2021 Edition

Background

The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.

Area

land

13,452 sq km

total

13,812 sq km

water

360 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline

293.5 km

Elevation

highest point

Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

lowest point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

mean elevation

1,086 m

Geographic coordinates

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography - note

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated land

24 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

border countries

Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km

total

680 km

Land use

agricultural land

38.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)

forest

40.4% (2018 est.)

other

21.4% (2018 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Major lakes (area sq km)

Fresh water lake(s)

Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq kmnote - largest lake in the Balkans

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Map references

Europe

Maritime claims

continental shelf

defined by treaty

territorial sea

12 nm

Natural hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural resources

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Population distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Terrain

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Age structure

0-14 years

18.14% (male 57,402/female 53,217)

15-24 years

12.78% (male 40,220/female 37,720)

25-54 years

39.65% (male 120,374/female 121,461)

55-64 years

13.41% (male 40,099/female 41,670)

65 years and over

16.02% (male 42,345/female 55,351) (2020 est.)

Birth rate

11.35 births/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

3.7% (2018/19)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

20.7% (2018)

Current Health Expenditure

8.4% (2018)

Death rate

10.37 deaths/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

23.8

potential support ratio

4.2 (2020 est.)

total dependency ratio

51.1

youth dependency ratio

27.3

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 100% of population

improved: total

total: 99.8% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 0% of population

unimproved: total

total: 0.2% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

Education expenditures

NA

Ethnic groups

Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

<100 (2020 est.)

note

note: estimate does not include children

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

<500 (2020 est.)

note

note: estimate does not include children

Hospital bed density

3.9 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate

female

3.85 deaths/1,000 live births (2021 est.)

male

2.75 deaths/1,000 live births

total

3.29 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Languages

Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

major-language sample(s)

Knjiga svetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Serbian) Knjiga svjetskih činjenica, neophodan izvor osnovnih informacija. (Montenegrin/Bosnian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

80.04 years (2021 est.)

male

75.06 years

total population

77.51 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

98.3% (2018)

male

99.5%

total population

98.8%

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

intermediate (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea

vectorborne diseases

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Major urban areas - population

177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Maternal mortality ratio

6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median age

female

41.1 years (2020 est.)

male

38.1 years

total

39.6 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

26.3 years (2010 est.)

Nationality

adjective

Montenegrin

noun

Montenegrin(s)

Net migration rate

-4.95 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2021 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

23.3% (2016)

Physicians density

2.76 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population

607,414 (July 2021 est.)

Population distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Population growth rate

-0.4% (2021 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 93.9% of population

improved: total

total: 97.8% of population

improved: urban

urban: 100% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 6.1% of population

unimproved: total

total: 2.2% of population (2017 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 0% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

16 years (2020)

male

15 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.08 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.07 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.99 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.77 male(s)/female

at birth

1.04 male(s)/female

total population

0.97 male(s)/female (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.82 children born/woman (2021 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

39.7% (2020 est.)

male

33.6%

total

36%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

67.8% of total population (2021)

Administrative divisions

24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Capital

daylight saving time

+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

etymology

the name translates as "beneath Gorica"; the meaning of Gorica is "hillock"; the reference is to the small hill named Gorica that the city is built around

geographic coordinates

42 26 N, 19 16 E

name

Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"

time difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

10 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013

history

several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Montenegro

etymology

the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area

former

People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

local long form

none

local short form

Crna Gora

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)

email address and website

PodgoricaACS@state.govhttps://me.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica

FAX

[382]  (0)20-241-358

mailing address

5570 Podgorica Place, Washington DC  20521-5570

telephone

+382 (0)20-410-500

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Marija STJEPCEVIC (since 4 February 2021)

consulate(s) general

New York

email address and website

usa@mfa.gov.me

FAX

[1] (202) 234-6109

telephone

[1] (202) 234-6108

Executive branch

cabinet

Ministers act as cabinet

chief of state

President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)

election results

Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%

elections/appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly

head of government

Prime Minister Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC (since 4 December 2020)

Flag description

a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government type

parliamentary republic

Independence

3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, NATO, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest courts

Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms

subordinate courts

Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts

Legal system

civil law

Legislative branch

description

unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 35.1%, ZBCG 32.6%, MNIM 12.5%, URA 5.5%, SD 4.1%, BS 3.9%, SDP 3.1%, AL 1.6%, AK 1.1%, other 0.4%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 30, ZBCG 27, MNIM 10, URA 4, BS 3, SD 3, SDP 2, AL 1, AK 1.; composition - men 57, women 24, percent of women 29.6%

elections

last held on 30 August 2020 (next to be held in 2024)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC

name

"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)

note

note: adopted 2004; music based on a Montenegrin folk song

National holiday

Statehood Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)

National symbol(s)

double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold

Political parties and leaders

Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ]Albanian Coalition (includes DP, DSCG, DUA)Albanian Coalition Perspective or AKPAlbanian List (coalition includes AA, Forca, AKP, DSA)Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC]Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Adrian VUKSANOVIC]Croatian Reform Party [Marija VUCINOVIC]Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC]Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP)Democratic League in Montenegro or DSCG [Mehmet BARDHI]Democratic League of Albanians or DSADemocratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC]Democratic Party or DP [Fatmir GJEKA]Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC]Democratic Party of Unity or DSJ [Nebojsa JUSKOVIC]Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC]Democratic Serb Party or DSS [Dragica PEROVIC]Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA]For the Future of Montenegro or ZBCG [Zdravko KRIVOKAPIC] (electoral coalition includes SNP and 2 alliances - DF, NP)Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC]Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC]New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU]New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC]Party of Pensioners, Disabled, and Restitution or PUPI [Momir JOKSIMOVIC]Peace is Our Nation or MNIM [Alexa BECIC] (coalition includes Democrats, DEMOS, New Left, PUPI)Popular Movement or NP [Miodrag DAVIDOVIC] (coalition includes DEMOS, RP, UCG, and several minor parties)Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC]Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC]Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC]True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC]United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS)United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC]Workers' Party or RP [Maksim VUCINIC]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, potatoes, grapes, vegetables, tomatoes, watermelons, wheat, apples, cabbages, barley

Budget

expenditures

2.05 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

1.78 billion (2017 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Moody's rating

B1 (2016)

Standard & Poors rating

B+ (2014)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2016

-$710 million (2016 est.)

Current account balance 2017

-$780 million (2017 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 31 December 2016

$2.224 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Debt - external 31 December 2017

$2.516 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Economic overview

Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro’s GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro’s hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system, which will become part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro’s growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China’s Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.

Exchange rates

currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2013

0.7634 (2013 est.)

Exchange rates 2014

0.885 (2014 est.)

Exchange rates 2015

0.9214 (2015 est.)

Exchange rates 2016

0.903 (2016 est.)

Exchange rates 2017

0.885 (2017 est.)

Exports

Exports 2018

$2.35 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Exports 2019

$2.42 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Exports 2020

$1.24 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Exports - commodities

aluminum, packaged medicines, cars, zinc, wine (2019)

Exports - partners

Serbia 17%, Hungary 15%, China 11%, Russia 7%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 6%, Germany 6%, Italy 5%, Poland 5% (2019)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

40.5% (2016 est.)

government consumption

19.6% (2016 est.)

household consumption

76.8% (2016 est.)

imports of goods and services

-63% (2016 est.)

investment in fixed capital

23.2% (2016 est.)

investment in inventories

2.9% (2016 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

7.5% (2016 est.)

industry

15.9% (2016 est.)

services

76.6% (2016 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$5.486 billion (2019 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2013

32.3 (2013 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2015

39 (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

25.7% (2014 est.)

lowest 10%

3.5%

Imports

Imports 2018

$3.67 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2018 est.)

Imports 2019

$3.59 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2019 est.)

Imports 2020

$2.9 billion note: data are in current year dollars (2020 est.)

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, cars, packaged medicines, recreational boats, cigarettes (2019)

Imports - partners

Serbia 30%, Bosnia and Herzegovina 8%, Croatia 8%, Italy 6%, Greece 6%, Germany 5% (2019)

Industrial production growth rate

-4.2% (2017 est.)

Industries

steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2017

2.3% (2017 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2018

2.6% (2018 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

0.3% (2019 est.)

Labor force

167,000 (2020 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

7.9%

industry

17.1%

services

75% (2017 est.)

Population below poverty line

24.5% (2018 est.)

Public debt

note

note: data cover general government debt, and includes debt instruments issued (or owned) by government entities other than the treasury; the data include treasury debt held by foreign entities; the data include debt issued by subnational entities, as well as intragovernmental debt; intragovernmental debt consists of treasury borrowings from surpluses in the social funds, such as for retirement, medical care, and unemployment; debt instruments for the social funds are not sold at public auctions

Public debt 2016

66.4% of GDP (2016 est.)

Public debt 2017

67.2% of GDP (2017 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2018

$12.87 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$13.39 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$11.36 billion note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2015

3.4% (2015 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2016

2.9% (2016 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2017

4.3% (2017 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2018

$20,700 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2018 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2019

$21,500 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$18,300 note: data are in 2017 dollars (2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2016

$846.5 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2017

$1.077 billion (31 December 2017 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2018

18.8% (2018 est.)

Unemployment rate 2019

15.82% (2019 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

39.7% (2020 est.)

male

33.6%

total

36%

Crude oil - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude oil - production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity - consumption

2.808 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - exports

914 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

69% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity - imports

1.21 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

890,000 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity - production

3.045 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2020)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

6,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

357 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

29.32 (2020 est.)

total

184,176 (2020)

Broadcast media

state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)

Internet country code

.me

Internet users

percent of population

81.37% (2020 est.)

total

477,300 (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage growing; fixed-line 30 per 100 and mobile-cellular 183 per 100 persons (2019)

general assessment

a small population, with a compact but modern telecommunications system and access to European satellites; fiber network is dominant platform; mobile penetration is high due to tourism; mobile broadband based on LTE even in rural areas; operators testing 5G in 2021; telecom sector in-line with EU norms provides competition, access, and tariff structures (2020)

international

country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system

note

note: the COVID-19 pandemic continues to have a significant impact on production and supply chains globally; since 2020, some aspects of the telecom sector have experienced downturn, particularly in mobile device production; many network operators delayed upgrades to infrastructure; progress towards 5G implementation was postponed or slowed in some countries; consumer spending on telecom services and devices was affected by large-scale job losses and the consequent restriction on disposable incomes; the crucial nature of telecom services as a tool for work and school from home became evident, and received some support from governments

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

30.53 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

191,768 (2020)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

172 (2020 est.)

total subscriptions

1,080,089 (2020)

Airports

total

5 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

1

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

914 to 1,523 m

1 (2019)

total

5

under 914 m

1

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

4O

Heliports

1 (2012)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 4, other 13 (2021)

total

17

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

130,000 mt-km (2018)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

565,522 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

4

number of registered air carriers

1 (2020)

Ports and terminals

major seaport(s)

Bar

Railways

standard gauge

250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017)

total

250 km (2017)

Roadways

paved

7,141 km (2010)

total

7,762 km (2010)

unpaved

621 km (2010)

Military - note

Montenegro officially became a member of NATO in 2017

Military and security forces

the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: joint force with land, air, and naval elements (2021)

Military and security service personnel strengths

the Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro have approximately 2,000 total active duty troops (2020)

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the inventory of the Armed Forces of Montenegro is small and consists mostly of equipment inherited from the former Yugoslavia military, with a limited mix of other imported systems; since 2010, it has received small quantities of equipment from Austria, Turkey, and the US (2020)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2016

1.42% of GDP (2016)

Military Expenditures 2017

1.34% of GDP (2017)

Military Expenditures 2018

1.37% of GDP (2018)

Military Expenditures 2019

1.33% of GDP (2019)

Military Expenditures 2020

1.72% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; conscription abolished in 2006 (2019)

Disputes - international

Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed

Illicit drugs

drug trafficking groups are major players in the procurement and transportation of large quantities of cocaine  destined for  European markets

Refugees and internally displaced persons

note

note: 20,687 estimated refugee and migrant arrivals (January 2015-December 2021)

stateless persons

472 (2020)

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

2.02 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

0.75 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

20.17 micrograms per cubic meter (2016 est.)

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Environment - current issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating

Environment - international agreements

party to

Air Pollution, Air Pollution-Heavy Metals, Air Pollution-Persistent Organic Pollutants, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping-London Convention, Marine Life Conservation, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land

38.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 12.9% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 1.2% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 24.1% (2018 est.)

forest

40.4% (2018 est.)

other

21.4% (2018 est.)

Major infectious diseases

degree of risk

intermediate (2020)

food or waterborne diseases

bacterial diarrhea

vectorborne diseases

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever

Major lakes (area sq km)

Fresh water lake(s)

Lake Scutari (shared with Albania) - 400 sq kmnote - largest lake in the Balkans

Major watersheds (area sq km)

Atlantic Ocean drainage: (Black Sea) Danube (795,656 sq km)

Revenue from coal

coal revenues

0.12% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

forest revenues

0.43% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

1.7 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

industrial

62.8 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

municipal

96.4 million cubic meters (2017 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

0.45% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

67.8% of total population (2021)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

332,000 tons (2015 est.)

municipal solid waste recycled annually

17,994 tons (2015 est.)

percent of municipal solid waste recycled

5.4% (2015 est.)