2017 Edition

Background

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia declared its independence from the Manchu-led Qing Empire in 1911 and achieved limited autonomy until 1919, when it again came under Chinese control. The Mongolian Revolution of 1921 ended Chinese dominance, and a communist regime, the Mongolian People’s Republic, took power in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; today, more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Since the country's peaceful democratic revolution in 1990, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) - which took the name Mongolian People’s Party (MPP) in 2010 - has competed for political power with the Democratic Party (DP) and several other smaller parties, including a new party formed by former President ENKHBAYAR, which confusingly adopted for itself the MPRP name. In the country's most recent parliamentary elections in June 2016, Mongolians handed the MPP overwhelming control of Parliament, largely pushing out the DP, which had overseen a sharp decline in Mongolia’s economy during its control of Parliament in the preceding years. Mongolians elected a DP member, Khaltmaa BATTULGA, as president in 2017.

Area

1,564,116 sq km 1,553,556 sq km 10,560 sq km

land

1,553,556 sq km

total

1,564,116 sq km

water

10,560 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation

1,528 m lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m highest point: Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m

elevation extremes

lowest point: Hoh Nuur 560 m

highest point

Nayramadlin Orgil (Khuiten Peak) 4,374 m

mean elevation

1,528 m

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land

840 sq km (2012)

Land boundaries

8,082 km China 4,630 km, Russia 3,452 km

border countries (2)

China 4,630 km, Russia 3,452 km

total

8,082 km

Land use

73% arable land 0.4%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 72.6% 7% 20% (2011 est.)

agricultural land

73%

forest

7%

other

20% (2011 est.)

Location

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Population - distribution

sparsely distributed population throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Age structure

26.95% (male 421,675/female 405,298) 16.09% (male 249,805/female 243,784) 45.6% (male 677,679/female 721,435) 7.07% (male 99,099/female 117,818) 4.29% (male 53,364/female 78,286) (2017 est.)

0-14 years

26.95% (male 421,675/female 405,298)

15-24 years

16.09% (male 249,805/female 243,784)

25-54 years

45.6% (male 677,679/female 721,435)

55-64 years

7.07% (male 99,099/female 117,818)

65 years and over

4.29% (male 53,364/female 78,286) (2017 est.)

Birth rate

18.9 births/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.6% (2013)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

54.6% (2013)

Death rate

6.3 deaths/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Dependency ratios

48.5 42.7 5.8 17.3 (2015 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

5.8

potential support ratio

17.3 (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

48.5

youth dependency ratio

42.7

Drinking water source

urban: 66.4% of population rural: 59.2% of population total: 64.4% of population urban: 33.6% of population rural: 40.8% of population total: 35.6% of population (2015 est.)

rural

40.8% of population

total

35.6% of population (2015 est.)

urban

33.6% of population

Education expenditures

4.6% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Khalkh 81.9%, Kazak 3.8%, Dorvod 2.7%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.7%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1%, Uriankhai 1%, other 4.6% (2010 est.)

Health expenditures

4.7% of GDP (2014)

Hospital bed density

6.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

21.1 deaths/1,000 live births 24.2 deaths/1,000 live births 17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

female

17.9 deaths/1,000 live births (2017 est.)

male

24.2 deaths/1,000 live births

total

21.1 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Mongolian 90% (official) (Khalkha dialect is predominant), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth

69.9 years 65.7 years 74.4 years (2017 est.)

female

74.4 years (2017 est.)

male

65.7 years

total population

69.9 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 98.4% 98.2% 98.6% (2015 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

98.6% (2015 est.)

male

98.2%

total population

98.4%

Major urban areas - population

ULAANBAATAR (capital) 1.377 million (2015)

Maternal mortality ratio

44 deaths/100,000 live births (2015 est.)

Median age

28.3 years 27.5 years 29.2 years (2017 est.)

female

29.2 years (2017 est.)

male

27.5 years

total

28.3 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

20.5 years median age at first birth among women 20-24 (2008 est.)

note

median age at first birth among women 20-24 (2008 est.)

Nationality

Mongolian(s) Mongolian

adjective

Mongolian

noun

Mongolian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.8 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2017 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

20.6% (2016)

Physicians density

2.88 physicians/1,000 population (2011)

Population

3,068,243 Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world (2 people per sq km); twice as many ethnic Mongols (some 6 million) live in Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) in neighboring China (July 2017 est.)

note

Mongolia is one of the least densely populated countries in the world (2 people per sq km); twice as many ethnic Mongols (some 6 million) live in Inner Mongolia (Nei Mongol) in neighboring China (July 2017 est.)

Population distribution

sparsely distributed population throughout the country; the capital of Ulaanbaatar and the northern city of Darhan support the highest population densities

Population growth rate

1.18% (2017 est.)

Religions

Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Shamanist 2.9%, Christian 2.2%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 66.4% of population rural: 42.6% of population total: 59.7% of population urban: 33.6% of population rural: 57.4% of population total: 40.3% of population (2015 est.)

rural

57.4% of population

total

40.3% of population (2015 est.)

urban

33.6% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

15 years 14 years 16 years (2015)

female

16 years (2015)

male

14 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female 0.85 male(s)/female 0.69 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.02 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.85 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.69 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2016 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.09 children born/woman (2017 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

17.9% 16.8% 19.4% (2015 est.)

female

19.4% (2015 est.)

male

16.8%

total

17.9%

Urbanization

73.6% of total population (2017) 2.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.23% annual rate of change (2015-20 est.)

urban population

73.6% of total population (2017)

Administrative divisions

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital

Ulaanbaatar 47 55 N, 106 55 E UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time) +1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September

geographic coordinates

47 55 N, 106 55 E

name

Ulaanbaatar

note

Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC) and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

time difference

UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Citizenship

no both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia no 5 years

citizenship by birth

no

citizenship by descent only

both parents must be citizens of Mongolia; one parent if born within Mongolia

dual citizenship recognized

no

residency requirement for naturalization

5 years

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992 proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes; amended 1999, 2001 (2017)

amendments

proposed by the State Great Hural, by the president of the republic, by the government, or by petition submitted to the State Great Hural by the Constitutional Court; conducting referenda on proposed amendments requires at least two-thirds majority vote of the State Great Hural; passage of amendments by the State Great Hural requires at least three-quarters majority vote; passage by referendum requires majority participation of qualified voters and a majority of votes; amended 1999, 2001 (2017)

history

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992

Country name

none Mongolia none Mongol Uls Outer Mongolia the name means "Land of the Mongols" in Latin; the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Mongolia

etymology

the name means "Land of the Mongols" in Latin; the Mongolian name Mongol Uls translates as "Mongol State"

former

Outer Mongolia

local long form

none

local short form

Mongol Uls

Diplomatic representation from the US

Denver Street P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar 14192 [976] 7007-6001 [976] 7007-6016

embassy

Denver Street

FAX

[976] 7007-6016

mailing address

P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar 14192

telephone

[976] 7007-6001

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador (vacant); Charge D’Affaires Bold BAT-OCHR (since 17 September 2017) 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 [1] (202) 333-7117 [1] (202) 298-9227 New York, San Francisco

chancery

2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador (vacant); Charge D’Affaires Bold BAT-OCHR (since 17 September 2017)

consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 298-9227

telephone

[1] (202) 333-7117

Executive branch

President Khaltmaa BATTULGA (since 10 July 2017) Prime Minister Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH (since 4 October 2017); Deputy Prime Minister Ulziisaikhan ENKHTUVSHUN (since 18 October 2017); note - Prime Minister Jargaltulga ERDENEBAT (since 8 July 2016) was voted out of office by the Parliament on 7 September 2017 Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president, confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2017 with a runoff held 9 July 2017 (next to be held in 2021); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%, Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%, invalid 1.4%; percent of vote in second round Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8%

cabinet

Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president, confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)

chief of state

President Khaltmaa BATTULGA (since 10 July 2017)

election results

Khaltmaa BATTULGA elected president in second round; percent of vote in first round - Khaltmaa BATTULGA (DP) 38.1%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD (MPP) 30.3%, Sainkhuu GANBAATAR (MPRP) 30.2%, invalid 1.4%; percent of vote in second round Khaltmaa BATTULGA 55.2%, Miyegombo ENKHBOLD 44.8%

elections/appointments

presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2017 with a runoff held 9 July 2017 (next to be held in 2021); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural

head of government

Prime Minister Ukhnaa KHURELSUKH (since 4 October 2017); Deputy Prime Minister Ulziisaikhan ENKHTUVSHUN (since 18 October 2017); note - Prime Minister Jargaltulga ERDENEBAT (since 8 July 2016) was voted out of office by the Parliament on 7 September 2017

Flag description

three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type

semi-presidential republic

Independence

29 December 1911 (independence declared from China; in actuality, autonomy attained); 11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members) Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts, a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Hural upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts, a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Hural upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term

subordinate courts

aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts

Legal system

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

unicameral State Great Hural or Ulsyn Ikh Khural (76 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; each constituency requires at least 50% voter participation for the poll to be valid; members serve 4-year terms) last held on 29 June 2016 (next to be held in June 2020) percent of vote by party - MPP 45.1%, DP 33.1%, MPRP 8.0%, independent 4.8%, other 9.0%; seats by party - MPP 65, DP 9, MPRP 1, independent 1

description

unicameral State Great Hural or Ulsyn Ikh Khural (76 seats; members directly elected in single-seat constituencies by simple majority vote; each constituency requires at least 50% voter participation for the poll to be valid; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - MPP 45.1%, DP 33.1%, MPRP 8.0%, independent 4.8%, other 9.0%; seats by party - MPP 65, DP 9, MPRP 1, independent 1

elections

last held on 29 June 2016 (next to be held in June 2020)

National anthem

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

lyrics/music

Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ

name

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)

note

music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

National holiday

Naadam (games) holiday (commemorates independence from China in the 1921 Revolution), 11-15 July; Constitution Day (marks the date that the Mongolian People's Republic was created under a new constitution), 26 November (1924)

National symbol(s)

soyombo emblem; national colors: red, blue, yellow

soyombo emblem; national colors

red, blue, yellow

Political parties and leaders

Democratic Party or DP [Sodnomzundui ERDENE] Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Bayanjargal TSOGTGEREL] Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD] Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]

Political pressure groups and leaders

human rights groups; women's rights groups; disability rights groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Budget

$2.623 billion $3.711 billion (2017 est.)

expenditures

$3.711 billion (2017 est.)

revenues

$2.623 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-10% of GDP (2017 est.)

Central bank discount rate

12% (14 January 2016 ) 13% (15 January 2015)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

19.9% (31 December 2017 est.) 19.74% (31 December 2016 est.)

Current account balance

-$532 million (2017 est.) -$700 million (2016 est.)

Debt - external

$22.28 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $19.79 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.5 (2008) 32.8 (2002)

Economy - overview

Foreign direct investment in Mongolia's extractive industries – which are based on extensive deposits of copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten - has transformed Mongolia's landlocked economy from its traditional dependence on herding and agriculture. Exports now account for more than 40% of GDP. Mongolia depends on China for more than 60% of its external trade - China receives some 90% of Mongolia's exports and supplies Mongolia with more than one-third of its imports. Mongolia also relies on Russia for 90% of its energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction, and natural disasters, as well as strong economic growth, because of market reforms and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the WTO in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit by the global financial crisis and Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the IMF reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and it emerged from the crisis with a stronger banking sector and better fiscal management. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mine, among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. However, a dispute with foreign investors developing OT called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign investment. This caused a severe drop in FDI, and a slowing economy, leading to the dismissal of Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG in November 2014. The economy had grown more than 10% per year between 2011 and 2013 - largely on the strength of commodity exports and high government spending - before slowing to 7.8% in 2014, and falling to the 2% level in 2015 through 2017, even though government spending remained high. The May 2015 agreement with Rio Tinto to restart the OT mine and the subsequent $4.4 billion finance package signing in December 2015 stemmed the loss of investor confidence. The current government has made restoring investor trust and reviving the economy its top priority, but has failed to invigorate the economy in the face of the large dropoff in foreign direct investment, mounting external debt, and a sizeable budget deficit. However, Mongolia reached staff-level agreement with the IMF in February 2017 on an Extended Fund Facility program, and once approved by the IMF Board, the program is expected to improve Mongolia’s long-term fiscal and economic stability.

Exchange rates

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 2,378.1 (2017 est.) 2,140.3 (2016 est.) 2,140.3 (2015 est.) 1,970.3 (2014 est.) 1,817.9 (2013 est.)

Exports

$5.676 billion (2017 est.) $4.804 billion (2016 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners

China 84.1%, UK 6.8% (2016)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

51.9% 13.7% 21.7% 4.1% 70.8% -62.1% (2017 est.)

exports of goods and services

70.8%

government consumption

13.7%

household consumption

51.9%

imports of goods and services

-62.1% (2017 est.)

investment in fixed capital

21.7%

investment in inventories

4.1%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

13.2% 36.1% 50.7% (2017 est.)

agriculture

13.2%

industry

36.1%

services

50.7% (2017 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$12,600 (2017 est.) $12,500 (2016 est.) $12,600 (2015 est.) data are in 2017 dollars

note

data are in 2017 dollars

GDP - real growth rate

2% (2017 est.) 1% (2016 est.) 2.4% (2015 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$10.87 billion (2016 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$38.4 billion (2017 est.) $37.63 billion (2016 est.) $37.27 billion (2015 est.) data are in 2017 dollars

note

data are in 2017 dollars

Gross national saving

29.3% of GDP (2017 est.) 25.9% of GDP (2016 est.) 21.1% of GDP (2015 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

13.8% 8.8% (2016)

highest 10%

8.8% (2016)

lowest 10%

13.8%

Imports

$4.196 billion (2017 est.) $3.466 billion (2016 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners

China 33.2%, Russia 25.6%, South Korea 8.6%, Japan 7% (2016)

Industrial production growth rate

6.1% (2017 est.)

Industries

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

4.4% (2017 est.) 0.6% (2016 est.)

Labor force

1.24 million (2016 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

31.1% 18.5% 50.5% (2016)

agriculture

31.1%

industry

18.5%

services

50.5% (2016)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$632.6 million (31 December 2015 est.) $766.1 million (31 December 2014 est.) $1.095 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Population below poverty line

21.6% (2014 est.)

Public debt

91.4% of GDP (2017 est.) 90% of GDP (2016 est.)

Stock of broad money

$6.257 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $4.851 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$475.2 million (31 December 2017 est.) $455.2 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$19.42 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $16.28 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$9.406 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $7.326 billion (31 December 2016 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.109 billion (31 December 2017 est.) $839.6 million (31 December 2016 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

24.1% of GDP (2017 est.)

Unemployment rate

8% (2017 est.) 7.9% (2016 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

14 million Mt (2013 est.)

Crude oil - exports

14,360 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Crude oil - production

23,430 bbl/day (2016 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

0 bbl (1 January 2017)

Electricity - consumption

5.785 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity - exports

51 million kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

94.9% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

5.1% of total installed capacity (2015 est.)

Electricity - imports

1.427 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

1.106 million kW (2015 est.)

Electricity - production

5.192 billion kWh (2015 est.)

Electricity access

300,000 90% 98% 73% (2013)

electrification - rural areas

73% (2013)

electrification - total population

90%

electrification - urban areas

98%

population without electricity

300,000

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2013 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 es)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

26,000 bbl/day (2015 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

24,380 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2014 est.)

Broadcast media

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are 69 radio and 131 TV stations, including multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2017)

Internet country code

.mn

Internet users

674,949 22.3% (July 2016 est.)

percent of population

22.3% (July 2016 est.)

total

674,949

Telephone system

network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services very low fixed-line teledensity; there are four mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2016)

domestic

very low fixed-line teledensity; there are four mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing

general assessment

network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services

international

country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2016)

Telephones - fixed lines

225,287 7 (July 2016 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

7 (July 2016 est.)

total subscriptions

225,287

Telephones - mobile cellular

3,367,573 111 (July 2016 est.)

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

111 (July 2016 est.)

total

3,367,573

Airports

44 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

3 (2017)

1,524 to 2,437 m

3 (2017)

2,438 to 3,047 m

10

over 3,047 m

2

total

15

Airports - with unpaved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

24

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

over 3,047 m

2

total

29

under 914 m

1 (2013)

Civil aircraft registration country code prefix

JU (2016)

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 8, container ship 5, general cargo 101, oil tanker 67, other 80 (2017)

by type

bulk carrier 8, container ship 5, general cargo 101, oil tanker 67, other 80 (2017)

total

261

National air transport system

541,129 7,130,148 mt-km (2015)

annual freight traffic on registered air carriers

7,130,148 mt-km (2015)

annual passenger traffic on registered air carriers

541,129

inventory of registered aircraft operated by air carriers

12

number of registered air carriers

3

Railways

1,815 km 1,815 km 1.520-m gauge national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway (2016)

broad gauge

1,815 km 1.520-m gauge

note

national operator Ulaanbaatar Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway (2016)

total

1,815 km

Roadways

49,249 km 4,800 km 44,449 km (2013)

paved

4,800 km

total

49,249 km

unpaved

44,449 km (2013)

Waterways

580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers ice free from May to September) (2010)

Military branches

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air Force (2016)

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin)

Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air Force (2016)

Military expenditures

0.92% of GDP (2016) 0.87% of GDP (2015) 0.86% of GDP (2014) 0.82% of GDP (2013) 0.92% of GDP (2012)

Military service age and obligation

18-27 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-year conscript service obligation in army or air forces or police for males only; after conscription, soldiers can contract into military service for 2 or 4 years; citizens can also voluntarily join the armed forces (2017)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

14 (2016)

stateless persons

14 (2016)