2023 Edition

Background

The peoples of Mongolia have a long history under a number of nomadic empires dating back to the period of the Xiongnu in the 4th century B.C. The name Mongol goes back to at least the 11th century A.D. The most famous Mongol, TEMÜÜJIN (aka Genghis Khan) emerged as the ruler of all Mongols in the early 1200s. By the time of his death in 1227, he had created through conquest a Mongol Empire that extended across much of Eurasia. His descendants, including ÖGÖDEI and KHUBILAI (aka Kublai Khan), continued military campaigns of conquest, taking control of Eastern Europe, the Middle East, and the rest of China where KHUBILAI established the Yuan Dynasty in the 1270s. The Mongols attempted to invade Japan and Java before their empire broke apart in the 14th century. In the 17th century, Mongolia fell under the rule of the Manchus of the Chinese Qing Dynasty. Following the collapse of the Manchus in 1911, Mongolia declared its independence, achieving it with help from the Soviet Union in 1921. Mongolia became a socialist state (the Mongolian People’s Republic) in 1924. Following independence and until the collapse of the Soviet Union in 1989, the country was a Soviet satellite state, and heavily reliant on economic, military, and political assistance from Moscow. The period also was marked by purges, political repression, economic stagnation, and tensions with China. Mongolia peacefully transitioned to an independent democracy in 1990. In 1992, it adopted a new constitution and established a free market economy. Since the country's transition, it has conducted a series of successful presidential and legislative elections. Throughout the period, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) - which took the name Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) in 2010 - has competed for political power with the Democratic Party (DP) and several other smaller parties. In the 2016 parliamentary elections, the MPP won overwhelming control of the Parliament over the DP, which had overseen a sharp decline in Mongolia’s economy during its control of the Parliament in the preceding years. Mongolians elected a DP member, Khaltmaa BATTULGA, as president in 2017. The June 2020 parliamentary elections left the MPP with continued dominant control of the parliament. Mongolians elected former prime minister and MPP member Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH as president in 2021. Mongolia maintains close cultural, political, and military ties with Russia while China is its largest economic partner. Mongolia’s foreign relations are focused on preserving its autonomy by balancing relations with China and Russia, as well as its other major partners, Japan, South Korea, and the US.

Area

land

1,553,556 sq km

total

1,564,116 sq km

water

10,560 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

highest point

Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m

lowest point

Hoh Nuur 560 m

mean elevation

1,528 m

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land

602 sq km (2020)

Land boundaries

border countries

China 4,630 km; Russia 3,452 km

total

8,082 km

Land use

agricultural land

73% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 72.6% (2018 est.)

forest

7% (2018 est.)

other

20% (2018 est.)

Location

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km; 

salt water lake(s)

Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Population distribution

sparsely distributed population throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Age structure

0-14 years

26.16% (male 434,400/female 417,335)

15-64 years

68.24% (male 1,076,692/female 1,144,759)

65 years and over

5.6% (2023 est.) (male 73,245/female 109,037)

Alcohol consumption per capita

beer

2.18 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

other alcohols

0 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

spirits

1.82 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

total

5.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

wine

1.46 liters of pure alcohol (2019 est.)

Birth rate

15.4 births/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Child marriage

men married by age 18

2.1% (2018 est.)

women married by age 15

0.9%

women married by age 18

12%

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.8% (2018)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

48.1% (2018)

Current health expenditure

4.9% of GDP (2020)

Currently married women (ages 15-49)

58.9% (2023 est.)

Death rate

6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

7

potential support ratio

14.3 (2021 est.)

total dependency ratio

58.4

youth dependency ratio

51.4

Drinking water source

improved: rural

rural: 64.2% of population

improved: total

total: 87.6% of population

improved: urban

urban: 98.4% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 35.8% of population

unimproved: total

total: 12.4% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 1.6% of population

Education expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2020 est.)

Ethnic groups

Khalkh 83.8%, Kazak 3.8%, Durvud 2.6%, Bayad 2%, Buriad 1.4%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1.1%, other 4.1% (2020 est.)

Gross reproduction rate

0.92 (2023 est.)

Hospital bed density

8 beds/1,000 population (2017)

Infant mortality rate

female

16.6 deaths/1,000 live births

male

22.8 deaths/1,000 live births

total

19.8 deaths/1,000 live births (2023 est.)

Languages

Languages

Mongolian 90% (official) (Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999)

major-language sample(s)

Дэлхийн баримтат ном, үндсэн мэдээллийн зайлшгүй эх сурвалж. (Mongolian)The World Factbook, the indispensable source for basic information.

Life expectancy at birth

female

76 years

male

67.5 years

total population

71.7 years (2023 est.)

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

99.2% (2020)

male

99.1%

total population

99.2%

Major urban areas - population

1.673 million ULAANBAATAR (capital) (2023)

Maternal mortality ratio

39 deaths/100,000 live births (2020 est.)

Median age

female

32.2 years

male

29.9 years

total

31.2 years (2023 est.)

Mother's mean age at first birth

20.5 years (2008 est.)

note

note: data represents median age at first birth among women 20-24

Nationality

adjective

Mongolian

noun

Mongolian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2023 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.6% (2016)

Physicians density

3.85 physicians/1,000 population (2018)

Population

3,255,468 (2023 est.)

note

note: Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world (2 people per sq km); twice as many ethnic Mongols (some 6 million) live in Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) in neighboring China

Population distribution

sparsely distributed population throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Population growth rate

0.83% (2023 est.)

Religions

Buddhist 51.7%, Muslim 3.2%, Shamanist 2.5%, Christian 1.3%, other 0.7%, none 40.6% (2020 est.)

Sanitation facility access

improved: rural

rural: 69.9% of population

improved: total

total: 88.8% of population

improved: urban

urban: 97.4% of population

unimproved: rural

rural: 30.1% of population

unimproved: total

total: 11.2% of population (2020 est.)

unimproved: urban

urban: 2.6% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

16 years (2019)

male

14 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-64 years

0.94 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.67 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.95 male(s)/female (2023 est.)

Tobacco use

female

7.1% (2020 est.)

male

51.7% (2020 est.)

total

29.4% (2020 est.)

Total fertility rate

1.89 children born/woman (2023 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

69.1% of total population (2023)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

22.4%

male

20.1%

total

21% (2021 est.)

Administrative divisions

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September

etymology

the name means "red hero" in Mongolian and honors national hero Damdin SUKHBAATAR, leader of the partisan army that with Soviet Red Army help, liberated Mongolia from Chinese occupation in the early 1920s

geographic coordinates

47 55 N, 106 55 E

name

Ulaanbaatar

time difference

UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

time zone note

Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

Citizenship

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

amendments

proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes; amended 1999, 2000, 2019, 2023; note - an amendment passed in a referendum held in May 2023 increased the seats in the State Great Hural from 76 to 126

history

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Mongolia

etymology

the name means "Land of the Mongols" in Latin; the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

former

Outer Mongolia, Mongolian People's Republic

local long form

none

local short form

Mongol Uls

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Richard L. BUANGAN (since November 2022)

email address and website

UlaanbaatarACS@state.govhttps://mn.usembassy.gov/

embassy

Denver Street #3, 11th Micro-District, Ulaanbaatar 14190

FAX

[976] 7007-6174

mailing address

4410 Ulaanbaatar Place, Washington DC  20521-4410

telephone

[976] 7007-6001

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador BATBAYAR Ulziidelger (since 1 December 2021)

consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

email address and website

washington@mfa.gov.mnhttp://mongolianembassy.us/

FAX

[1] (202) 298-9227

telephone

[1] (202) 333-7117

Executive branch

cabinet

directly appointed by the prime minister following a constitutional amendment ratified in November 2019; prior to the amendment, the cabinet was nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)

chief of state

President Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (since 25 June 2021)

election results

Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH elected president in first round; percent of vote - Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH (MPP) 72%, Dangaasuren ENKHBAT (RPEC) 21.6%, Sodnomzundui ERDENE (DP) 6.4%

elections/appointments

presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple majority popular vote for one 6-year term; election last held on 9 June 2021 (next election in 2027); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition is usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural

head of government

Prime Minister Luvsannamsrai OYUN-ERDENE (since 27 January 2021); Deputy Prime Minister Sainbuyen AMARSAIKHAN (since 8 September 2022)

Flag description

three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type

semi-presidential republic

Independence

29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNOOSA, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of the chairman and 8 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation by the General Council of Courts - a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials - to the State Great Hural; appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed from nominations by the State Great Hural - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term

subordinate courts

aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts

Legal system

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

description

unicameral State Great Hural or Ulsyn Ikh Khural (126 seats; 78 members directly elected in a selected constituency by simple majority vote and 48 members directly elected by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms); note - a constitutional referendum passed in May 2023 increased the number of seats to 126 from 76

election results

percent of vote by party - MPP 44.9%, DP 24.5%, Our Coalition 8.1%, independent 8.7%, Right Person Electorate Coalition 5.2%, other 8.5%; seats by party - MPP 62, DP 11, Our Coalition 1, Right Person Electorate Coalition 1; independent 1; composition - 63 men, 13 women; percent of women 17.1%

elections

last held on 24 June 2020 (next to be held in 2024)

National anthem

lyrics/music

Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ

name

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)

note

note: music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

National heritage

selected World Heritage Site locales

Uvs Nuur Basin (n); Orkhon Valley Cultural Landscape (c); Petroglyphic Complexes of the Mongolian Altai (c); Great Burkhan Khaldun Mountain and surrounding sacred landscape (c); Landscapes of Dauria (n); Deer Stone Monuments and Related Bronze Age Sites (c)

total World Heritage Sites

6 (4 cultural, 2 natural)

National holiday

Naadam (games) holiday (commemorates independence from China in the 1921 Revolution), 11-15 July; Constitution Day (marks the date that the Mongolian People's Republic was created under a new constitution), 26 November (1924)

National symbol(s)

soyombo emblem; national colors: red, blue, yellow

Political parties and leaders

36 parties registered for the 2020 legislative elections to the State Great Hural; among them, the following parties won seats:Democratic Party or DP [Sodnomzunduin ERDENE]Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Ukhnaagiin KHURELSUKH]others include:Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Tserendorj GANKHUYAG] Justice Party [Batbayar NASANBILEG]Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Bayanjargal TSOGTGEREL]Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambaryn ENKHBAYAR]Mongolian Social Democratic Party or MSDP [Adiya GANBAATAR]Mongolian Traditionally United Party or MTUP [Batdelgeriin BATBOLD]National Labor Party or HUN [Togmidyn DORJKHAND]Coalitions:Our Coalition (MPRP, CWGP, and MTUP)Right Person Electorate Coalition or RPEC (HUN, MSDP, Justice Party) [Togmidyn DORJKHAND]

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agricultural products

milk, wheat, goat milk, potatoes, mutton, sheep milk, beef, goat meat, horse meat, carrots/turnips

Budget

expenditures

$4.979 billion (2020 est.)

revenues

$3.699 billion (2020 est.)

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-6.4% (of GDP) (2017 est.)

Credit ratings

Fitch rating

B (2018)

Moody's rating

B3 (2018)

note

note: The year refers to the year in which the current credit rating was first obtained.

Standard & Poors rating

B (2018)

Current account balance

Current account balance 2019

-$2.162 billion (2019 est.)

Current account balance 2020

-$674.612 million (2020 est.)

Current account balance 2021

-$2.108 billion (2021 est.)

Debt - external

Debt - external 2018

$28.046 billion (2018 est.)

Debt - external 2019

$29.945 billion (2019 est.)

Economic overview

lower middle-income East Asian economy; large human capital improvements over last 3 decades; agricultural and natural resource rich; export and consumption-led growth; high inflation due to supply bottlenecks and increased food and energy prices; currency depreciation

Exchange rates

Currency

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -

Exchange rates 2017

2,439.777 (2017 est.)

Exchange rates 2018

2,472.484 (2018 est.)

Exchange rates 2019

2,663.541 (2019 est.)

Exchange rates 2020

2,813.29 (2020 est.)

Exchange rates 2021

2,849.289 (2021 est.)

Exports

Exports 2019

$8.416 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2020

$7.646 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports 2021

$8.95 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Exports - commodities

copper, coal, gold, iron, animal hair, crude petroleum, zinc (2021)

Exports - partners

China 73%, Switzerland 19%, Singapore 2%, South Korea 2%, Russia 1% (2021)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

exports of goods and services

59.5% (2017 est.)

government consumption

12.3% (2017 est.)

household consumption

49.2% (2017 est.)

imports of goods and services

-57.1% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

23.8% (2017 est.)

investment in inventories

12.4% (2017 est.)

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

12.1% (2017 est.)

industry

38.2% (2017 est.)

services

49.7% (2017 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.14 billion (2017 est.)

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income

Gini Index coefficient - distribution of family income 2018

32.7 (2018 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

5.7% (2017)

lowest 10%

13.7%

Imports

Imports 2019

$9.249 billion (2019 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2020

$7.34 billion (2020 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports 2021

$9.256 billion (2021 est.) note: data are in current year dollars

Imports - commodities

refined petroleum, cars, delivery trucks, trailers, electricity, iron (2021)

Imports - partners

China 37%, Russia 27%, Japan 7%, South Korea 5%, Germany 3% (2021)

Industrial production growth rate

-2.22% (2021 est.)

Industries

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2019

7.3% (2019 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2020

3.8% (2020 est.)

Inflation rate (consumer prices) 2021

7.35% (2021 est.)

Labor force

1.331 million (2021 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

31.1%

industry

18.5%

services

50.5% (2016)

Population below poverty line

28.4% (2018 est.)

Public debt

Public debt 2018

65.97% of GDP (2018 est.)

Public debt 2019

60.84% of GDP (2019 est.)

Public debt 2020

73.94% of GDP (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity)

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2019

$40.27 billion (2019 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2020

$38.434 billion (2020 est.)

Real GDP (purchasing power parity) 2021

$39.063 billion (2021 est.)

Real GDP growth rate

Real GDP growth rate 2019

5.6% (2019 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2020

-4.56% (2020 est.)

Real GDP growth rate 2021

1.64% (2021 est.)

Real GDP per capita

note

note: data are in 2017 dollars

Real GDP per capita 2019

$12,500 (2019 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2020

$11,700 (2020 est.)

Real GDP per capita 2021

$11,700 (2021 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2019

$4.364 billion (31 December 2019 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2020

$4.545 billion (31 December 2020 est.)

Reserves of foreign exchange and gold 31 December 2021

$4.38 billion (31 December 2021 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

14.15% (of GDP) (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate

Unemployment rate 2019

5.44% (2019 est.)

Unemployment rate 2020

7.01% (2020 est.)

Unemployment rate 2021

7.08% (2021 est.)

Youth unemployment rate (ages 15-24)

female

22.4%

male

20.1%

total

21% (2021 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions

from coal and metallurgical coke

17.445 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from consumed natural gas

0 metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

from petroleum and other liquids

5.295 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

total emissions

22.74 million metric tonnes of CO2 (2019 est.)

Coal

consumption

8.818 million metric tons (2020 est.)

exports

28.551 million metric tons (2020 est.)

imports

1,000 metric tons (2020 est.)

production

43.904 million metric tons (2020 est.)

proven reserves

2.52 billion metric tons (2019 est.)

Electricity

consumption

7,336,520,000 kWh (2019 est.)

exports

24 million kWh (2019 est.)

imports

1.723 billion kWh (2019 est.)

installed generating capacity

1.479 million kW (2020 est.)

transmission/distribution losses

892 million kWh (2019 est.)

Electricity access

electrification - total population

100% (2021)

Electricity generation sources

biomass and waste

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

fossil fuels

89.2% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

geothermal

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

hydroelectricity

1.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

nuclear

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

solar

1.3% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

tide and wave

0% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

wind

8.1% of total installed capacity (2020 est.)

Energy consumption per capita

Total energy consumption per capita 2019

83.045 million Btu/person (2019 est.)

Natural gas

consumption

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

exports

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

imports

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

production

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

proven reserves

0 cubic meters (2021 est.)

Petroleum

crude oil and lease condensate exports

14,700 bbl/day (2018 est.)

crude oil and lease condensate imports

0 bbl/day (2018 est.)

refined petroleum consumption

35,800 bbl/day (2019 est.)

total petroleum production

16,700 bbl/day (2021 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

24,190 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Broadband - fixed subscriptions

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

9 (2020 est.)

total

307,166 (2020 est.)

Broadcast media

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are 68 radio and 160 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2019)

Internet country code

.mn

Internet users

percent of population

84% (2021 est.)

total

2.772 million (2021 est.)

Telecommunication systems

domestic

fixed-line teledensity of 12 per 100; mobile-cellular subscribership is 140 per 100 persons (2021)

general assessment

liberalized and competitive telecoms market comprises of a number of operators; fixed-line penetration increased steadily in the years to 2018 as more people took on fixed-line access for voice calls and to access copper-based broadband services; the number of lines fell in 2019, and again and more sharply in 2020, partly through the economic consequences of the pandemic (GDP fell 5.3% in 2020, year-on-year) and partly due to the migration to the mobile platform and to VoIP; fixed broadband penetration remains low, mainly due to a limited number of fixed lines and the dominance of the mobile platform; the attraction of fixed broadband as a preferred access where it is available is waning as the mobile networks are upgraded with greater capacity and capabilities; the growing popularity of mobile broadband continues to underpin overall broadband and telecom sector growth, with Mongolia’s market very much being dominated by mobile services, supported by widely available LTE; this will largely determine and shape the future direction of Mongolia’s developing digital economy (2021)

international

country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

12 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

399,237 (2021 est.)

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

140 (2021 est.)

total subscriptions

4,687,304 (2021 est.)

Airports

44 (2021)

Airports - with paved runways

15

note

note: paved runways have a concrete or asphalt surface but not all have facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control; the length of a runway required for aircraft to safely operate depends on a number of factors including the type of aircraft, the takeoff weight (including passengers, cargo, and fuel), engine types, flap settings, landing speed, elevation of the airport, and average maximum daily air temperature; paved runways can reach a length of 5,000 m (16,000 ft.), but the “typical” length of a commercial airline runway is between 2,500-4,000 m (8,000-13,000 ft.)

Airports - with unpaved runways

29

note

note: unpaved runways have a surface composition such as grass or packed earth and are most suited to the operation of light aircraft; unpaved runways are usually short, often less than 1,000 m (3,280 ft.) in length; airports with unpaved runways often lack facilities for refueling, maintenance, or air traffic control

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

JU

Heliports

1 (2021)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 3, container ship 6, general cargo 151, oil tanker 57, other 97

total

314 (2022)

National air transport system

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

7.82 million (2018) mt-km

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

670,360 (2018)

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

12

number of registered air carriers

4 (2020)

Railways

broad gauge

1,815 km (2017) 1.520-m gauge

note

note: national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway

total

1,815 km (2017)

Roadways

paved

10,600 km (2017)

total

113,200 km (2017)

unpaved

102,600 km (2017)

Waterways

580 km (2010) (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers ice-free from May to September)

Military - note

the MAF does not face any significant external military threats and focuses instead on counterterrorism, disaster response, and international peacekeeping; the Ground Force is the military’s primary service and is centered on a motorized infantry brigade equipped largely with Soviet-era equipment; it also has a battalion devoted to peacekeeping duties and hosts an annual international peacekeeping exercise known as “Khaan Quest”; Mongolia’s primary military partner is Russia, and in addition to receiving Russian military equipment, the MAF participates in Russia’s large “Vostok” exercise, which is conducted every four years Mongolia has been engaged in dialogue and cooperation with NATO since 2005 and is considered by NATO to be a global partner; Mongolia supported the NATO-led Kosovo Force from 2005-2007 and contributed troops to the NATO-led International Security Assistance Force in Afghanistan from 2009-2014, as well as to the follow-on Resolute Support Mission that provided training, advice, and other assistance to the Afghan security forces (2015-2021) (2023)

Military and security forces

Mongolian Armed Forces (MAF): Mongolian Ground Force (aka General Purpose Troops), Mongolian Air/Air Defense Force, Cyber Security Forces, Special Forces, Civil Engineering Forces, Civil Defense Forces (2023)

note

note: the National Police Agency and the General Authority for Border Protection, which operate under the Ministry of Justice and Home Affairs, are primarily responsible for internal security; they are assisted by the General Intelligence Agency under the prime minister; the MAF assists the internal security forces in providing domestic emergency assistance and disaster relief

Military and security service personnel strengths

information varies; approximately 9,000 active duty troops (2023)

Military deployments

860 South Sudan (UNMISS) (2023)

note

note: from 2003 to July 2021, some 3,300 Mongolian troops served in Afghanistan, including about 1,300 under the NATO-led Resolute Support Mission (2015 to 2021); since 2002, Mongolia has deployed more than 19,000 peacekeepers and observers to UN operations in more than a dozen countries

Military equipment inventories and acquisitions

the MAF's inventory is comprised of Soviet-era and Russian equipment (2023)

Military expenditures

Military Expenditures 2018

0.7% of GDP (2018 est.)

Military Expenditures 2019

0.7% of GDP (2019 est.)

Military Expenditures 2020

0.8% of GDP (2020 est.)

Military Expenditures 2021

0.8% of GDP (2021 est.)

Military Expenditures 2022

0.6% of GDP (2022 est.)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service (can enter military schools at age 17); 12-month conscript service obligation for men in the army, air forces, or police (can be extended 3 months under special circumstances); conscription service can be exchanged for a 24‐month stint in the civil service or a cash payment determined by the Mongolian Government; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for 2 or 4 years; volunteer military service for men and women is 24 months, which can be extended for another two years up to the age of 31 (2023)

Disputes - international

none identified

Illicit drugs

NA

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons

17 (2022)

Space agency/agencies

National Remote Sensing Center (NRSC; established 1987; under the Ministry of Infrastructure); Mongolian Space Technology Association (established 2019); Mongolian Communication and Information Technologies Authority (ACTI), Mongolian Digital Development and Communications Ministry (2023)

Space program overview

has a space program dating back to the country’s ties to the Soviet Union; modern day program focused on acquiring and manufacturing satellites; operates satellites and jointly builds them with foreign partners; developing capabilities to independently manufacture satellites with communications and remote sensing (RS) payloads; has a national strategy to acquire digital communications satellites and make use of RS satellite imagery data for economic development, environmental monitoring, natural disaster response, security, and weather forecasting; the strategy also includes promoting Mongolia’s domestic space industry and international cooperation in space technologies; has relations or cooperation agreements with a variety of foreign space agencies and industries, including those of China, France, India, Japan, Russia, and the US (2023)

note

note: further details about the key activities, programs, and milestones of the country’s space program, as well as government spending estimates on the space sector, appear in Appendix S

Air pollutants

carbon dioxide emissions

25.37 megatons (2016 est.)

methane emissions

13.72 megatons (2020 est.)

particulate matter emissions

41.3 micrograms per cubic meter (2019 est.)

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws leads to air pollution in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation and overgrazing increase soil erosion from wind and rain; water pollution; desertification and mining activities have a deleterious effect on the environment

Environment - international agreements

party to

Antarctic Treaty, Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Climate Change-Paris Agreement, Comprehensive Nuclear Test Ban, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Nuclear Test Ban, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Land use

agricultural land

73% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: arable land

arable land: 0.4% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent crops

permanent crops: 0% (2018 est.)

agricultural land: permanent pasture

permanent pasture: 72.6% (2018 est.)

forest

7% (2018 est.)

other

20% (2018 est.)

Major lakes (area sq km)

fresh water lake(s)

Hovsgol Nuur - 2,620 sq km; Har Us Nuur - 1,760 sq km; 

salt water lake(s)

Uvs Nuur - 3,350 sq km; Hyargas Nuur - 1,360 sq km

Major rivers (by length in km)

Amur (shared with China [s] and Russia [m]) - 4,444 kmnote – [s] after country name indicates river source; [m] after country name indicates river mouth

Revenue from coal

8.62% of GDP (2018 est.)

Revenue from forest resources

0.14% of GDP (2018 est.)

Total renewable water resources

34.8 billion cubic meters (2020 est.)

Total water withdrawal

agricultural

250 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

industrial

170 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

municipal

50 million cubic meters (2020 est.)

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

1.4% annual rate of change (2020-25 est.)

urban population

69.1% of total population (2023)

Waste and recycling

municipal solid waste generated annually

2.9 million tons (2016 est.)