer customary law, High Court and subordinate courts have criminal jurisdiction over all residents, Court of Appeal has appellate jurisdiction

Army, Air Wing, Botswana Police

Mozambique Armed Forces (including Army, Border Guard, Naval Command, Air Force)

since September 1977 Administrator General, appointed by South African Government, has exercised coordinative functions over zone of white settlement and tribal homelands, where traditional chiefs and representative bodies exercise limited autonomy; Namibian National Assembly terminated February 1983; no elections scheduled

Budget

(FY82/83) revenues $287.0 million, expenditures $372.5 million

(1981) current expenditures, $523 million; revenues, $488 million

Capital

Gaborone

Maputo

Windhoek

Civil air

3 major transport aircraft

14 major transport aircraft

1 major transport aircraft

Coastline

2,470 km People

1,489 km People

Communists

no known Communist organization; Koma of BNF has long history of Communist contacts

FRELIMO is a Marxist organization and maintains close to the Soviet Union and its allies

no Communist Party, SWAPO guerrilla force is supported by USSR, Cuba, and other Communist states as well as OAU

Elections

general elections held 20 October 1979; next elections to be held by October Political parties and leaders: Botswana Democratic Party (BDP), Quett Masire; Botswana National Front (BNF), Kenneth Koma; Botswana People's Party (BPP); Botswana Independence Party (BIP), Motsamai Mpho

information not available on future election schedule Political parties and leaders: the Mozambique Liberation Front (FRELIMO), led by Samora Machel, is only legal party

election of Namibian National Assembly, December 1978 Political parties and leaders: approximately 45 political parties; the major white parties include Action Front for the Preservation of the Turnhalle Principles (AKTUR), also known as the National Party of South-West Africa, Kosie Pretorius; Federal Party, Bryan O'Linn; Republican Party, Dirk Mudge; many of the nonwhite parties belong to the Democratic Turnhalle Alliance (DTA), a Nauru multiethnic alliance of traditional tribal leaders and the white Republican Party, which is favored in South Africa; the other multiethnic alliance, the largely moribund Namibian National Front (NNF), consists of the white Federal Party and various nonwhite groups opposed to the homeland system, each of which operates independently; Christian Democratic Action Party, a primarily Ovambo party formed in early 1982 as a result of a split in the DTA, Peter Kalangula

Electric power

100,000 kW capacity (1983); 470 million kWh produced (1983), 470 kWh per capita

2,200,000 kW capacity (1983); 1 1.5 billion kWh produced (1983), 880 kWh per capita

500,000 kW capacity (1983); 910 million kWh produced (1983), 845 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

94% Tswana, 5% Bushmen, 1% European

majority from indigenous tribal groups; approximately 10,000 Europeans, 35,000 Euro-Africans, 15,000 Indians

85.6% black, 7.5% white, 6.9% mixed; approximately half the Africans belong to Ovambo tribe

Exports

$456.2 million (f.o.b. 1982); diamonds, cattle, animal products, copper, nickel

(OECD only) $224.7 million (c.i.f., 1981); cashews, cotton, sugar, mineral products, timber products, tea, copra

Fiscal year

1 April-31 March Communications

calendar year Communications

1 April-31 March Communications

Fishing

est. catch 202,000 metric tons (1982); down by more than a third since 1979; processed mostly in South African enclave of Walvis Bay

GDP

R1.5 billion (1983 est); annual real growth, -1.6% (1982)

GNP

$1.5 billion (1981 est), about $150 per capita; average annual growth rate — 1% (1971-81)

Government leader

Dr. Quett K. J. MASIRE, President

Willem VAN NIEKERK, Administrator General

Highways

1 1,214 km total; 1,300 km paved; 1,700 km crushed stone or gravel; 5,177 km improved earth and 3,037 km unimproved earth

26,498 km total; 4,593 km paved; 829 km gravel, crushed stone, stabilized soil; 21,076 km unimproved earth

54,500 km; 4,079 km paved, 2,540 gravel, remainder earth roads and tracks

Imports

$580.0 million (f.o.b 1982); foodstuffs, vehicles, textiles, petroleum products

(OECD only) $362.0 million (f.o.b., 1981); machinery and electrical equipment, vehicles, petroleum products, iron and steel

Inland waterways

approx. 3,750 km of navigable routes

Labor force

about 400,000 total;103,600 formal sector employees (1980-81); most others are engaged in cattle raising and subsistence agriculture; 40,000 formal sector employees spend at least six to nine months per year as wage earners in South Africa (1980)

about 500,000(1981); 60% agriculture, 19% industry and commerce, 8% services, 7% government, 6% mining

Land boundaries

3,774 km People

4,627 km Water

3,798 km Water

Language

English (official), Setswana vernacular

Portuguese (official); many indigenous dialects

Afrikaans principal language of about 60% of white population, German of 33%, and English of 7% (all official); several indigenous languages

Legal system

based on Roman-Dutch law and local customary law; constitution came into effect 1966; judicial review limited to matters of interpretation; legal education at University of Botswana and Swaziland (two and one-half years) and University of Edinburgh (two years); has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

based on Portuguese civil law system and customary law

based on Roman-Dutch law and customary law

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

12 nm (fishing 200 nm; exclusive economic zone 200 nm)

6 nm (fishing 12 nm)

Literacy

about 24% in English; about 35% in Tswana; less than 1% secondary school graduates

14% Government

100% whites, 28% nonwhites

Major industries

livestock processing, mining of diamonds, copper, nickel, coal, salt, soda ash, potash, tourism

food processing (chiefly sugar, tea, wheat, flour, cashew kernels); chemicals (vegetable oil, oilcakes, soap, paints); petroleum products; beverages; textiles; nonmetallic mineral products (cement, glass, asbestos, cement products); tobacco

(nearly all for export) meatpacking, fish processing, copper, lead, diamond, and uranium mining, dairy products

Major trade partners

Switzerland, US, UK, other EC members of Southern African Customs Union

Portugal, South Africa, US, UK, FRG

Member of

Af DB, Commonwealth, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), IBRD, ICAO, IDA, IFAD, IFC, ILO, IMF, INTERPOL, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy GDP. $721.6 million (FY81/82); average annual real growth, 9.7% during 1976-82, 0% in FY81/82

AfDB, FAO, G-77, GATT (de facto), ICAO, IFAD, ILO, IMO, ITU, NAM, OAU, SADCC, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WHO, WMO Economy

FAO, ILO, UNESCO, WFTU, WHO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1982, $26.6 million; 5% of central government budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1982, $177.4 million; 29.0% of central government budget At /antic Ocean SOUTH AFRICA SOUTH V/ Indian \ AFRICA / Octt/i Land 823,145 km2; mostly desert except for interior plateau and area along northern border

for fiscal year ending 31 March 1983, $81.4; 8% of central government budget NAURU »x , SOLOMON «>. ISLANDS •»

Military manpower

males 15-49, 196,000; 104,000 fit for military service; 12,000 reach military age (18) annually

males 15-49, 2,951,000; 1,744,000 fit for military service

males 15-49, about 248,000; about 148,000 fit for military

Monetary conversion rate

1.122 pula=US$l (31 October 1983)

41.743 meticais=US$l (February 1984)

1 South African rand=US$.82 (as of 30 December 1983); 1.22 SA rands=US$l

National holiday

Independence Day, 30 September

Independence Day, 25 June

Nationality

noun — Motswana (sing.), Batswana (pi.); adjective — Botswana

noun — Mozambican(s); adjective — Mozambican

noun — Namibian(s); adjective — Namibian

Official name

Republic of Botswana

People's Republic of Mozambique

Namibia

Organized labor

16 trade unions organized Government

6 trade unions, membership almost exclusively white and mulatto Government

Other political or pressure groups

SouthWest Africa People's Organization (SWAPO), led by Sam Nujoma, maintains a foreign-based guerrilla movement; is predominantly Ovambo but has some influence among other tribes; is the only Namibian group recognized by the UN General Assembly and the Organization of African Unity

Pipelines

crude oil, 306 km (not operating); refined products, 280 km

Political subdivisions

12 administrative districts

10 provinces subdivided into 112 districts; administrators are appointed by central government

10 tribal homelands, mostly in northern sector, and zone open to white settlement with administrative subdivisions similar to a province of South Africa

Population

1,038,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.6%

13,413,000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 2.8%

1,1 11, 000 (July 1984), average annual growth rate 3.0%

Ports

3 major (Maputo, Beira, Nacala), 2 significant minor

2 major (Walvis Bay and Luderitz)

Railroads

726 km 1.067-meter gauge

3,436 km total; 3,288 km 1.067-meter gauge; 148 km 0.750-meter narrow gauge

2,340 km 1.067-meter gauge, single track

Religion

40% indigenous beliefs, 15% Christian

60% indigenous beliefs, 30% Christian, 10% Muslim

whites predominantly Christian, nonwhites either Christian or indigenous beliefs

Suffrage

universal adult at age 21

universal adult

universal adult

Supply

mostly from the USSR and China, and to a lesser extent from other Communist countries and Portugal

Telecommunications

the small system is a combination of open-wire lines, radio-relay links, and a few radiocommunication stations; 11, 700 telephones (1.5 per 100popl.);3 AM, 2 FM, and 2 TV stations; 1 Indian Ocean satellite ground station Defense Forces

fair system of troposcatter, open-wire lines, and radio relay; 51,600 telephones (0.5 per 100 popl.); 9 AM and 3 FM stations; 1 TV station; 1 Atlantic Ocean satellite station Mozambique (continued) Namibia (South-West Africa) Defense Forces

good urban, fair rural services; radio relay connects major towns, wires extend to other population centers; 54,300 telephones (5.7 per 100 popl.); 2 AM, 13 FM, and 3 TV stations Defense Forces Defense is responsibility of Republic of South Africa; however, a Southwest African Territory Force was established 1 August 1980

Type

parliamentary republic; independent member of Commonwealth

people's republic

former German colony of South-West Africa mandated to South Africa by League of Nations in 1920; UN formally ended South Africa's mandate on 27 October 1966, but South Africa has retained administrative control

Voting strength

(October 1979 election) Legislative Assembly— BDP, 29 seats; BNF, 2 seats; BPP, 1 seat Botswana (continued) Brazil

(1978 election) Namibian National Assembly — DTA, 41 seats; AKTUR, 6 seats; 3 minuscule parties, 1 seat each; NNF and SWAPO boycotted elections; 15 additional, appointed seats have not been filled; Assembly prorogued in January 1983