1994 Edition

Administrative divisions

2 republics (pokajine, singular - pokajina); and 2 autonomous provinces*; Kosovo*, Montenegro, Serbia, Vojvodina*

Agriculture

the fertile plains of Vojvodina produce 80% of the cereal production of the former Yugoslavia and most of the cotton, oilseeds, and chicory; Vojvodina also produces fodder crops to support intensive beef and dairy production; Serbia proper, although hilly, has a well-distributed rainfall and a long growing season; produces fruit, grapes, and cereals; in this area, livestock production (sheep and cattle) and dairy farming prosper; Kosovo produces fruits, vegetables, tobacco, and a small amount of cereals; the mountainous pastures of Kosovo and Montenegro support sheep and goat husbandry; Montenegro has only a small agriculture sector, mostly near the coast where a Mediterranean climate permits the culture of olives, citrus, grapes, and rice

Airports

total: 55 usable: 51 with permanent-surface runways: 18 with runways over 3,659 m: with runways 2,440-3,659 m: 7 with runways 1,220-2,439 m: 11

Area

total area: 102,350 sq km land area: 102,136 sq km comparative area: slightly larger than Kentucky note: Serbia has a total area and a land area of 88,412 sq km making it slightly larger than Maine; Montenegro has a total area of 13,938 sq km and a land area of 13,724 sq km making it slightly larger than Connecticut

Branches

People's Army - Ground Forces (internal and border troops), Naval Forces, Air and Air Defense Forces, Frontier Guard, Territorial Defense Force, Civil Defense

Budget

revenues: $NA expenditures: $NA, including capital expenditures of $NA

Capital

Belgrade

Chamber of Citizens

elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of votes by party NA; seats (138 total; 108 Serbian, 30 Montenegrin) - SPS 73, SRS 33, DPSCG 23, SK-PJ 2, DZVM 2, independents 2, vacant 3

Chamber of Republics

elections last held 31 May 1992 (next to be held NA 1996); results - percent of vote by party NA; seats - (40 total; 20 Serbian, 20 Montenegrin)

Climate

in the north, continental climate (cold winter and hot, humid summers with well distributed rainfall); central portion, continental and Mediterranean climate; to the south, Adriatic climate along the coast, hot, dry summers and autumns and relatively cold winters with heavy snowfall inland

Coastline

199 km (Montenegro 199 km, Serbia 0 km)

Constitution

27 April 1992

Currency

1 Yugoslav New Dinar (YD) = 100 paras

Defense expenditures

245 billion dinars, 4%-6% of GDP (1992 est.); note - conversion of defense expenditures into US dollars using the prevailing exchange rate could produce misleading results

Diplomatic representation in US

US and Serbia and Montenegro do not maintain full diplomatic relations; the Embassy of the former Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia continues to function in the US

Economic aid

$NA

Electricity

capacity: 8,850,000 kW production: 42 billion kWh consumption per capita: 3,950 kWh (1992)

Environment

current issues: coastal water pollution from sewage outlets, especially in tourist-related areas such as Kotor; air pollution around Belgrade and other industrial cities; water pollution from industrial wastes dumped into the Sava which flows into the Danube natural hazards: subject to destructive earthquakes international agreements: NA

Ethnic divisions

Serbs 63%, Albanians 14%, Montenegrins 6%, Hungarians 4%, other 13%

Exchange rates

Yugoslav New Dinars (YD) per US $1 - 1,100,000 (15 June 1993), 28.230 (December 1991), 15.162 (1990), 15.528 (1989), 0.701 (1988), 0.176 (1987)

Executive branch

chief of state: Zoran LILIC (since 25 June 1993); note - Slobodan MILOSEVIC is president of Serbia (since 9 December 1990); Momir BULATOVIC is president of Montenegro (since 23 December 1990); Federal Assembly elected Zoran LILIC on 25 June 1993 head of government: Prime Minister Radoje KONTIC (since 29 December 1992); Deputy Prime Ministers Jovan ZEBIC (since NA March 1993), Asim TELACEVIC (since NA March 1993), Zeljko SIMIC (since NA 1993) cabinet: Federal Executive Council

Exports

$4.4 billion (f.o.b., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 29%, manufactured goods 28.5%, miscellaneous manufactured articles 13.5%, chemicals 11%, food and live animals 9%, raw materials 6%, fuels and lubricants 2%, beverages and tobacco 1% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; Italy, Germany, other EC, the FSU countries, East European countries, US

External debt

$4.2 billion (1993 est.)

FAX

[38] (1) 645-221

Fiscal year

calendar year

Flag

three equal horizontal bands of blue (top), white, and red

Highways

total: 46,019 km paved: 26,949 km unpaved: gravel 10,373 km; earth 8,697 km (1990)

Illicit drugs

NA

Imports

$6.4 billion (c.i.f., 1990) commodities: machinery and transport equipment 26%, fuels and lubricants 18%, manufactured goods 16%, chemicals 12.5%, food and live animals 11%, miscellaneous manufactured items 8%, raw materials, including coking coal for the steel industry 7%, beverages, tobacco, and edible oils 1.5% partners: prior to the imposition of sanctions by the UN Security Council the trade partners were principally the other former Yugoslav republics; the FSU countries, EC countries (mainly Italy and Germany), East European countries, US

Independence

11 April 1992 (Federal Republic of Yugoslavia formed as self-proclaimed successor to the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia - SFRY)

Industrial production

growth rate -42% (1993 est.)

Industries

machine building (aircraft, trucks, and automobiles; armored vehicles and weapons; electrical equipment; agricultural machinery), metallurgy (steel, aluminum, copper, lead, zinc, chromium, antimony, bismuth, cadmium), mining (coal, bauxite, nonferrous ore, iron ore, limestone), consumer goods (textiles, footwear, foodstuffs, appliances), electronics, petroleum products, chemicals, and pharmaceuticals

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

hyperinflation (1993)

Inland waterways

NA km

International disputes

Sandzak region bordering northern Montenegro and southeastern Serbia - Muslims seeking autonomy; disputes with Bosnia and Herzegovina and Croatia over Serbian populated areas; Albanian majority in Kosovo seeks independence from Serbian Republic

Irrigated land

NA sq km

Judicial branch

Savezni Sud (Federal Court), Constitutional Court

Labor force

2,640,909 by occupation: industry, mining 40%, agriculture 5% (1990)

Land boundaries

total 2,246 km, Albania 287 km (114 km with Serbia; 173 km with Motenegro), Bosnia and Herzegovina 527 km (312 km with Serbia; 215 km with Montenegro), Bulgaria 318 km, Croatia (north) 241 km, Croatia (south) 25 km, Hungary 151 km, The Former Yugoslav Republic of Macedonia 221 km, Romania 476 km note: the internal boundary between Montenegro and Serbia is 211 km

Land use

arable land: 30% permanent crops: 5% meadows and pastures: 20% forest and woodland: 25% other: 20%

Languages

Serbo-Croatian 95%, Albanian 5%

Legal system

based on civil law system

Legislative branch

bicameral Federal Assembly

Literacy

total population: NA% male: NA% female: NA%

Location

Balkan State, Southeastern Europe, bordering the Adriatic Sea, between Bosnia and Herzegovina and Bulgaria

Map references

Ethnic Groups in Eastern Europe, Europe, Standard Time Zones of the World

Maritime claims

territorial sea: 12 nm

Merchant marine

bulk 19, bulk 2, cargo 16, combination ore/oil 1, conbination tanker/ore carrier 1, container 5, passenger ship 1

Montenegro

666,583 (July 1994 est.)

0.79% (1994 est.)

13.72 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

5.84 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

10.8 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

*** No data for this item *** total population: 79.44 years male: 76.57 years female: 82.5 years (1994 est.)

1.74 children born/woman (1994 est.)

MW

total 42 ships (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 804,156 GRT/1,368,813 DWT (controlled by Montenegrin beneficial owners)

males age 15-49 179,868; fit for military service 146,158; reach military age (19) annually 5,399 (1994 est.)

Names

conventional long form: none conventional short form: Serbia and Montenegro local long form: none local short form: Srbija-Crna Gora

National holiday

NA

National product

GDP - exchange rate conversion - $10 billion (1993 est.)

National product per capita

$1,000 (1993 est.)

National product real growth rate

NA%

Nationality

noun: Serb(s) and Montenegrin(s) adjective: Serbian and Montenegrin

Natural resources

oil, gas, coal, antimony, copper, lead, zinc, nickel, gold, pyrite, chrome

Note

controls one of the major land routes from Western Europe to Turkey and the Near East; strategic location along the Adriatic coast

Other political or pressure groups

Serbian Democratic Movement (DEPOS; coalition of opposition parties)

Overview

The swift collapse of the Yugoslav federation has been followed by bloody ethnic warfare, the destabilization of republic boundaries, and the breakup of important interrepublic trade flows. Serbia and Montenegro faces major economic problems; output has dropped sharply, particularly in 1993. First, like the other former Yugoslav republics, it depended on its sister republics for large amounts of foodstuffs, energy supplies, and manufactures. Wide varieties in climate, mineral resources, and levels of technology among the republics accentuate this interdependence, as did the communist practice of concentrating much industrial output in a small number of giant plants. The breakup of many of the trade links, the sharp drop in output as industrial plants lost suppliers and markets, and the destruction of physical assets in the fighting all have contributed to the economic difficulties of the republics. One singular factor in the economic situation of Serbia and Montenegro is the continuation in office of a communist government that is primarily interested in political and military mastery, not economic reform. A further complication is the imposition of economic sanctions by the UN.

Pipelines

crude oil 415 km; petroleum products 130 km; natural gas 2,110 km

Political parties and leaders

Serbian Socialist Party (SPS; former Communist Party), Slobodan MILOSEVIC; Serbian Radical Party (SRS), Vojislav SESELJ; Serbian Renewal Movement (SPO), Vuk DRASKOVIC, president; Democratic Party (DS), Zoran DJINDJIC; Democratic Party of Serbia, Vojlslav KOSTUNICA; Democratic Party of Socialists (DPSCG), Momir BULATOVIC, president; People's Party of Montenegro (NS), Novak KILIBARDA; Liberal Alliance of Montenegro, Slavko PEROVIC; Democratic Community of Vojvodina Hungarians (DZVM), Agoston ANDRAS; League of Communists-Movement for Yugoslavia (SK-PJ), Dragan ATANASOVSKI; Democratic Alliance of Kosovo (LDK), Dr. Ibrahim RUGOVA, president

Population

total: 10,759,897 (July 1994 est.)

Ports

coastal - Bar; inland - Belgrade

Railroads

NA

Religions

Orthodox 65%, Muslim 19%, Roman Catholic 4%, Protestant 1%, other 11%

Serbia

10,093,314 (July 1994 est.)

0.54% (1994 est.)

14.35 births/1,000 population (1994 est.)

8.94 deaths/1,000 population (1994 est.)

0 migrant(s)/1,000 population (1994 est.)

21.4 deaths/1,000 live births (1994 est.)

*** No data for this item *** total population: 73.39 years male: 70.9 years female: 76.07 years (1994 est.)

2.06 children born/woman (1994 est.)

SR

total 3 (1,000 GRT or over) totaling 246,631 GRT/451,843 DWT (controlled by Serbian beneficial owners) note: most under Maltese flag, all under the flag of Saint Vincent and the Grenadines; no ships remain under Yugoslav flag

males age 15-49 2,546,717; fit for military service 2,048,921; reach military age (19) annually 80,937 (1994 est.)

Suffrage

16 years of age, if employed; 18 years of age, universal

Telecommunications

700,000 telephones; broadcast stations - 26 AM, 9 FM, 18 TV; 2,015,000 radios; 1,000,000 TVs; satellite ground stations - 1 Atlantic Ocean INTELSAT

Terrain

extremely varied; to the north, rich fertile plains; to the east, limestone ranges and basins; to the southeast, ancient mountain and hills; to the southwest, extremely high shoreline with no islands off the coast; home of largest lake in former Yugoslavia, Lake Scutari

Type

republic

Unemployment rate

more than 60% (1993 est.)

US diplomatic representation

chief of mission: (vacant); Charge d'Affaires Rudolf V. PERINA embassy: address NA, Belgrade mailing address: American Embassy Box 5070, Unit 25402, APO AE 09213-5070 telephone: [38] (11) 645-655