2017 Edition

Background

In 788, about a century after the Arab conquest of North Africa, a series of Moroccan Muslim dynasties began to rule in Morocco. In the 16th century, the Sa'adi monarchy, particularly under Ahmad al-MANSUR (1578-1603), repelled foreign invaders and inaugurated a golden age. The Alaouite Dynasty, to which the current Moroccan royal family belongs, dates from the 17th century. In 1860, Spain occupied northern Morocco and ushered in a half century of trade rivalry among European powers that saw Morocco's sovereignty steadily erode; in 1912, the French imposed a protectorate over the country. A protracted independence struggle with France ended successfully in 1956. The internationalized city of Tangier and most Spanish possessions were turned over to the new country that same year. Sultan MOHAMMED V, the current monarch's grandfather, organized the new state as a constitutional monarchy and in 1957 assumed the title of king. Since Spain's 1976 withdrawal from what is today called Western Sahara, Morocco has extended its de facto administrative control to roughly 80% of this territory; however, the UN does not recognize Morocco as the administering power for Western Sahara. The UN since 1991 has monitored a cease-fire between Morocco and the Polisario Front - Western Sahara's liberation movement - and leads ongoing negotiations over the status of the territory. King MOHAMMED VI in early 2011 responded to the spread of pro-democracy protests in the region by implementing a reform program that included a new constitution, passed by popular referendum in July 2011, under which some new powers were extended to parliament and the prime minister but ultimate authority remains in the hands of the monarch. In November 2011, the Justice and Development Party (PJD) - a moderate Islamist party - won the largest number of seats in parliamentary elections, becoming the first Islamist party to lead the Moroccan Government. In September 2015, Morocco held its first ever direct elections for regional councils, one of the reforms included in the 2011 constitution. The PJD again won the largest number of seats in nationwide parliamentary elections in October 2016.

Area

446,550 sq km 446,300 sq km 250 sq km

land

446,300 sq km

total

446,550 sq km

water

250 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly more than three times the size of New York; slightly larger than California

Climate

Mediterranean, becoming more extreme in the interior

Coastline

1,835 km

Elevation

909 m lowest point: Sebkha Tah -59 m highest point: Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m

elevation extremes

lowest point: Sebkha Tah -59 m

highest point

Jebel Toubkal 4,165 m

mean elevation

909 m

Environment - current issues

land degradation/desertification (soil erosion resulting from farming of marginal areas, overgrazing, destruction of vegetation); water supplies contaminated by raw sewage; siltation of reservoirs; oil pollution of coastal waters

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling Environmental Modification

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

Environmental Modification

Geographic coordinates

32 00 N, 5 00 W

Geography - note

strategic location along Strait of Gibraltar; the only African nation to have both Atlantic and Mediterranean coastlines

Irrigated land

14,850 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

2,362.5 km Algeria 1,900 km, Western Sahara 444 km, Spain (Ceuta) 8 km, Spain (Melilla) 10.5 km an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera

border countries (3)

Algeria 1,900 km, Western Sahara 444 km, Spain (Ceuta) 8 km, Spain (Melilla) 10.5 km

note

an additional 75-meter border segment exists between Morocco and the Spanish exclave of Penon de Velez de la Gomera

total

2,362.5 km

Land use

67.5% arable land 17.5%; permanent crops 2.9%; permanent pasture 47.1% 11.5% 21% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

67.5%

forest

11.5%

other

21% (2011 est.)

Location

Northern Africa, bordering the North Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea, between Algeria and Western Sahara

Map references

Africa

Maritime claims

12 nm 24 nm 200 nm 200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

contiguous zone

24 nm

continental shelf

200-m depth or to the depth of exploitation

exclusive economic zone

200 nm

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

northern mountains geologically unstable and subject to earthquakes; periodic droughts; windstorms; flash floods; landslides

Natural resources

phosphates, iron ore, manganese, lead, zinc, fish, salt

Population - distribution

the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains

Terrain

mountainous northern coast (Rif Mountains) and interior (Atlas Mountains) bordered by large plateaus with intermontane valleys, and fertile coastal plains

Age structure

25.77% (male 4,450,360/female 4,308,955) 17.04% (male 2,879,828/female 2,910,029) 42.32% (male 6,956,186/female 7,428,129) 8.13% (male 1,365,611/female 1,398,553) 6.74% (male 1,034,188/female 1,254,816) (2017 est.)

0-14 years

25.77% (male 4,450,360/female 4,308,955)

15-24 years

17.04% (male 2,879,828/female 2,910,029)

25-54 years

42.32% (male 6,956,186/female 7,428,129)

55-64 years

8.13% (male 1,365,611/female 1,398,553)

65 years and over

6.74% (male 1,034,188/female 1,254,816) (2017 est.)

Birth rate

17.7 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.1% (2011)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

67.4% (2010/11)

Death rate

4.9 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Demographic profile

Morocco is undergoing a demographic transition. Its population is growing but at a declining rate, as people live longer and women have fewer children. Infant, child, and maternal mortality rates have been reduced through better health care, nutrition, hygiene, and vaccination coverage, although disparities between urban and rural and rich and poor households persist. Morocco’s shrinking child cohort reflects the decline of its total fertility rate from 5 in mid-1980s to 2.2 in 2010, which is a result of increased female educational attainment, higher contraceptive use, delayed marriage, and the desire for smaller families. Young adults (persons aged 15-29) make up almost 26% of the total population and represent a potential economic asset if they can be gainfully employed. Currently, however, many youths are unemployed because Morocco’s job creation rate has not kept pace with the growth of its working-age population. Most youths who have jobs work in the informal sector with little security or benefits. During the second half of the 20th century, Morocco became one of the world’s top emigration countries, creating large, widely dispersed migrant communities in Western Europe. The Moroccan Government has encouraged emigration since its independence in 1956, both to secure remittances for funding national development and as an outlet to prevent unrest in rebellious (often Berber) areas. Although Moroccan labor migrants earlier targeted Algeria and France, the flood of Moroccan “guest workers” from the mid-1960s to the early 1970s spread widely across northwestern Europe to fill unskilled jobs in the booming manufacturing, mining, construction, and agriculture industries. Host societies and most Moroccan migrants expected this migration to be temporary, but deteriorating economic conditions in Morocco related to the 1973 oil crisis and tighter European immigration policies resulted in these stays becoming permanent. A wave of family migration followed in the 1970s and 1980s, with a growing number of second generation Moroccans opting to become naturalized citizens of their host countries. Spain and Italy emerged as new destination countries in the mid-1980s, but their introduction of visa restrictions in the early 1990s pushed Moroccans increasingly to migrate either legally by marrying Moroccans already in Europe or illegally to work in the underground economy. Women began to make up a growing share of these labor migrants. At the same time, some higher-skilled Moroccans went to the US and Quebec, Canada. In the mid-1990s, Morocco developed into a transit country for asylum seekers from sub-Saharan Africa and illegal labor migrants from sub-Saharan Africa and South Asia trying to reach Europe via southern Spain, Spain’s Canary Islands, or Spain’s North African enclaves, Ceuta and Melilla. Forcible expulsions by Moroccan and Spanish security forces have not deterred these illegal migrants or calmed Europe’s security concerns. Rabat remains unlikely to adopt an EU agreement to take back third-country nationals who have entered the EU illegally via Morocco. Thousands of other illegal migrants have chosen to stay in Morocco until they earn enough money for further travel or permanently as a “second-best” option. The launching of a regularization program in 2014 legalized the status of some migrants and granted them equal access to education, health care, and work, but xenophobia and racism remain obstacles.

Dependency ratios

51.6 41.9 9.7 10.3 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

9.7

potential support ratio

10.3 (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

51.6

youth dependency ratio

41.9

Drinking water source

urban: 98.7% of population rural: 65.3% of population total: 85.4% of population urban: 1.3% of population rural: 34.7% of population total: 14.6% of population (2015 est.)

rural

34.7% of population

total

14.6% of population (2015 est.)

urban

1.3% of population

Education expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2009)

Ethnic groups

Arab-Berber 99%, other 1%

Health expenditures

5.9% of GDP (2014)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.1% (2016 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

22,000 (2016 est.)

Hospital bed density

0.9 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

21.9 deaths/1,000 live births 26 deaths/1,000 live births 17.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

female

17.6 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

male

26 deaths/1,000 live births

total

21.9 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Arabic (official), Berber languages (Tamazight (official), Tachelhit, Tarifit), French (often the language of business, government, and diplomacy)

Life expectancy at birth

77.1 years 74 years 80.3 years (2017 est.)

female

80.3 years (2017 est.)

male

74 years

total population

77.1 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 68.5% 78.6% 58.8% (2015 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

58.8% (2015 est.)

male

78.6%

total population

68.5%

Major urban areas - population

Casablanca 3.515 million; RABAT (capital) 1.967 million; Fes 1.172 million; Marrakech 1.134 million; Tangier 982,000 (2015)

Maternal mortality rate

121 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

29.3 years 28.6 years 29.9 years (2017 est.)

female

29.9 years (2017 est.)

male

28.6 years

total

29.3 years

Nationality

Moroccan(s) Moroccan

adjective

Moroccan

noun

Moroccan(s)

Net migration rate

-3.2 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

26.1% (2016)

Physicians density

0.62 physicians/1,000 population (2014)

Population

33,986,655 (July 2017 est.)

Population distribution

the highest population density is found along the Atlantic and Mediterranean coasts; a number of densely populated agglomerations are found scattered through the Atlas Mountains

Population growth rate

0.97% (2017 est.)

Religions

Muslim 99% (official; virtually all Sunni,

Sanitation facility access

urban: 84.1% of population rural: 65.5% of population total: 76.7% of population urban: 15.9% of population rural: 34.5% of population total: 23.3% of population (2015 est.)

rural

34.5% of population

total

23.3% of population (2015 est.)

urban

15.9% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

12 years 13 years 12 years (2012)

female

12 years (2012)

male

13 years

total

12 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.03 male(s)/female 0.99 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female 0.99 male(s)/female 0.82 male(s)/female 0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

0-14 years

1.03 male(s)/female

15-24 years

0.99 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.99 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.82 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.11 children born/woman (2017 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

19.9% 20.8% 17.7% (2014 est.)

female

17.7% (2014 est.)

male

20.8%

total

19.9%

Urbanization

61.2% of total population (2017) 1.92% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

rate of urbanization

1.92% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

urban population

61.2% of total population (2017)

Administrative divisions

11 regions (recognized); Beni Mellal-Khenifra, Casablanca-Settat, Draa-Tafilalet, Fes-Meknes, Guelmim-Oued Noun, Laayoune-Sakia al Hamra, Oriental, Marrakech-Safi, Rabat-Sale-Kenitra, Souss-Massa, Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima Morocco claims the territory of Western Sahara, the political status of which is considered undetermined by the US Government; portions of the regions Guelmim-Oued Noun and Laayoune-Sakia al Hamra as claimed by Morocco lie within Western Sahara; Morocco also claims a 12th region, Dakhla-Oued ed Dahab, that falls entirely within Western Sahara

note

Morocco claims the territory of Western Sahara, the political status of which is considered undetermined by the US Government; portions of the regions Guelmim-Oued Noun and Laayoune-Sakia al Hamra as claimed by Morocco lie within Western Sahara; Morocco also claims a 12th region, Dakhla-Oued ed Dahab, that falls entirely within Western Sahara

Capital

Rabat 34 01 N, 6 49 W UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) +1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

daylight saving time

+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

geographic coordinates

34 01 N, 6 49 W

name

Rabat

time difference

UTC 0 (5 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

no the father must be a citizen of Morocco; if the father is unknown or stateless, the mother must be a citizen yes 5 years

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

the father must be a citizen of Morocco; if the father is unknown or stateless, the mother must be a citizen

dual citizenship recognized

yes

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

several previous; latest drafted 17 June 2011, approved by referendum 1 July 2011; note - sources disagree on whether the 2011 referendum was for a new constitution or for reforms to the previous constitution proposed by the king, by the prime minister, or by members in either chamber of Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers and approval in a referendum; the king can opt to submit self-initiated proposals directly to a referendum (2016)

amendments

proposed by the king, by the prime minister, or by members in either chamber of Parliament; passage requires at least two-thirds majority vote by both chambers and approval in a referendum; the king can opt to submit self-initiated proposals directly to a referendum (2016)

history

several previous; latest drafted 17 June 2011, approved by referendum 1 July 2011; note - sources disagree on whether the 2011 referendum was for a new constitution or for reforms to the previous constitution

Country name

Kingdom of Morocco Morocco Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah Al Maghrib the English name "Morocco" derives from, respectively, the Spanish and Portuguese names "Marruecos" and "Marrocos," which stem from "Marrakesh" the Latin name for the former capital of ancient Morocco; the Arabic name "Al Maghrib" translates as "The West"

conventional long form

Kingdom of Morocco

conventional short form

Morocco

etymology

the English name "Morocco" derives from, respectively, the Spanish and Portuguese names "Marruecos" and "Marrocos," which stem from "Marrakesh" the Latin name for the former capital of ancient Morocco; the Arabic name "Al Maghrib" translates as "The West"

local long form

Al Mamlakah al Maghribiyah

local short form

Al Maghrib

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Stephanie MILEY (since 20 January 2017) Km 5.7 Avenue Mohammed VI, Souissi, Rabat 10170 Unit 9400, Box Front Office, DPO, AE 09718 [212] 537 637 200 [212] 537 637 201 Casablanca

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Stephanie MILEY (since 20 January 2017)

consulate(s) general

Casablanca

embassy

Km 5.7 Avenue Mohammed VI, Souissi, Rabat 10170

FAX

[212] 537 637 201

mailing address

Unit 9400, Box Front Office, DPO, AE 09718

telephone

[212] 537 637 200

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Lalla Joumala ALAOUI (since 24 April 2017) 1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009 [1] (202) 462-7979 [1] (202) 462-7643 New York

chancery

1601 21st Street NW, Washington, DC 20009

chief of mission

Ambassador Lalla Joumala ALAOUI (since 24 April 2017)

consulate(s) general

New York

FAX

[1] (202) 462-7643

telephone

[1] (202) 462-7979

Executive branch

King MOHAMMED VI (since 30 July 1999) Prime Minister Saad-Eddine al-OTHMANI (since 17 March 2017) Council of Ministers chosen by the prime minister in consultation with Parliament and appointed by the monarch the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch from the majority party following legislative elections

cabinet

Council of Ministers chosen by the prime minister in consultation with Parliament and appointed by the monarch

chief of state

King MOHAMMED VI (since 30 July 1999)

elections/appointments

the monarchy is hereditary; prime minister appointed by the monarch from the majority party following legislative elections

head of government

Prime Minister Saad-Eddine al-OTHMANI (since 17 March 2017)

Flag description

red with a green pentacle (five-pointed, linear star) known as Sulayman's (Solomon's) seal in the center of the flag; red and green are traditional colors in Arab flags, although the use of red is more commonly associated with the Arab states of the Persian Gulf; the pentacle represents the five pillars of Islam and signifies the association between God and the nation; design dates to 1912

Government type

parliamentary constitutional monarchy

Independence

2 March 1956 (from France)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; non-party state to the ICCt

International organization participation

ABEDA, AfDB, AFESD, AMF, AMU, CAEU, CD, EBRD, FAO, G-11, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (national committees), ICRM, IDA, IDB, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), LAS, MIGA, MONUSCO, NAM, OAS (observer), OIC, OIF, OPCW, OSCE (partner), Pacific Alliance (observer), Paris Club (associate), PCA, SICA (observer), UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNOCI, UNSC (temporary), UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court or Court of Cassation (consists of 5-judge panels organized into civil, family matters, commercial, administrative, social, and criminal sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 members) Supreme Court judges appointed by the Superior Council of Judicial Power, a 20-member body presided by the monarch and including the Supreme Court president, the prosecutor general, representatives of the appeals and first instance courts - among them 1 woman magistrate, the president of the National Council of the Rights of Man, and 5 "notable persons" appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court members - 6 designated by the monarch and 6 elected by Parliament; court president appointed by the monarch from among the court members; members serve 9-year non-renewable terms courts of appeal; High Court of Justice; administrative and commercial courts; regional and sadad courts (for religious, civil and administrative, and penal adjudication); first instance courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court or Court of Cassation (consists of 5-judge panels organized into civil, family matters, commercial, administrative, social, and criminal sections); Constitutional Court (consists of 12 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court judges appointed by the Superior Council of Judicial Power, a 20-member body presided by the monarch and including the Supreme Court president, the prosecutor general, representatives of the appeals and first instance courts - among them 1 woman magistrate, the president of the National Council of the Rights of Man, and 5 "notable persons" appointed by the monarch; judges appointed for life; Constitutional Court members - 6 designated by the monarch and 6 elected by Parliament; court president appointed by the monarch from among the court members; members serve 9-year non-renewable terms

subordinate courts

courts of appeal; High Court of Justice; administrative and commercial courts; regional and sadad courts (for religious, civil and administrative, and penal adjudication); first instance courts

Legal system

mixed legal system of civil law based on French law and Islamic law; judicial review of legislative acts by Constitutional Court

Legislative branch

bicameral Parliament consists of the Chamber of Advisors (120 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college of local councils, professional organizations, and labor unions; members serve 6-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives (395 seats; 305 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 90 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - in the national constituency, 60 seats are reserved for women and 30 reserved for those under age 40 Chamber of Advisors - last held on 2 October 2015 (next to be held in fall 2021); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2016 (next to be held in fall 2021) Chamber of Advisors- percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - PJD 125, PAM 102, PI 46, RNI 37, MP 27, USFP 20, UC 19, PPS 12, MDS 3, other 4

description

bicameral Parliament consists of the Chamber of Advisors (120 seats; members indirectly elected by an electoral college of local councils, professional organizations, and labor unions; members serve 6-year terms) and the Chamber of Representatives (395 seats; 305 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote and 90 directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 5-year terms); note - in the national constituency, 60 seats are reserved for women and 30 reserved for those under age 40

election results

Chamber of Advisors- percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - NA; Chamber of Representatives - percent of vote by party NA; seats by party - PJD 125, PAM 102, PI 46, RNI 37, MP 27, USFP 20, UC 19, PPS 12, MDS 3, other 4

elections

Chamber of Advisors - last held on 2 October 2015 (next to be held in fall 2021); Chamber of Representatives - last held on 7 October 2016 (next to be held in fall 2021)

National anthem

"Hymne Cherifien" (Hymn of the Sharif) Ali Squalli HOUSSAINI/Leo MORGAN music adopted 1956, lyrics adopted 1970

lyrics/music

Ali Squalli HOUSSAINI/Leo MORGAN

name

"Hymne Cherifien" (Hymn of the Sharif)

note

music adopted 1956, lyrics adopted 1970

National holiday

Throne Day (accession of King MOHAMMED VI to the throne), 30 July (1999)

National symbol(s)

pentacle symbol, lion; national colors: red, green

pentacle symbol, lion; national colors

red, green

Political parties and leaders

Action Party or PA [Mohammed EL IDRISSI] Amal (hope) Party [Mohamed BANI] An-Nahj Ad-Dimocrati or An-Nahj [Mustapha BRAHMA] Authenticity and Modernity Party or PAM [vacant] Constitutional Union Party or UC [Mohamed SAJID] Democratic and Social Movement or MDS [Abdessamad ARCHANE] Democratic Forces Front or FFD [Mustapha BENALI] Democratic Oath Party or SD Democratic Socialist Vanguard Party or PADS [Abderrahman BENAMROU] Democratic Society Party [Zhour CHAKKAFI] Environment and Development Party or PED [Karim HRITAN] Green Left Party [Mohamed FARES] Istiqlal (Independence) Party or PI [Hamid CHABAT] Ittihadi National Congress or CNI [Abdesalam EL AZIZ] Labor Party or PT Moroccan Liberal Party or PML [Mohammed ZIANE] Moroccan Union for Democracy or UMD [Jamal MANDRI] National Rally of Independents or RNI [Aziz AKHANNOUCH] Neo-Democrats Party [Mohamed DARIF] Party of Development Reform or PRD [Abderrahmane EL KOHEN] Party of Justice and Development or PJD [Abdelillah BENKIRANE] Party of Liberty and Social Justice [Miloud MOUSSAOUI] Popular Movement or MP [Mohand LAENSER] Progress and Socialism Party or PPS [Nabil BENABDELLAH] Renaissance and Virtue Party [Mohamed KHALIDI] Renaissance Party [Said EL GHENNIOUI] Renewal and Equity Party or PRE [Chakir ACHEHABAR] Shoura (consultation) and Istiqlal Party [Ahmed BELGHAZI] Social Center Party or PCS [Lahcen MADIH] Socialist Party [Abdelmajid BOUZOUBAA] Socialist Union of Popular Forces or USFP [Driss LACHGAR] Unified Socialist Party or GSU [Nabila MOUNIB] Unity and Democracy Party [Ahmed FITRI]

Political pressure groups and leaders

Democratic Confederation of Labor or CDT [Noubir EL AMAOUI] General Union of Moroccan Workers or UGTM [Mohamed KAFI CHERRAT] Justice and Charity Organization or JCO [Mohammed ben Abdesslam ABBADI] Moroccan Employers Association or CGEM [Miriem BENSALAH-CHAQROUN] National Labor Union of Morocco or UNMT [Abdessalam MAATI] Union of Moroccan Workers or UMT [Miloudi EL MOUKHARIK]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

barley, wheat, citrus fruits, grapes, vegetables, olives; livestock; wine

Budget

$24.65 billion $29.3 billion (2016 est.)

expenditures

$29.3 billion (2016 est.)

revenues

$24.65 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-4.5% of GDP (2016 est.)

Central bank discount rate

6.5% (31 December 2010) 3.31% (31 December 2009)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

5.73% (31 December 2016 est.) 5.73% (31 December 2015 est.)

Current account balance

$-4.537 billion (2016 est.) $-2.161 billion (2015 est.)

Debt - external

$44.65 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $42.99 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

40.9 (2007 est.) 39.5 (1999 est.)

Economy - overview

Morocco has capitalized on its proximity to Europe and relatively low labor costs to work towards building a diverse, open, market-oriented economy. Key sectors of the economy include agriculture, tourism, aerospace, automotive, phosphates, textiles, apparel, and subcomponents. Morocco has increased investment in its port, transportation, and industrial infrastructure to position itself as a center and broker for business throughout Africa. Industrial development strategies and infrastructure improvements - most visibly illustrated by a new port and free trade zone near Tangier - are improving Morocco's competitiveness. In the 1980s, Morocco was a heavily indebted country before pursuing austerity measures and pro-market reforms, overseen by the IMF. Since taking the throne in 1999, King MOHAMMED VI has presided over a stable economy marked by steady growth, low inflation, and gradually falling unemployment, although poor harvests and economic difficulties in Europe contributed to an economic slowdown. To boost exports, Morocco entered into a bilateral Free Trade Agreement with the US in 2006 and an Advanced Status agreement with the EU in 2008. In late 2014, Morocco eliminated subsidies for gasoline, diesel, and fuel oil, dramatically reducing outlays that weighted on the country’s budget and current account. Subsidies on butane gas and certain food products remain in place. Morocco also seeks to expand its renewable energy capacity with a goal of making renewable more than 50% of installed electricity generation capacity by 2030. Despite Morocco's economic progress, the country suffers from high unemployment, poverty, and illiteracy, particularly in rural areas. Key economic challenges for Morocco include reforming the education system and the judiciary.

Exchange rates

Moroccan dirhams (MAD) per US dollar - 9.7787 (2016 est.) 9.7787 (2015 est.) 9.7351 (2014 est.) 8.3798 (2013 est.) 8.6 (2012 est.)

Exports

$18.88 billion (2016 est.) $18.62 billion (2015 est.)

Exports - commodities

clothing and textiles, automobiles, electric components, inorganic chemicals, transistors, crude minerals, fertilizers (including phosphates), petroleum products, citrus fruits, vegetables, fish

Exports - partners

Spain 23.4%, France 21.1%, Italy 4.6% (2016)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

57.9% 19.3% 30.2% 2.9% 35.1% -45.3% (2016 est.)

exports of goods and services

35.1%

government consumption

19.3%

household consumption

57.9%

imports of goods and services

-45.3% (2016 est.)

investment in fixed capital

30.2%

investment in inventories

2.9%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

13.6% 29.5% 56.8% (2016 est.)

agriculture

13.6%

industry

29.5%

services

56.8% (2016 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$8,200 (2016 est.) $8,100 (2015 est.) $7,900 (2014 est.) data are in 2016 dollars

note

data are in 2016 dollars

GDP - real growth rate

1.2% (2016 est.) 4.6% (2015 est.) 2.7% (2014 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$103.6 billion (2016 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$281.4 billion (2016 est.) $274.5 billion (2015 est.) $259.8 billion (2014 est.) data are in 2016 dollars

note

data are in 2016 dollars

Gross national saving

28.2% of GDP (2016 est.) 28.7% of GDP (2015 est.) 26.6% of GDP (2014 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

2.7% 33.2% (2007)

highest 10%

33.2% (2007)

lowest 10%

2.7%

Imports

$36.59 billion (2016 est.) $33.31 billion (2015 est.)

Imports - commodities

crude petroleum, textile fabric, telecommunications equipment, wheat, gas and electricity, transistors, plastics

Imports - partners

Spain 15.7%, France 13.2%, China 9.1%, US 6.4%, Germany 5.9%, Italy 5.4%, Turkey 4.4% (2016)

Industrial production growth rate

1.2% (2016 est.)

Industries

automotive parts, phosphate mining and processing, aerospace, food processing, leather goods, textiles, construction, energy, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

1.6% (2016 est.) 1.6% (2015 est.)

Labor force

11.75 million (2016 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

39.1% 20.3% 40.5% (2014 est.)

agriculture

39.1%

industry

20.3%

services

40.5% (2014 est.)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$45.93 billion (31 December 2015 est.) $52.75 billion (31 December 2014 est.) $53.83 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Population below poverty line

15% (2007 est.)

Public debt

77.5% of GDP (2016 est.) 75.3% of GDP (2015 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

$25.37 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $23.01 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of broad money

$89.22 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $85.59 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$5.203 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $4.557 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$54.78 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $49.67 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$109.3 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $106.5 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$74.7 billion (31 December 2016 est.) $71.58 billion (31 December 2015 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

23.8% of GDP (2016 est.)

Unemployment rate

9.4% (2016 est.) 9.7% (2015 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

39 million Mt (2013 est.)

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Crude oil - imports

129,800 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Crude oil - production

160 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

684,000 bbl (1 January 2017 es)

Electricity - consumption

26.83 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity - exports

165 million kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

67.5% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

16.2% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

12.5% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - imports

5.14 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

8.04 million kW (2015 est.)

Electricity - production

27.37 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity access

400,000 98.9% 100% 97.4% (2013)

electrification - rural areas

97.4% (2013)

electrification - total population

98.9%

electrification - urban areas

100%

population without electricity

400,000

Natural gas - consumption

1.48 billion cu m (2015 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - imports

1 billion cu m (2015 est.)

Natural gas - production

94 million cu m (2015 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

1.444 billion cu m (1 January 2017 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

286,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

24,830 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

187,400 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

139,400 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Broadcast media

2 TV broadcast networks with state-run Radio-Television Marocaine (RTM) operating one network and the state partially owning the other; foreign TV broadcasts are available via satellite dish; 3 radio broadcast networks with RTM operating one; the government-owned network includes 10 regional radio channels in addition to its national service (2007)

Internet country code

.ma

Internet users

19,611,643 58.3% (July 2016 est.)

percent of population

58.3% (July 2016 est.)

total

19,611,643

Telephone system

good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay; Internet available but expensive fixed-line teledensity is below 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 120 per 100 persons country code - 212; landing point for the Atlas Offshore, Estepona-Tetouan, Euroafrica, Spain-Morocco, and SEA-ME-WE-3 fiber-optic telecommunications undersea cables that provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria and Tunisia (2016)

domestic

fixed-line teledensity is below 10 per 100 persons; mobile-cellular subscribership exceeds 120 per 100 persons

general assessment

good system composed of open-wire lines, cables, and microwave radio relay links; principal switching centers are Casablanca and Rabat; national network nearly 100% digital using fiber-optic links; improved rural service employs microwave radio relay; Internet available but expensive

international

country code - 212; landing point for the Atlas Offshore, Estepona-Tetouan, Euroafrica, Spain-Morocco, and SEA-ME-WE-3 fiber-optic telecommunications undersea cables that provide connectivity to Asia, the Middle East, and Europe; satellite earth stations - 2 Intelsat (Atlantic Ocean) and 1 Arabsat; microwave radio relay to Gibraltar, Spain, and Western Sahara; coaxial cable and microwave radio relay to Algeria; participant in Medarabtel; fiber-optic cable link from Agadir to Algeria and Tunisia (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines

2,070,173 6 (July 2016 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

6 (July 2016 est.)

total subscriptions

2,070,173

Telephones - mobile cellular

41,513,933 123 (July 2016 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

123 (July 2016 est.)

total

41,513,933

Airports

55 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

4 (2017)

1,524 to 2,437 m

7

2,438 to 3,047 m

9

914 to 1,523 m

4 (2017)

over 3,047 m

11

total

31

Airports - with unpaved runways

5 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

7

2,438 to 3,047 m

1

914 to 1,523 m

11

total

24

under 914 m

5 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

CN (2016)

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

cargo 1, chemical tanker 3, container 6, passenger/cargo 14, roll on/roll off 2 14 (France 3, Germany 1, Italy 1, Spain 9) 4 (Gibraltar 4) (2010)

by type

cargo 1, chemical tanker 3, container 6, passenger/cargo 14, roll on/roll off 2

foreign-owned

14 (France 3, Germany 1, Italy 1, Spain 9)

registered in other countries

4 (Gibraltar 4) (2010)

total

26

National air transport system

6,786,850 47,828,227 mt-km (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

47,828,227 mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

6,786,850

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

65

number of registered air carriers

4

Pipelines

gas 944 km; oil 270 km; refined products 175 km (2013)

Ports and terminals

Casablanca, Jorf Lasfar, Mohammedia, Safi, Tangier Tangier (2,971,000) (2015) Jorf Lasfar

container port(s) (TEUs)

Tangier (2,971,000) (2015)

LNG terminal(s) (import)

Jorf Lasfar

major seaport(s)

Casablanca, Jorf Lasfar, Mohammedia, Safi, Tangier

Railways

2,067 km 2,067 km 1.435-m gauge (1,022 km electrified) (2014)

standard gauge

2,067 km 1.435-m gauge (1,022 km electrified) (2014)

total

2,067 km

Roadways

58,395 km 41,116 km (includes 1,080 km of expressways) 17,279 km (2010)

paved

41,116 km (includes 1,080 km of expressways)

total

58,395 km

unpaved

17,279 km (2010)

Military branches

Royal Armed Forces (Forces Armees Royales, FAR): Royal Moroccan Army (includes Air Defense), Royal Moroccan Navy (includes Coast Guard, Marines), Royal Moroccan Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawyiya al Malakiya Marakishiya; Force Aerienne Royale Marocaine) (2010)

Royal Armed Forces (Forces Armees Royales, FAR)

Royal Moroccan Army (includes Air Defense), Royal Moroccan Navy (includes Coast Guard, Marines), Royal Moroccan Air Force (Al Quwwat al Jawyiya al Malakiya Marakishiya; Force Aerienne Royale Marocaine) (2010)

Military expenditures

3.28% of GDP (2016) 3.25% of GDP (2015) 3.68% of GDP (2014) 3.81% of GDP (2013) 3.46% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

20 years of age for voluntary military service; no conscription; service obligation - 18 months (2012)

Disputes - international

claims and administers Western Sahara whose sovereignty remains unresolved; Morocco protests Spain's control over the coastal enclaves of Ceuta, Melilla, and Penon de Velez de la Gomera, the islands of Penon de Alhucemas and Islas Chafarinas, and surrounding waters; both countries claim Isla Perejil (Leila Island); discussions have not progressed on a comprehensive maritime delimitation, setting limits on resource exploration and refugee interdiction, since Morocco's 2002 rejection of Spain's unilateral designation of a median line from the Canary Islands; Morocco serves as one of the primary launching areas of illegal migration into Spain from North Africa; Algeria's border with Morocco remains an irritant to bilateral relations, each nation accusing the other of harboring militants and arms smuggling; the National Liberation Front's assertions of a claim to Chirac Pastures in southeastern Morocco is a dormant dispute

Illicit drugs

the world's largest producer and exporter of cannabis; total production for 2015-2016 growing season estimated to be 700 metric tons; shipments of hashish mostly directed to Western Europe; transit point for cocaine from South America destined for Western Europe; significant consumer of cannabis