1986 Edition

Agriculture

livestock raising predominates; main crops — wheat, oats, barley

Aid

heavily dependent on USSR

Branches

executive — Council of Ministers; legislative — unicameral People's Great Hural; judicial — court system; Supreme Court elected by People's Great Hural

Mongolian People's Army, Air Force

Capital

Ulaanbaatar

Coastline

40 km People

Communists

estimated MPRP membership, 81,000 (1984)

Elections

legislative election theoretically held every four years; last election held June Political party and leader: Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP), Jambyn Batmonh, General Secretary (since August 1984)

Electric power

645,000 kW capacity (1985); 2.2 billion kWh produced (1985), 1,150 kWh per capita

Ethnic divisions

mostly black with a few Europeans

Exports

livestock, animal products, wool, hides, fluorspar, nonferrous metals, minerals

Fiscal year

calendar year Communications

Freight carried

rail — 10.7 million metric tons, 3,609 million metric ton/km (1981); highway — 27.8 million metric tons, 1,624 million metric ton/km (1981); waterway — 0.04 million metric tons, 4.7 million metric ton/km (1981) Defense Forces

GDP

$1.20 billion (1976 est.); average annual real growth, 1.6% (1970-77)

Government leaders

Jambyn BATMONH, Chairman of the Presidium of the People's Great Hural (since December 1984); Dumaagiyn SODNOM, Chairman of the Council of Ministers (since December 1984)

Highways

46,700 km total; 700 km hard surface; 46,000 km other surfaces (1981)

Imports

machinery and equipment, petroleum, clothing, building materials, sugar, tea, chemicals

Infant mortality rate

124/1,000(1983)

Inland waterways

397 km of principal routes (1981)

Labor force

5,100 (1983 prelim.); 40.5% community, social, and personal services,

Language

English

Legal system

blend of Russian, Chinese, and Turkish systems of law; new constitution adopted 1960; no constitutional provision for judicial review of legislative acts; legal education at Ulaanbaatar State University; has not accepted compulsory ICJ jurisdiction

Limits of territorial waters (claimed)

3 nm (200 nm fishing zone)

Literacy

77%

Major industries

processing of animal products; building materials; mining

Major trade partners

nearly all trade with Communist countries (approx. 80% with USSR); total turnover about $1.0 billion (1977)

Member of

CEMA, ESCAP, FAO, IAEA, ILO, IPU, ITU, UN, UNESCO, UPU, WFTU, WHO, WIPO, WMO Economy

Military budget

for fiscal year ending 31 December 1977, 405 million tugriks, 12% of total budget Caribbean Sea Land 102 km2; a little over half the size of Washington, D. C.; part of the Leeward Islands group of the Lesser Antilles in the Eastern Caribbean; entirely volcanic, consisting of three main mountain ranges; some arable land with 5,000 acres of forest Water

Military manpower

males 15-49, 454,000; 296,000 fit for military service; 21,000 reach military age (18) annually

Monetary conversion rate

3.3555 tugriks= US$1 (February 1984)

National holiday

People's Revolution Day, 11 July

Nationality

noun — Montserratian(s); adjective— Montserratian

Natural resources

coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, wolfram, fluorspar, gold

Political subdivisions

18 provinces and 3 autonomous municipalities (Ulaanbaatar, Darhan, and Erdenet)

Population

12,000 (July 1986), average annual growth rate 0.2%

Railroads

1,600 km (1981); all 1.524-meter broad gauge

Religion

Anglican, Methodist, Roman Catholic, Pentecostal, Seventh-Day Adventist, other Christian denominations

Suffrage

universal at age 18 and over

Supply

military equipment supplied by USSR