2014 Edition

Background

The Mongols gained fame in the 13th century when under Chinggis KHAAN they established a huge Eurasian empire through conquest. After his death the empire was divided into several powerful Mongol states, but these broke apart in the 14th century. The Mongols eventually retired to their original steppe homelands and in the late 17th century came under Chinese rule. Mongolia won its independence in 1921 with Soviet backing and a communist regime was installed in 1924. The modern country of Mongolia, however, represents only part of the Mongols' historical homeland; more ethnic Mongolians live in the Inner Mongolia Autonomous Region in the People's Republic of China than in Mongolia. Following a peaceful democratic revolution, the ex-communist Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party (MPRP) won elections in 1990 and 1992, but was defeated by the Democratic Union Coalition (DUC) in the 1996 parliamentary election. The MPRP won an overwhelming majority in the 2000 parliamentary election, but the party lost seats in the 2004 election and shared power with democratic coalition parties from 2004-08. The MPRP regained a solid majority in the 2008 parliamentary elections but nevertheless formed a coalition government with the Democratic Party that lasted until January 2012. In 2009, current President ELBEGDORJ of the Democratic Party was elected to office and was re-elected for his second term in June 2013. In 2010, the MPRP voted to retake the name of the Mongolian People's Party (MPP), a name it used in the early 1920s. Shortly thereafter, a new party was formed by former president ENKHBAYAR, which adopted the MPRP name. In the 2012 Parliamentary elections, a coalition of four political parties led by the Democratic Party, gained control of the Parliament.

Area

1,564,116 sq km 1,553,556 sq km 10,560 sq km

total

1,564,116 sq km

water

10,560 sq km

Area - comparative

slightly smaller than Alaska

Climate

desert; continental (large daily and seasonal temperature ranges)

Coastline

0 km (landlocked)

Elevation extremes

Hoh Nuur 560 m Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

highest point

Nayramadlin Orgil (Huyten Orgil) 4,374 m

lowest point

Hoh Nuur 560 m

Environment - current issues

limited natural freshwater resources in some areas; the policies of former Communist regimes promoted rapid urbanization and industrial growth that had negative effects on the environment; the burning of soft coal in power plants and the lack of enforcement of environmental laws severely polluted the air in Ulaanbaatar; deforestation, overgrazing, and the converting of virgin land to agricultural production increased soil erosion from wind and rain; desertification and mining activities had a deleterious effect on the environment

Environment - international agreements

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling none of the selected agreements

party to

Biodiversity, Climate Change, Climate Change-Kyoto Protocol, Desertification, Endangered Species, Environmental Modification, Hazardous Wastes, Law of the Sea, Ozone Layer Protection, Ship Pollution, Wetlands, Whaling

signed, but not ratified

none of the selected agreements

Freshwater withdrawal (domestic/industrial/agricultural)

0.55 cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%) 196.8 cu m/yr (2009)

per capita

196.8 cu m/yr (2009)

total

0.55 cu km/yr (13%/43%/44%)

Geographic coordinates

46 00 N, 105 00 E

Geography - note

landlocked; strategic location between China and Russia

Irrigated land

843 sq km (2003)

Land boundaries

8,220 km China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

border countries

China 4,677 km, Russia 3,543 km

total

8,220 km

Land use

0.39% 0% 99.61% (2011)

arable land

0.39%

other

99.61% (2011)

permanent crops

0%

Location

Northern Asia, between China and Russia

Map references

Asia

Maritime claims

none (landlocked)

Natural hazards

dust storms; grassland and forest fires; drought; "zud," which is harsh winter conditions

Natural resources

oil, coal, copper, molybdenum, tungsten, phosphates, tin, nickel, zinc, fluorspar, gold, silver, iron

Terrain

vast semidesert and desert plains, grassy steppe, mountains in west and southwest; Gobi Desert in south-central

Total renewable water resources

34.8 cu km (2011)

Age structure

26.8% (male 404,051/female 388,546) 18.7% (male 278,912/female 273,167) 44.5% (male 636,799/female 677,236) 5.9% (male 80,267/female 94,021) 4% (male 49,314/female 70,877) (2014 est.)

0-14 years

26.8% (male 404,051/female 388,546)

15-24 years

18.7% (male 278,912/female 273,167)

25-54 years

44.5% (male 636,799/female 677,236)

55-64 years

5.9% (male 80,267/female 94,021)

65 years and over

4% (male 49,314/female 70,877) (2014 est.)

Birth rate

20.88 births/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Child labor - children ages 5-14

106,203 18 % (2005 est.)

percentage

18 % (2005 est.)

total number

106,203

Children under the age of 5 years underweight

5.3% (2005)

Contraceptive prevalence rate

55% (2010)

Death rate

6.38 deaths/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Dependency ratios

45.4 % 39.9 % 5.5 % 18 (2014 est.)

elderly dependency ratio

5.5 %

potential support ratio

18 (2014 est.)

total dependency ratio

45.4 %

youth dependency ratio

39.9 %

Drinking water source

urban: 94.8% of population rural: 61.2% of population total: 84.6% of population urban: 5.2% of population rural: 38.8% of population total: 15.4% of population (2012 est.)

rural

38.8% of population

total

15.4% of population (2012 est.)

urban

5.2% of population

Education expenditures

5.5% of GDP (2011)

Ethnic groups

Khalkh 81.9%, Kazak 3.8%, Dorvod 2.7%, Bayad 2.1%, Buryat-Bouriates 1.7%, Zakhchin 1.2%, Dariganga 1%, Uriankhai 1%, other 4.6% (2010 est.)

Health expenditures

5.3% of GDP (2011)

HIV/AIDS - adult prevalence rate

less than 0.1% (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - deaths

fewer than 100 (2009 est.)

HIV/AIDS - people living with HIV/AIDS

fewer than 500 (2009 est.)

Hospital bed density

6.8 beds/1,000 population (2011)

Infant mortality rate

23.15 deaths/1,000 live births 26.4 deaths/1,000 live births 19.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

female

19.75 deaths/1,000 live births (2014 est.)

total

23.15 deaths/1,000 live births

Languages

Khalkha Mongol 90% (official), Turkic, Russian (1999)

Life expectancy at birth

68.98 years 64.72 years 73.45 years (2014 est.)

female

73.45 years (2014 est.)

total population

68.98 years

Literacy

age 15 and over can read and write 97.4% 96.8% 97.9% (2011 est.)

definition

age 15 and over can read and write

female

97.9% (2011 est.)

male

96.8%

total population

97.4%

Major urban areas - population

ULAANBAATAR (capital) 1.184 million (2011)

Maternal mortality rate

63 deaths/100,000 live births (2010)

Median age

27.1 years 26.3 years 27.8 years (2014 est.)

female

27.8 years (2014 est.)

male

26.3 years

total

27.1 years

Mother's mean age at first birth

21.9 median age at first birth among women 25-29 (2008 est.)

Nationality

Mongolian(s) Mongolian

adjective

Mongolian

noun

Mongolian(s)

Net migration rate

-0.85 migrant(s)/1,000 population (2014 est.)

Obesity - adult prevalence rate

14.4% (2008)

Physicians density

2.76 physicians/1,000 population (2008)

Population

2,953,190 (July 2014 est.)

Population growth rate

1.37% (2014 est.)

Religions

Buddhist 53%, Muslim 3%, Christian 2.2%, Shamanist 2.9%, other 0.4%, none 38.6% (2010 est.)

Sanitation facility access

urban: 65.3% of population rural: 35.4% of population total: 56.2% of population urban: 34.7% of population rural: 64.6% of population total: 43.8% of population (2012 est.)

rural

64.6% of population

total

43.8% of population (2012 est.)

urban

34.7% of population

School life expectancy (primary to tertiary education)

15 years 14 years 16 years (2012)

female

16 years (2012)

male

14 years

total

15 years

Sex ratio

1.05 male(s)/female 1.04 male(s)/female 1.02 male(s)/female 0.94 male(s)/female 0.96 male(s)/female 0.77 male(s)/female 1 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

0-14 years

1.04 male(s)/female

15-24 years

1.02 male(s)/female

25-54 years

0.94 male(s)/female

55-64 years

0.96 male(s)/female

65 years and over

0.77 male(s)/female

at birth

1.05 male(s)/female

total population

1 male(s)/female (2014 est.)

Total fertility rate

2.22 children born/woman (2014 est.)

Unemployment, youth ages 15-24

11.9% 10.7% 13.2% (2011)

female

13.2% (2011)

total

11.9%

Urbanization

68.5% of total population (2011) 2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

rate of urbanization

2.81% annual rate of change (2010-15 est.)

urban population

68.5% of total population (2011)

Administrative divisions

21 provinces (aymguud, singular - aymag) and 1 municipality* (singular - hot); Arhangay, Bayanhongor, Bayan-Olgiy, Bulgan, Darhan-Uul, Dornod, Dornogovi, Dundgovi, Dzavhan (Zavkhan), Govi-Altay, Govisumber, Hentiy, Hovd, Hovsgol, Omnogovi, Orhon, Ovorhangay, Selenge, Suhbaatar, Tov, Ulaanbaatar*, Uvs

Capital

Ulaanbaatar 47 55 N, 106 55 E UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

geographic coordinates

47 55 N, 106 55 E

name

Ulaanbaatar

time difference

UTC+8 (13 hours ahead of Washington, DC, during Standard Time)

Constitution

several previous; latest adopted 13 January 1992, effective 12 February 1992; amended 1999, 2001 (2011)

Country name

none Mongolia none Mongol Uls Outer Mongolia

conventional long form

none

conventional short form

Mongolia

former

Outer Mongolia

local long form

none

local short form

Mongol Uls

Diplomatic representation from the US

Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL (since 6 August 2012) Denver Street #3, 11th Micro Region, Big Ring Road, Ulaanbaatar, 14190 Mongolia PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192 [976] 7007-6001 [976] 7007-6016

chief of mission

Ambassador Piper Anne Wind CAMPBELL (since 6 August 2012)

embassy

Denver Street #3, 11th Micro Region, Big Ring Road, Ulaanbaatar, 14190 Mongolia

FAX

[976] 7007-6016

mailing address

PSC 461, Box 300, FPO AP 96521-0002; P.O. Box 341, Ulaanbaatar-14192

telephone

[976] 7007-6001

Diplomatic representation in the US

Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013) 2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007 [1] (202) 333-7117 [1] (202) 298-9227 New York, San Francisco

chancery

2833 M Street NW, Washington, DC 20007

chief of mission

Ambassador Bulgaa ALTANGEREL (since 8 January 2013)

consulate(s) general

New York, San Francisco

FAX

[1] (202) 298-9227

telephone

[1] (202) 333-7117

Executive branch

President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009) Prime Minister Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Dendev TERBISHDAGVA (since 20 August 2012) Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament) presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, leaders of the majority party or a majority coalition usually elect the prime minister of the State Great Hural Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE 42%, Natsag UDVAL 6.5%, other 1.3%

cabinet

Cabinet nominated by the prime minister in consultation with the president and confirmed by the State Great Hural (parliament)

chief of state

President Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ (since 18 June 2009)

election results

Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ elected president; percent of vote - Tsakhia ELBEGDORJ 50.2%, Badmaanyambuu BAT-ERDENE 42%, Natsag UDVAL 6.5%, other 1.3%

elections

presidential candidates nominated by political parties represented in State Great Hural and elected by popular vote for a four-year term (eligible for a second term); election last held on 26 June 2013 (next to be held in June 2017); following legislative elections, leaders of the majority party or a majority coalition usually elect the prime minister of the State Great Hural

head of government

Prime Minister Norov ALTANKHUYAG (since 9 August 2012); Deputy Prime Minister Dendev TERBISHDAGVA (since 20 August 2012)

Flag description

three equal, vertical bands of red (hoist side), blue, and red; centered on the hoist-side red band in yellow is the national emblem ("soyombo" - a columnar arrangement of abstract and geometric representation for fire, sun, moon, earth, water, and the yin-yang symbol); blue represents the sky, red symbolizes progress and prosperity

Government type

parliamentary

Independence

11 July 1921 (from China)

International law organization participation

has not submitted an ICJ jurisdiction declaration; accepts ICCt jurisdiction

International organization participation

ADB, ARF, CD, CICA, CP, EBRD, EITI (compliant country), FAO, G-77, IAEA, IBRD, ICAO, ICC (NGOs), ICRM, IDA, IFAD, IFC, IFRCS, ILO, IMF, IMO, IMSO, Interpol, IOC, IOM, IPU, ISO, ITSO, ITU, ITUC, MIGA, MINURSO, MONUSCO, NAM, OPCW, OSCE, SCO (observer), UN, UNAMID, UNCTAD, UNESCO, UNIDO, UNISFA, UNMISS, UNWTO, UPU, WCO, WHO, WIPO, WMO, WTO

Judicial branch

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 16 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members) Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Heral upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)

highest court(s)

Supreme Court (consists of the Chief Justice and 16 judges organized into civil, criminal, and administrative chambers); Constitutional Court or Tsets (consists of a chairman and 8 members)

judge selection and term of office

Supreme Court chief justice and judges appointed by the president upon recommendation to the State Great Hural by the General Council of Courts; term of appointment is for life; chairman of the Constitutional Court elected from among its members; members appointed by the State Great Heral upon nominations - 3 each by the president, the State Great Hural, and the Supreme Court; term of appointment is 6 years; chairmanship limited to a single renewable 3-year term

subordinate courts

aimag (provincial) and capital city appellate courts; soum, inter-soum, and district courts; Administrative Cases Courts (established in 2004)

Legal system

civil law system influenced by Soviet and Romano-Germanic legal systems; constitution ambiguous on judicial review of legislative acts

Legislative branch

unicameral State Great Hural (76 seats; of which 48 members are directly elected from 26 electoral districts, while 28 members are proportionally elected based on a party's share of the total votes; all serve four-year terms) last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016) percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 25, Justice Coalition 11, others 5, vacant 2

election results

percent of vote by party - NA; seats by party - DP 33, MPP 25, Justice Coalition 11, others 5, vacant 2

elections

last held on 28 June 2012 (next to be held in June 2016)

National anthem

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia) Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ music adopted 1950, lyrics adopted 2006; the anthem's lyrics have been altered on numerous occasions

lyrics/music

Tsendiin DAMDINSUREN/Bilegiin DAMDINSUREN and Luvsanjamts MURJORJ

name

"Mongol ulsyn toriin duulal" (National Anthem of Mongolia)

National holiday

Independence Day/Revolution Day, 11 July (1921)

National symbol(s)

soyombo emblem

Political parties and leaders

Civil Will-Green Party or CWGP [Sanjaasuren OYUN] Democratic Party or DP [Norov ALTANHUYAG] Justice Coalition (includes MPRP and MNDP) Mongolian National Democratic Party or MNDP [Mendsaikhan ENKHSAIKHAN] Mongolian People's Party or MPP [Miyegombo ENKHBOLD] Mongolian People's Revolutionary Party or MPRP [Nambar ENKHBAYAR]

Political pressure groups and leaders

human rights groups; women's groups

other

human rights groups; women's groups

Suffrage

18 years of age; universal

Agriculture - products

wheat, barley, vegetables, forage crops; sheep, goats, cattle, camels, horses

Budget

$3.462 billion $4.36 billion (2013 est.)

expenditures

$4.36 billion (2013 est.)

revenues

$3.462 billion

Budget surplus (+) or deficit (-)

-8.1% of GDP (2013 est.)

Central bank discount rate

13.25% (31 December 2012) 12.25% (31 December 2011 est.)

Commercial bank prime lending rate

17.5% (31 December 2013 est.) 18.2% (31 December 2012 est.)

Current account balance

-$3.639 billion (2013 est.) -$3.362 billion (2012 est.)

Debt - external

$4.954 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $4.669 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Distribution of family income - Gini index

36.5 (2008) 32.8 (2002)

Economy - overview

Mongolia's extensive mineral deposits and attendant growth in mining-sector activities have transformed Mongolia's economy, which traditionally has been dependent on herding and agriculture. Mongolia's copper, gold, coal, molybdenum, fluorspar, uranium, tin, and tungsten deposits, among others, have attracted foreign direct investment. Soviet assistance, at its height one-third of GDP, disappeared almost overnight in 1990 and 1991 at the time of the dismantlement of the USSR. The following decade saw Mongolia endure both deep recession, because of political inaction and natural disasters, as well as economic growth, because of reform-embracing, free-market economics and extensive privatization of the formerly state-run economy. The country opened a fledgling stock exchange in 1991. Mongolia joined the World Trade Organization in 1997 and seeks to expand its participation in regional economic and trade regimes. Growth averaged nearly 9% per year in 2004-08 largely because of high copper prices globally and new gold production. By late 2008, Mongolia was hit hard by the global financial crisis. Slower global economic growth hurt the country's exports, notably copper, and slashed government revenues. As a result, Mongolia's real economy contracted 1.3% in 2009. In early 2009, the International Monetary Fund reached a $236 million Stand-by Arrangement with Mongolia and the country has largely emerged from the crisis with better regulations and closer supervision. The banking sector strengthened but weaknesses remain. In October 2009, Mongolia passed long-awaited legislation on an investment agreement to develop the Oyu Tolgoi mine, considered to be among the world's largest untapped copper-gold deposits. Mongolia's ongoing dispute with a foreign investor over Oyu Tolgoi, however, has called into question the attractiveness of Mongolia as a destination for foreign direct investment. Negotiations to develop the massive Tavan Tolgoi coal field also have stalled. The economy has grown more than 10% per year since 2010, largely on the strength of commodity exports to nearby countries and high government spending domestically. Mongolia's economy, however, faces near-term economic risks from the government's loose fiscal and monetary policies, which are contributing to high inflation, and from uncertainties in foreign demand for Mongolian exports. Trade with China represents more than half of Mongolia's total external trade - China receives more than 90% of Mongolia's exports and is Mongolia's largest supplier. Mongolia has relied on Russia for energy supplies, leaving it vulnerable to price increases; in the first 11 months of 2013, Mongolia purchased 76% of its gasoline and diesel fuel and a substantial amount of electric power from Russia. A drop in foreign direct investment and a decrease in Chinese demand for Mongolia's mineral exports are putting pressure on Mongolia's balance of payments. Remittances from Mongolians working abroad, particularly in South Korea, are significant.

Exchange rates

togrog/tugriks (MNT) per US dollar - 1,444.3 (2013 est.) 1,357.6 (2012 est.) 1,357.1 (2010 est.) 1,442.8 (2009) 1,170 (2007)

Exports

$4.294 billion (2013 est.) $4.382 billion (2012 est.)

Exports - commodities

copper, apparel, livestock, animal products, cashmere, wool, hides, fluorspar, other nonferrous metals, coal, crude oil

Exports - partners

China 89%, Canada 4.1% (2012)

Fiscal year

calendar year

GDP - composition, by end use

58.5% 14.9% 55.8% 0% 50% -79.2% (2013 est.)

exports of goods and services

50%

government consumption

14.9%

household consumption

58.5%

imports of goods and services

-79.2%

investment in fixed capital

55.8%

investment in inventories

0%

GDP - composition, by sector of origin

16.5% 32.6% 50.9% (2013 est.)

agriculture

16.5%

industry

32.6%

services

50.9% (2013 est.)

GDP - per capita (PPP)

$5,900 (2013 est.) $5,400 (2012 est.) $4,900 (2011 est.) data are in 2013 US dollars

GDP - real growth rate

11.8% (2013 est.) 12.3% (2012 est.) 17.5% (2011 est.)

GDP (official exchange rate)

$11.14 billion (2013 est.)

GDP (purchasing power parity)

$17.03 billion (2013 est.) $15.23 billion (2012 est.) $13.57 billion (2011 est.) data are in 2013 US dollars

Household income or consumption by percentage share

3% 28.4% (2008)

highest 10%

28.4% (2008)

lowest 10%

3%

Imports

$5.696 billion (2013 est.) $5.934 billion (2012 est.)

Imports - commodities

machinery and equipment, fuel, cars, food products, industrial consumer goods, chemicals, building materials, cigarettes and tobacco, appliances, soap and detergent

Imports - partners

China 37.5%, Russia 25.6%, US 9.4%, South Korea 6.1%, Japan 4.9% (2012)

Industrial production growth rate

11% (2013 est.)

Industries

construction and construction materials; mining (coal, copper, molybdenum, fluorspar, tin, tungsten, gold); oil; food and beverages; processing of animal products, cashmere and natural fiber manufacturing

Inflation rate (consumer prices)

8.2% (2013 est.) 15% (2012 est.)

Labor force

1.037 million (2011 est.)

Labor force - by occupation

33% 10.6% 56.4% (2011)

agriculture

33%

industry

10.6%

services

56.4% (2011)

Market value of publicly traded shares

$1.293 billion (31 December 2012 est.) $1.579 billion (31 December 2011) $1.093 billion (31 December 2010 est.)

Population below poverty line

29.8% (2011 est.)

Stock of broad money

$6.329 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $5.472 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - abroad

$NA (31 December 2013 est.) $44 million (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of direct foreign investment - at home

$1.69 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $4.452 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of domestic credit

$3.297 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $3.09 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Stock of narrow money

$1.219 billion (31 December 2013 est.) $1.318 billion (31 December 2012 est.)

Taxes and other revenues

31.1% of GDP (2013 est.)

Unemployment rate

9% (2011 est.) 13% (2010)

Carbon dioxide emissions from consumption of energy

10.21 million Mt (2011 est.)

Crude oil - exports

5,680 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - imports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Crude oil - production

9,935 bbl/day (2012 est.)

Crude oil - proved reserves

NA bbl

Electricity - consumption

3.951 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - exports

22 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - from fossil fuels

99.9% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from hydroelectric plants

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from nuclear fuels

0% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - from other renewable sources

0.1% of total installed capacity (2010 est.)

Electricity - imports

263 million kWh (2010 est.)

Electricity - installed generating capacity

833,200 kW (2010 est.)

Electricity - production

4.48 billion kWh (2010 est.)

Natural gas - consumption

0 cu m (2010 est.)

Natural gas - exports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - imports

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - production

0 cu m (2011 est.)

Natural gas - proved reserves

0 cu m (1 January 2013 est.)

Refined petroleum products - consumption

21,610 bbl/day (2011 est.)

Refined petroleum products - exports

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - imports

17,360 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Refined petroleum products - production

0 bbl/day (2010 est.)

Broadcast media

following a law passed in 2005, Mongolia's state-run radio and TV provider converted to a public service provider; also available are private radio and TV broadcasters, as well as multi-channel satellite and cable TV providers; more than 100 radio stations, including some 20 via repeaters for the public broadcaster; transmissions of multiple international broadcasters are available (2008)

Internet country code

.mn

Internet hosts

20,084 (2012)

Internet users

330,000 (2008)

Telephone system

network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)

domestic

very low fixed-line teledensity; there are multiple mobile-cellular providers and subscribership is increasing

general assessment

network is improving with international direct dialing available in many areas; a fiber-optic network has been installed that is improving broadband and communication services between major urban centers with multiple companies providing inter-city fiber-optic cable services

international

country code - 976; satellite earth stations - 7 (2011)

Telephones - main lines in use

176,700 (2012)

Telephones - mobile cellular

3.375 million (2012)

Airports

44 (2013)

Airports - with paved runways

3 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

3 (2013)

2,438 to 3,047 m

10

over 3,047 m

2

total

15

Airports - with unpaved runways

1 (2013)

1,524 to 2,437 m

24

2,438 to 3,047 m

2

over 3,047 m

2

total

29

Heliports

1 (2013)

Merchant marine

bulk carrier 21, cargo 25, chemical tanker 1, container 2, liquefied gas 2, passenger/cargo 2, roll on/roll off 3, vehicle carrier 1 44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)

foreign-owned

44 (Indonesia 2, Japan 2, North Korea 1, Russia 2, Singapore 3, Ukraine 1, Vietnam 33) (2010)

total

57

Railways

1,908 km 1,908 km 1.520-m gauge the railway is 50 percent owned by the Russian State Railway (2010)

total

1,908 km

Roadways

49,249 km 4,800 km 44,449 km (2013)

total

49,249 km

unpaved

44,449 km (2013)

Waterways

580 km (the only waterway in operation is Lake Hovsgol) (135 km); Selenge River (270 km) and Orhon River (175 km) are navigable but carry little traffic; lakes and rivers freeze in winter, they are open from May to September) (2010)

Manpower available for military service

898,546 891,192 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

891,192 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

898,546

Manpower fit for military service

726,199 756,628 (2010 est.)

females age 16-49

756,628 (2010 est.)

males age 16-49

726,199

Manpower reaching militarily significant age annually

30,829 29,648 (2010 est.)

female

29,648 (2010 est.)

male

30,829

Military branches

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin): Mongolian Army (includes Mongolian Air and Air Defense, which is to become a separate service in 2015); there is no navy (2013)

Mongolian Armed Forces (Mongol ulsyn zevsegt huchin)

Mongolian Army (includes Mongolian Air and Air Defense, which is to become a separate service in 2015); there is no navy (2013)

Military expenditures

1.12% of GDP (2012) 0.99% of GDP (2011) 1.12% of GDP (2010)

Military service age and obligation

18-25 years of age for compulsory and voluntary military service; conscript service obligation is 12 months in land or air defense forces or police; a small portion of Mongolian land forces (2.5 percent) is comprised of contract soldiers; women cannot be deployed overseas for military operations (2012)

Disputes - international

none

Refugees and internally displaced persons

220 (2012)

stateless persons

220 (2012)