2015 Edition

Background

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution in 1990, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won most parliamentary elections and stayed in power either governing alone or in coalition. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the DP was elected to office and was re-elected for his second term in June 2013. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which confusingly adopted for itself the MPRP name. Following the 2012 parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties was formed but then dissolved in November 2014 when Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG was voted out of office. A new five-party grand coalition was formed in December 2014 under the leadership of Prime Minister SAIKHANBILEG.

Area

land

1,553,556 sq km

total

1,564,116 sq km

water

10,560 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska; more than twice the size of Texas

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

highest point

Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

lowest point

Hoh Nuur 560 m

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

Environment - international agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

per capita

196.8 cu m/yr (2009)

total

0.55 cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%)

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land

843 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

border countries (2)

China 4,630 km, Russia 3,452 km

total

8,082 km

Land use

arable land 0.4%; permanent crops 0%; permanent pasture 72.6%

agricultural land

73%

forest

7%

other

20% (2011 est.)

Location

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Total renewable water resources

34.8 cu km (2011)

Age structure

0-14 years

26.87% (male 409,994/female 394,195)

15-24 years

17.69% (male 267,507/female 261,869)

25-54 years

45.04% (male 653,195/female 694,688)

55-64 years

6.29% (male 86,401/female 101,714)

65 years and over

4.12% (male 50,372/female 72,973) (2015 est.)

Birth rate

20.25 births/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

percentage

18% (2005 est.)

total number

106,203

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

1.6% (2013)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

54.9% (2010)

Death rate

6.35 deaths/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Dependency ratios

elderly dependency ratio

6%

potential support ratio

16.7% (2015 est.)

total dependency ratio

47.6%

youth dependency ratio

41.7%

Drinking water source

urban: 66.4% of population

rural: 59.2% of population

total: 64.4% of population

urban: 33.6% of population

rural: 40.8% of population

total: 35.6% of population (2015 est.)

Education expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Khalkh 81.9%, Kazak 3.8%, Dorvod 2.7%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.7%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1%, Uriankhai 1%, other 4.6% (2010 est.)

Health expenditures

6% of GDP (2013)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

0.04% (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 100 (2013 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

600 (2013 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.8 beds/1,000 population (2012)

Infant mortality rate

female

19.09 deaths/1,000 live births (2015 est.)

male

25.64 deaths/1,000 live births

total

22.44 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth

female

73.76 years (2015 est.)

male

65.04 years

total population

69.29 years

Literacy

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

98.6% (2015 est.)

male

98.2%

total population

98.4%

Major urban areas - population

ULAANBAATAR (capital) 1.377 million (2015)

Median age

female

28.3 years (2015 est.)

male

26.7 years

total

27.5 years

Nationality

adjective

Mongolian

noun

Mongolian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.84 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2015 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

15.7% (2014)

Physicians density

2.84 physicians/1,000 population (2011)

Population

2,992,908 (July 2015 est.)

Population growth rate

1.31% (2015 est.)

Religions

Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Christian 2.2%, Shamanist 2.9%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 66.4% of population

rural: 42.6% of population

total: 59.7% of population

urban: 33.6% of population

rural: 57.4% of population

total: 40.3% of population (2015 est.)

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

female

15 years (2010)

male

14 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.02 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.85 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.69 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

0.96 male(s)/female (2015 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.17 children born/woman (2015 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

female

13.2% (2011 est.)

male

10.7%

total

11.9%

Urbanization

rate of urbanization

2.78% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

72% of total population (2015)

Administrative divisions

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital

daylight saving time

+1hr, begins last Saturday in March; ends last Saturday in September

geographic coordinates

47 55 N, 106 55 E

name

Ulaanbaatar

note

Mongolia has two time zones - Ulaanbaatar Time (8 hours in advance of UTC), and Hovd Time (7 hours in advance of UTC)

time difference

UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992; amended 1999, 2001 (2011)

Country name

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Mongolia

former

Outer Mongolia

local long form

none

local short form

Mongol Uls

Diplomatic representation from the US

chief of mission

Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL (since 6 August 2012)

embassy

Denver Street

FAX

[976] 7007-6016

mailing address

PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192

telephone

[976] 7007-6001

Diplomatic representation in the US

chancery

2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013)

consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 298-9227

telephone

[1] (202) 333-7117

Executive branch

cabinet

Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president, confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)

chief of state

President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009)

election results

Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ reelected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (DP) 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE (MPP) 42%, Natsag UDVAL (MPRP) 6.5%, other 1.3%

elections/appointments

presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in the State Great Hural and directly elected by simple majority popular vote for a 4-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, the leader of the majority party or majority coalition usually elected prime minister by the State Great Hural

head of government

Prime Minister Chimed SAIKHANBILEG (since 21 November 2014); Deputy Prime Minister Tserendash OYUNBAATAR (since 8 September 2015)

Flag description

three, equal vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type

parliamentary

Independence

11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICCt, ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 24 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts, a 14-member body of judges and judicial officials; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Hural upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term

subordinate courts

aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)

Legal system

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

description

unicameral State Great Hural or Ulsyn Ikh Khural (76 seats; 48 members directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by simple majority vote and 28 directly elected in multi-seat constituencies by proportional representation vote; members serve 4-year terms)

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 27, Justice Coalition 11, CWGP 2, independent 3

elections

last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016)

note

4 seats were determined after the election; 2 DP candidates gained seats when winning MPP candidates were determined to have broken electoral law; candidates in 2 other constituencies did not receive the necessary 28% of the vote to be elected, and MPP candidates won both seats in repolling; seats by party as of May 2015 - DP 35, MPP 26, Justice Coalition 10, CWGP 2, independent 3

National anthem

lyrics/music

Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ

name

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)

note

music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; lyrics altered on numerous occasions

National holiday

Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

National symbol(s)

soyombo emblem; national colors: red, blue, yellow

Political parties and leaders

Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Sanjaasuren OYUN, Sambuu DEMBEREL, Tserendorj GANKHUYAG]

Democratic Party or DP [Zandaakhuu ENKHBOLD]

Justice Coalition (includes MPRP and MNDP)

Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN]

Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD]

Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]

Political pressure groups and leaders

other

human rights groups; women's groups; disability rights groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Budget

expenditures

$3.735 billion (2014 est.)

revenues

$3.524 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-1.8% of GDP (2014 est.)

Central bank discount rate

13% (15 January 2015)

12% (31 July 2014)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

18.2% (31 December 2014 est.)

17.4% (31 December 2013 est.)

Current account balance

-$985 million (2014 est.)

-$3.192 billion (2013 est.)

Debt - external

$5.352 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$5.371 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.5 (2008)

32.8 (2002)

Economy - overview

Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment (FDI). Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as strong economic growth because of market reforms and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country emerged from the crisis with a stronger banking sector and needed reforms to the government’s fiscal management. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi (OT) mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. However, Mongolia's ongoing dispute with foreign investors developing Oyu Tolgoi has called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign investment. This caused a loss of investor confidence, a severe drop in FDI, and a slowing economy, leading to the dismissal of Prime Minister ALTANKHUYAG in November. The new government has made restoring investor trust and reviving the economy its top priority, but it will be challenged to unwind the monetary and fiscal stimulus programs in use since 2013 to counteract the fall in foreign investment. In December 2014 the government awarded a deal to develop the massive Tavan Tolgoi (TT) coal field to a consortium comprising Energy Resources/MCS (Mongolia), Shenhua (China), and Sumitomo (Japan); talks continue to hammer out the financing and the operating details. The economy grew more than 10% per year since 2010, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically, before slowing to 7.8% in 2014. Mongolia's economy faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal and monetary policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and from uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents nearly 62% of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives some 90% of Mongolia's exports and supplies Mongolia with more than one-third of its imports. Mongolia has relied on Russia for energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases; in 2014, Mongolia purchased nearly 90% of its gasoline and diesel fuel from Russia. A drop in FDI has put pressure on Mongolia's external finances. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.

Exchange rates

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar -

1,817.4 (2014 est.)

1,523.9 (2013 est.)

1,357.6 (2012 est.)

1,265.5 (2011 est.)

1,357.1 (2010 est.)

Exports

$5.775 billion (2014 est.)

$4.273 billion (2013 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners

China 95.3% (2014)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

(2013 est.)

exports of goods and services

43.7%

government consumption

12%

household consumption

54.4%

imports of goods and services

-66.5%

investment in fixed capital

46.1%

investment in inventories

10.3%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

agriculture

12.2%

industry

35%

services

52.8% (2014 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$11,900 (2014 est.)

$11,000 (2013 est.)

$9,900 (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

7.8% (2014 est.)

11.6% (2013 est.)

12.3% (2012 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.98 billion (2014 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$34.76 billion (2014 est.)

$32.24 billion (2013 est.)

$28.88 billion (2012 est.)

note

data are in 2014 US dollars

Gross national saving

24.3% of GDP (2014 est.)

26.6% of GDP (2013 est.)

27.7% of GDP (2012 est.)

Household income or consumption by percentage share

highest 10%

28.4% (2008)

lowest 10%

3%

Imports

$5.237 billion (2014 est.)

$6.355 billion (2013 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners

China 41.5%, Russia 27.4%, South Korea 6.5%, Japan 6.1% (2014)

Industrial production growth rate

16.1% (2014 est.)

Industries

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

12.9% (2014 est.)

11.9% (2013 est.)

Labor force

1.128 million (2014 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

agriculture

28.6%

industry

21%

services

50.4% (2014)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.293 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

$1.579 billion (31 December 2011)

$1.093 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

29.8% (2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$6.178 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$5.72 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$1.241 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

$1.191 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$15.74 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

$13.46 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$7.958 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$6.751 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.184 billion (31 December 2014 est.)

$1.259 billion (31 December 2013 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

30.1% of GDP (2014 est.)

Unemployment rate

7.7% (2014 est.)

7.8% (2013 est.)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

11.36 million Mt (2012 est.)

Crude oil - exports

5,680 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

14,050 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

NA bbl

Electricity - consumption

4.062 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - exports

24 million kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

99.9% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.1% of total installed capacity (2011 est.)

Electricity - imports

258 million kWh (2011 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

833,200 kW (2011 est.)

Electricity - production

4.472 billion kWh (2011 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2012 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2014 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

25,110 bbl/day (2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

17,360 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)

Internet country code

.mn

Internet users

percent of population

17.9% (2014 est.)

total

527,100

Radio broadcast stations

AM 7, FM 108 (includes 20 national radio broadcaster repeaters), shortwave 4 (2009)

Telephone system

domestic

very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing

general assessment

network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services

international

country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)

Telephones - fixed lines

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

8 (2014 est.)

total subscriptions

230,000

Telephones - mobile cellular

subscriptions per 100 inhabitants

103 (2014 est.)

total

3 million

Television broadcast stations

99 (2009)

Airports

44 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

1,524 to 2,437 m

3 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

10

over 3,047 m

2

total

15

Airports - with unpaved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

24

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

over 3,047 m

2

total

29

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

by type

bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1

foreign-owned

44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)

total

57

Railways

broad gauge

1,815 km 1.520-m gauge

note

national operator Ulannbaator Railway is jointly owned by the Mongolian Government and by the Russian State Railway (2014)

total

1,815 km

Roadways

paved

4,800 km

total

49,249 km

unpaved

44,449 km (2013)

Waterways

580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers ice free from May to September) (2010)

Manpower available for military service

females age 16-49

891,192 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

898,546

Manpower fit for military service

females age 16-49

756,628 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

726,199

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

female

29,648 (2010 est.)

male

30,829

Military branches

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army, Mongolian Air and Air Defense (2015)

Military expenditures

1.12% of GDP (2012)

0.99% of GDP (2011)

1.12% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; 1-year conscript service obligation in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2015)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

stateless persons

16 (2014)