2019 Edition

Background

The use of the name Crna Gora or Black Mountain (Montenegro) began in the 13th century in reference to a highland region in the Serbian province of Zeta. The later medieval state of Zeta maintained its existence until 1496 when Montenegro finally fell under Ottoman rule. Over subsequent centuries, Montenegro managed to maintain a level of autonomy within the Ottoman Empire. From the 16th to 19th centuries, Montenegro was a theocracy ruled by a series of bishop princes; in 1852, it transformed into a secular principality. Montenegro was recognized as an independent sovereign principality at the Congress of Berlin in 1878. After World War I, during which Montenegro fought on the side of the Allies, Montenegro was absorbed by the Kingdom of Serbs, Croats, and Slovenes, which became the Kingdom of Yugoslavia in 1929. At the conclusion of World War II, it became a constituent republic of the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia. When the latter dissolved in 1992, Montenegro joined with Serbia, creating the Federal Republic of Yugoslavia and, after 2003, shifting to a looser State Union of Serbia and Montenegro. In May 2006, Montenegro invoked its right under the Constitutional Charter of Serbia and Montenegro to hold a referendum on independence from the two-state union. The vote for severing ties with Serbia barely exceeded 55% - the threshold set by the EU - allowing Montenegro to formally restore its independence on 3 June 2006. In 2017, Montenegro joined NATO and is currently completing its EU accession process, having officially applied to join the EU in December 2008.

Area

Land

13,452 sq km

Total

13,812 sq km

Water

360 sq km

Area Comparative

slightly smaller than Connecticut; slightly larger than twice the size of Delaware

Climate

Mediterranean climate, hot dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfalls inland

Coastline

293.5 km

Elevation

Highest Point

Bobotov Kuk 2,522 m

Lowest Point

Adriatic Sea 0 m

Mean Elevation

1,086 m

Environment Current Issues

pollution of coastal waters from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; serious air pollution in Podgorica, Pljevlja and Niksie; air pollution in Pljevlja is caused by the nearby lignite power plant and the domestic use of coal and wood for household heating

Environment International Agreements

Party To

Air Pollution, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Marine Dumping, Marine Life Conservation, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution

Signed But Not Ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic Coordinates

42 30 N, 19 18 E

Geography Note

strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Irrigated Land

24 sq km (2012)

Land Boundaries

Border Countries

Albania 186 km, Bosnia and Herzegovina 242 km, Croatia 19 km, Kosovo 76 km, Serbia 157 km

Total

680 km

Land Use

Agricultural Land

38.2% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Arable Land

12.9% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Crops

1.2% (2011 est.)

Agricultural Land Permanent Pasture

24.1% (2011 est.)

Forest

40.4% (2011 est.)

Other

21.4% (2011 est.)

Location

Southeastern Europe, between the Adriatic Sea and Serbia

Map References

Europe

Maritime Claims

Continental Shelf

defined by treaty

Territorial Sea

12 nm

Natural Hazards

destructive earthquakes

Natural Resources

bauxite, hydroelectricity

Population Distribution

highest population density is concentrated in the south, southwest; the extreme eastern border is the least populated area

Terrain

highly indented coastline with narrow coastal plain backed by rugged high limestone mountains and plateaus

Age Structure

0 14 Years

18.22% (male 58,219 /female 53,718)

15 24 Years

13.05% (male 41,406 /female 38,755)

25 54 Years

40.16% (male 122,940 /female 123,746)

55 64 Years

13.47% (male 40,661 /female 42,089)

65 Years And Over

15.09% (male 39,899 /female 52,816) (2018 est.)

Birth Rate

11.9 births/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Children Under The Age Of 5 Years Underweight

1% (2013)

Contraceptive Prevalence Rate

23.3% (2013)

Current Health Expenditure

7.6% (2016)

Death Rate

10.4 deaths/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Dependency Ratios

Elderly Dependency Ratio

20.5 (2015 est.)

Potential Support Ratio

4.9 (2015 est.)

Total Dependency Ratio

47.8 (2015 est.)

Youth Dependency Ratio

27.3 (2015 est.)

Drinking Water Source

Improved Rural

99.2% of population

Improved Total

99.7% of population

Improved Urban

100% of population

Unimproved Rural

0.8% of population

Unimproved Total

0.3% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

0% of population

Ethnic Groups

Montenegrin 45%, Serbian 28.7%, Bosniak 8.7%, Albanian 4.9%, Muslim 3.3%, Romani 1%, Croat 1%, other 2.6%, unspecified 4.9% (2011 est.)

HIV/AIDS Adult Prevalence Rate

0.1% (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS Deaths

<100 (2018 est.)

HIV/AIDS People Living With HIV/AIDS

<500 (2018 est.)

Hospital Bed Density

4 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Languages

Serbian 42.9%, Montenegrin (official) 37%, Bosnian 5.3%, Albanian 5.3%, Serbo-Croat 2%, other 3.5%, unspecified 4% (2011 est.)

Literacy

Definition

age 15 and over can read and write

Female

98% (2015)

Male

99.5%

Total Population

98.7%

Major Infectious Diseases

Degree Of Risk

intermediate (2016)

Food Or Waterborne Diseases

bacterial diarrhea (2016)

Vectorborne Diseases

Crimean-Congo hemorrhagic fever (2016)

Major Urban Areas Population

177,000 PODGORICA (capital) (2018)

Maternal Mortality Rate

6 deaths/100,000 live births (2017 est.)

Median Age

Female

40.4 years

Male

37.4 years

Total

38.9 years (2018 est.)

Mother's Mean Age at First Birth

26.3 years (2010 est.)

Nationality

Adjective

Montenegrin

Noun

Montenegrin(s)

Net Migration Rate

-4.9 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2018 est.)

Obesity Adult Prevalence Rate

23.3% (2016)

Physicians Density

2.33 physicians/1,000 population (2015)

Population

614,249 (July 2018 est.)

Population Growth Rate

-0.34% (2018 est.)

Religions

Orthodox 72.1%, Muslim 19.1%, Catholic 3.4%, atheist 1.2%, other 1.5%, unspecified 2.6% (2011 est.)

Sanitation Facility Access

Improved Rural

92.2% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Total

95.9% of population (2015 est.)

Improved Urban

98% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Rural

7.8% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Total

4.1% of population (2015 est.)

Unimproved Urban

2% of population (2015 est.)

School Life Expectancy Primary To Tertiary Education

Female

15 years (2017)

Male

15 years

Total

15 years

Sex Ratio

0 14 Years

1.08 male(s)/female

15 24 Years

1.07 male(s)/female

25 54 Years

0.99 male(s)/female

55 64 Years

0.97 male(s)/female

65 Years And Over

0.76 male(s)/female

At Birth

1.04 male(s)/female

Total Population

0.97 male(s)/female (2018 est.)

Unemployment Youth Ages 15 24

Female

33.1% (2017 est.)

Male

30.7%

Total

31.7%

Urbanization

Rate Of Urbanization

0.54% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

Urban Population

67.2% of total population (2019)

Administrative Divisions

24 municipalities (opstine, singular - opstina); Andrijevica, Bar, Berane, Bijelo Polje, Budva, Cetinje, Danilovgrad, Gusinje, Herceg-Novi, Kolasin, Kotor, Mojkovac, Niksic, Petnijica, Plav, Pljevlja, Pluzine, Podgorica, Rozaje, Savnik, Tivat, Tuzi, Ulcinj, Zabljak

Capital

Daylight Saving Time

+1 hr, begins last Sunday in March; ends last Sunday in October

Geographic Coordinates

42 26 N, 19 16 E

Name

Podgorica; note - Cetinje retains the status of "Old Royal Capital"

Time Difference

UTC+1 (6 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

Citizenship By Birth

no

Citizenship By Descent Only

at least one parent must be a citizen of Montenegro

Dual Citizenship Recognized

no

Residency Requirement For Naturalization

10 years

Constitution

Amendments

proposed by the president of Montenegro, by the government, or by at least 25 members of the Assembly; passage of draft proposals requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly, followed by a public hearing; passage of draft amendments requires two-thirds majority vote of the Assembly; changes to certain constitutional articles, such as sovereignty, state symbols, citizenship, and constitutional change procedures, require three-fifths majority vote in a referendum; amended 2013, 2014 (2016)

History

several previous; latest adopted 22 October 2007

Country Name

Conventional Long Form

none

Conventional Short Form

Montenegro

Etymology

the country's name locally as well as in most Western European languages means "black mountain" and refers to the dark coniferous forests on Mount Lovcen and the surrounding area

Former

People's Republic of Montenegro, Socialist Republic of Montenegro, Republic of Montenegro

Local Long Form

none

Local Short Form

Crna Gora

Diplomatic Representation From The Us

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Judy Rising REINKE (since 20 December 2018)

Embassy

Dzona Dzeksona 2, 81000 Podgorica, Montenegro

Fax

[382] 20-241-358

Mailing Address

use embassy street address

Telephone

[382] 20-410-500

Diplomatic Representation In The Us

Chancery

1610 New Hampshire Avenue NW, Washington, DC, 20009

Chief Of Mission

Ambassador Nebojsa KALUDEROVIC (since 18 January 2017)

Consulate's General

New York

Fax

[1] (202) 234-6109

Telephone

[1] (202) 234-6108

Executive Branch

Cabinet

Ministers act as cabinet

Chief Of State

President Milo DJUKANOVIC (since 20 May 2018)

Election Results

Milo DJUKANOVIC elected president in the first round; percent of vote - Milo DJUKANOVIC (DPS) 53.9%, Mladen BOJANIC (independent) 33.4%, Draginja VUKSANOVIC (SDP) 8.2%, Marko MILACIC (PRAVA) 2.8%, other 1.7%

Elections Appointments

president directly elected by absolute majority popular vote in 2 rounds if needed for a 5-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 15 April 2018 (next to be held in 2023); prime minister nominated by the president, approved by the Assembly

Head Of Government

Prime Minister Dusko MARKOVIC (since 28 November 2016)

Flag Description

a red field bordered by a narrow golden-yellow stripe with the Montenegrin coat of arms centered; the arms consist of a double-headed golden eagle - symbolizing the unity of church and state - surmounted by a crown; the eagle holds a golden scepter in its right claw and a blue orb in its left; the breast shield over the eagle shows a golden lion passant on a green field in front of a blue sky; the lion is a symbol of episcopal authority and harkens back to the three and a half centuries when Montenegro was ruled as a theocracy

Government Type

parliamentary republic

Independence

3 June 2006 (from the State Union of Serbia and Montenegro); notable earlier dates: 13 March 1852 (Principality of Montenegro established); 13 July 1878 (Congress of Berlin recognizes Montenegrin independence); 28 August 1910 (Kingdom of Montenegro established)

International Law Organization Participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International Organization Participation

CE, CEI, EAPC, EBRD, FAO, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFC, IFRCS, IHO, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO (correspondent), ITSO, ITU, ITUC (NGOs), MIGA, OAS (observer), OIF (observer), OPCW, OSCE, PCA, PFP, SELEC, UN, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNHCR, UNIDO, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial Branch

Highest Courts

Supreme Court or Vrhovni Sud (consists of the court president, deputy president, and 15 judges); Constitutional Court or Ustavni Sud (consists of the court president and 7 judges)

Judge Selection And Term Of Office

Supreme Court president proposed by general session of the Supreme Court and elected by the Judicial Council, a 9-member body consisting of judges, lawyers designated by the Assembly, and the minister of judicial affairs; Supreme Court president elected for a single renewable, 5-year term; other judges elected by the Judicial Council for life; Constitutional Court judges - 2 proposed by the president of Montenegro and 5 by the Assembly, and elected by the Assembly; court president elected from among the court members; court president elected for a 3-year term, other judges serve 9-year terms

Subordinate Courts

Administrative Courts; Appellate Court; Commercial Courts; High Courts; basic courts

Legal System

civil law

Legislative Branch

Description

unicameral Assembly or Skupstina (81 seats; members directly elected in a single nationwide constituency by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

Election Results

percent of vote by party/coalition - DPS 41.4%, DF 20.3%, Key Coalition, 11.1%, DCG 10.0%, SDP 5.2%, SD 3.3%, BS, 3.2%, Albanians Decisively 1.3%, HGI .5%, other 3.7%; seats by party/coalition - DPS 36, DF 18, Key Coalition 9, DCG 8, SDP 4, SD 2, BS 2, Albanians Decisively 1, HGI 1; composition - men 62, women 19, percent of women 23.5%

Elections

last held on 16 October 2016 (next to be held by October 2020)

National Anthem

Lyrics Music

Sekula DRLJEVIC/unknown, arranged by Zarko MIKOVIC

Name

"Oj, svijetla majska zoro" (Oh, Bright Dawn of May)

National Holiday

National Day, 13 July (1878, the day the Berlin Congress recognized Montenegro as the 27th independent state in the world, and 1941, the day the Montenegrins staged an uprising against fascist occupiers and sided with the partisan communist movement)

National Symbol S

double-headed eagle; national colors: red, gold

Political Parties And Leaders

Albanians Decisively [Genci NIMANBEGU] (electoral coalition included FORCA, AA, DUA) Albanian Alternative or AA [Nik DJELOSAJ] Bosniak Party or BS [Rafet HUSOVIC] Croatian Civic Initiative or HGI [Marija VUCINOVIC] Democratic Alliance or DEMOS [Miodrag LEKIC] Democratic Front or DF [collective leadership] (coalition includes NOVA, PZP, DNP, RP) Democratic Montenegro or DCG [Aleksa BECIC] Democratic Party of Socialists or DPS [Milo DJUKANOVIC] Democratic People's Party or DNP [Milan KNEZEVIC] Democratic Union of Albanians or DUA [Mehmet ZENKA] Key Coalition [Miodrag LEKIC] (includes DEMOS, SNP, URA] Liberal Party or LP [Andrija POPOVIC] Movement for Change or PZP [Nebojsa MEDOJEVIC] New Democratic Power or FORCA [Nazif CUNGU] New Serb Democracy or NOVA [Andrija MANDIC] Social Democratic Party or SDP [Ranko KRIVOKAPIC] Social Democrats or SD [Ivan BRAJOVIC] Socialist People's Party or SNP [Vladimir JOKOVIC] True Montenegro or PRAVA [Marko MILACIC] United Montenegro or UCG [Goran DANILOVIC] (split from DEMOS) United Reform Action or URA [Dritan ABAZOVIC] Workers' Party or RP [Janko VUCINIC]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture Products

tobacco, potatoes, citrus fruits, olives and related products, grapes; sheep, wine

Budget

Expenditures

2.05 billion (2017 est.)

Revenues

1.78 billion (2017 est.)

Budget Surplus Or Deficit

-5.6% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Commercial Bank Prime Lending Rate

31 December 2016

7.45%

31 December 2017

6.81%

Current Account Balance

2016

-$710 million

2017

-$780 million

Debt External

31 December 2016

$2.224 billion

31 December 2017

$2.516 billion

Distribution Of Family Income Gini Index

2013

32.3

2014

31.9

Economy Overview

Montenegro's economy is transitioning to a market system. Around 90% of Montenegrin state-owned companies have been privatized, including 100% of banking, telecommunications, and oil distribution. Tourism, which accounts for more than 20% of Montenegro’s GDP, brings in three times as many visitors as Montenegro’s total population every year. Several new luxury tourism complexes are in various stages of development along the coast, and a number are being offered in connection with nearby boating and yachting facilities. In addition to tourism, energy and agriculture are considered two distinct pillars of the economy. Only 20% of Montenegro’s hydropower potential is utilized. Montenegro plans to become a net energy exporter, and the construction of an underwater cable to Italy, which will be completed by the end of 2018, will help meet its goal.Montenegro uses the euro as its domestic currency, though it is not an official member of the euro zone. In January 2007, Montenegro joined the World Bank and IMF, and in December 2011, the WTO. Montenegro began negotiations to join the EU in 2012, having met the conditions set down by the European Council, which called on Montenegro to take steps to fight corruption and organized crime.The government recognizes the need to remove impediments in order to remain competitive and open the economy to foreign investors. Net foreign direct investment in 2017 reached $848 million and investment per capita is one of the highest in Europe, due to a low corporate tax rate. The biggest foreign investors in Montenegro in 2017 were Norway, Russia, Italy, Azerbaijan and Hungary.Montenegro is currently planning major overhauls of its road and rail networks, and possible expansions of its air transportation system. In 2014, the Government of Montenegro selected two Chinese companies to construct a 41 km-long section of the country’s highway system, which will become part of China’s Belt and Road Initiative. Cheaper borrowing costs have stimulated Montenegro’s growing debt, which currently sits at 65.9% of GDP, with a forecast, absent fiscal consolidation, to increase to 80% once the repayment to China’s Ex/Im Bank of a €800 million highway loan begins in 2019. Montenegro first instituted a value-added tax (VAT) in April 2003, and introduced differentiated VAT rates of 17% and 7% (for tourism) in January 2006. The Montenegrin Government increased the non-tourism Value Added Tax (VAT) rate to 21% as of January 2018, with the goal of reducing its public debt.

Exchange Rates

2013

0.7634

2014

0.885

2015

0.9214

2016

0.903

2017

0.885

Currency

euros (EUR) per US dollar -

Exports

2016

$362 million

2017

$422.2 million

Fiscal Year

calendar year

GDP Composition By End Use

Exports Of Goods And Services

40.5% (2016 est.)

Government Consumption

19.6% (2016 est.)

Household Consumption

76.8% (2016 est.)

Imports Of Goods And Services

-63% (2016 est.)

Investment In Fixed Capital

23.2% (2016 est.)

Investment In Inventories

2.9% (2016 est.)

GDP Composition By Sector Of Origin

Agriculture

7.5% (2016 est.)

Industry

15.9% (2016 est.)

Services

76.6% (2016 est.)

GDP Official Exchange Rate

$4.784 billion (2017 est.)

GDP Per Capita Ppp

2015

$16,600

2016

$17,100

2017

$17,800

GDP Purchasing Power Parity

2015

$10.32 billion

2016

$10.63 billion

2017

$11.08 billion

GDP Real Growth Rate

2015

3.4%

2016

2.9%

2017

4.3%

Gross National Saving

2015

9.1% of GDP

2016

9.9% of GDP

2017

13.2% of GDP

Household Income Or Consumption By Percentage Share

Highest 10

25.7% (2014 est.)

Lowest 10

3.5%

Imports

2016

$2.29 billion

2017

$2.618 billion

Industrial Production Growth Rate

-4.2% (2017 est.)

Industries

steelmaking, aluminum, agricultural processing, consumer goods, tourism

Inflation Rate Consumer Prices

2016

-0.3%

2017

2.4%

Labor Force

273,200 (2017 est.)

Labor Force By Occupation

Agriculture

7.9%

Industry

17.1%

Services

75% (2017 est.)

Market Value Of Publicly Traded Shares

31 December 2015

$3.246 billion

31 December 2016

$3.027 billion

31 December 2017

$3.425 billion

Population Below Poverty Line

8.6% (2013 est.)

Public Debt

2016

66.4% of GDP

2017

67.2% of GDP

Reserves Of Foreign Exchange And Gold

31 December 2016

$846.5 million

31 December 2017

$1.077 billion

Stock Of Broad Money

31 December 2015

$2.235 billion

31 December 2016

$2.37 billion

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment Abroad

31 December 2016

$213.1 million

31 December 2017

$39.77 million

Stock Of Direct Foreign Investment at Home

31 December 2016

$763.4 million

31 December 2017

$737.7 million

Stock Of Domestic Credit

31 December 2016

$2.547 billion

31 December 2017

$3.239 billion

Stock Of Narrow Money

31 December 2015

$1.072 billion

31 December 2016

$1.284 billion

Taxes And Other Revenues

37.2% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Unemployment Rate

2016

17.1%

2017

16.1%

Carbon Dioxide Emissions From Consumption Of Energy

2.287 million Mt (2017 est.)

Crude Oil Exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Imports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Crude Oil Production

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

Crude Oil Proved Reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2018 est.)

Electricity Access

100% (2016)

Electricity Consumption

2.808 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Exports

914 million kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity From Fossil Fuels

23% of total installed capacity (2016 est.)

Electricity From Hydroelectric Plants

69% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Nuclear Fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity From Other Renewable Sources

8% of total installed capacity (2017 est.)

Electricity Imports

1.21 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Electricity Installed Generating Capacity

890,000 kW (2016 est.)

Electricity Production

3.045 billion kWh (2016 est.)

Natural Gas Consumption

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Exports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Imports

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Production

0 cu m (2017 est.)

Natural Gas Proved Reserves

0 cu m (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Consumption

6,000 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Exports

357 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Imports

6,448 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined Petroleum Products Production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband Fixed Subscriptions

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

21 (2017 est.)

Total

137,426

Broadcast Media

state-funded national radio-TV broadcaster operates 2 terrestrial TV networks, 1 satellite TV channel, and 2 radio networks; 4 local public TV stations and 14 private TV stations; 14 local public radio stations, 35 private radio stations, and several on-line media (2019)

Internet Country Code

.me

Internet Users

Percent Of Population

69.9% (July 2016 est.)

Total

450,442

Telephone System

Domestic

GSM mobile-cellular service, available through multiple providers with national coverage, is growing; fixed-line 24 per 100 and mobile-cellular 163 per 100 persons (2018)

General Assessment

modern telecommunications system with access to European satellites; telecom sector in-line with EU norms which means competition, access and tariff structures; DSL, cable, leased line, fiber and wireless; seasonal tourist have boosted mobile penetration; LTE technologies available (2018)

International

country code - 382; 2 international switches connect the national system

Telephones Fixed Lines

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

24 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

152,155

Telephones Mobile Cellular

Subscriptions Per 100 Inhabitants

163 (2017 est.)

Total Subscriptions

1,044,674

Airports

5 (2013)

Airports With Paved Runways

1 524 To 2 437 M

1 (2017)

2 438 To 3 047 M

2 (2017)

914 To 1 523 M

1 (2017)

Total

5 (2017)

Under 914 M

1 (2017)

Civil Aircraft Registration Country Code Prefix

4O (2016)

Heliports

1 (2012)

Merchant Marine

By Type

bulk carrier 4, other 8 (2018)

Total

12

National Air Transport System

Annual Freight Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

0 mt-km (2015)

Annual Passenger Traffic On Registered Air Carriers

526,980 (2015)

Inventory Of Registered Aircraft Operated By Air Carriers

6 (2015)

Number Of Registered Air Carriers

1 (2015)

Ports And Terminals

Bar

Railways

Standard Gauge

250 km 1.435-m gauge (224 km electrified) (2017)

Total

250 km (2017)

Roadways

Paved

7,141 km (2010)

Total

7,762 km (2010)

Unpaved

621 km (2010)

Military And Security Forces

Armed Forces of the Republic of Montenegro: Army of Montenegro (includes Ground Troops (Kopnena Vojska), Montenegrin Navy (Mornarica Crne Gore, MCG)), Air Force (2019)

Military Expenditures

2015

1.4% of GDP

2016

1.42% of GDP

2017

1.35% of GDP

2018

1.39% of GDP

2019

1.66% of GDP

Military Service Age And Obligation

18 is the legal minimum age for voluntary military service; no conscription (2012)

Disputes International

Kosovo ratified the border demarcation agreement with Montenegro in March 2018, but the actual demarcation has not been completed

Refugees And Internally Displaced Persons

145 (2018)

Terrorist Groups Foreign Based

aim(s): enhance its networks in Montenegro for recruitment and fundraising area(s) of operation: maintains a limited presence; membership drastically depleted in March 2016 when authorities expelled 58 foreign members (2018)